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Taniguchi S, Maruyama J, Saito T, Littlefield K, Reyna RA, Manning JT, Huang C, Saijo M, Paessler S. Development of reverse genetics system for Guanarito virus: substitution of E1497K in the L protein of Guanarito virus S-26764 strain changes plaque phenotype and growth kinetics. J Virol 2024; 98:e0196423. [PMID: 38289100 PMCID: PMC10878084 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01964-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Guanarito virus (GTOV) is the causative agent of Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever. GTOV belongs to the genus Mammarenavirus, family Arenaviridae and has been classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Despite being a high-priority agent, vaccines and drugs against Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever are not available. GTOV S-26764, isolated from a non-fatal human case, produces an unclear cytopathic effect (CPE) in Vero cells, posing a significant obstacle to research and countermeasure development efforts. Vero cell-adapted GTOV S-26764 generated in this study produced clear CPE and demonstrated rapid growth and high yield in Vero cells compared to the original GTOV S-26764. We developed a reverse genetics system for GTOV to study amino acid changes acquired through Vero cell adaptation and leading to virus phenotype changes. The results demonstrated that E1497K in the L protein was responsible for the production of clear plaques as well as enhanced viral RNA replication and transcription efficiency. Vero cell-adapted GTOV S-26764, capable of generating CPE, will allow researchers to easily perform neutralization assays and anti-drug screening against GTOV. Moreover, the developed reverse genetics system will accelerate vaccine and antiviral drug development.IMPORTANCEGuanarito virus (GTOV) is a rodent-borne virus. GTOV causes fever, prostration, headache, arthralgia, cough, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epistaxis, bleeding gums, menorrhagia, and melena in humans. The lethality rate is 23.1% or higher. Vero cell-adapted GTOV S-26764 shows a clear cytopathic effect (CPE), whereas the parental virus shows unclear CPE in Vero cells. We generated a reverse genetics system to rescue recombinant GTOVs and found that E1497K in the L protein was responsible for the formation of clear plaques as well as enhanced viral RNA replication and transcription efficiency. This reverse genetic system will accelerate vaccine and antiviral drug developments, and the findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the function of GTOV L as an RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel A. Reyna
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - John T. Manning
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Lee SC, Kim Y, Cha JW, Chathuranga K, Dodantenna N, Kwon HI, Kim MH, Jheong W, Yoon IJ, Lee JY, Yoo SS, Lee JS. CA-CAS-01-A: A Permissive Cell Line for Isolation and Live Attenuated Vaccine Development Against African Swine Fever Virus. J Microbiol 2024; 62:125-134. [PMID: 38480615 PMCID: PMC11021262 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of the highly lethal African swine fever disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars. In spite of the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, there is no licensed vaccine available. The lack of a suitable cell line for ASFV propagation hinders the development of a safe and effective vaccine. For ASFV propagation, primary swine macrophages and monocytes have been widely studied. However, obtaining these cells can be time-consuming and expensive, making them unsuitable for mass vaccine production. The goal of this study was to validate the suitability of novel CA-CAS-01-A (CAS-01) cells, which was identified as a highly permissive cell clone for ASFV replication in the MA-104 parental cell line for live attenuated vaccine development. Through a screening experiment, maximum ASFV replication was observed in the CAS-01 cell compared to other sub-clones of MA-104 with 14.89 and log10 7.5 ± 0.15 Ct value and TCID50/ml value respectively. When CAS-01 cells are inoculated with ASFV, replication of ASFV was confirmed by Ct value for ASFV DNA, HAD50/ml assay, TCID50/ml assay, and cytopathic effects and hemadsoption were observed similar to those in primary porcine alveolar macrophages after 5th passage. Additionally, we demonstrated stable replication and adaptation of ASFV over the serial passage. These results suggest that CAS-01 cells will be a valuable and promising cell line for ASFV isolation, replication, and development of live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkwan Kim
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, 62407, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Cha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Kim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Weonhwa Jheong
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Gwangju, 62407, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Pakotiprapha D, Kuhaudomlarp S, Tinikul R, Chanarat S. Bridging the Gap: Can COVID-19 Research Help Combat African Swine Fever? Viruses 2023; 15:1925. [PMID: 37766331 PMCID: PMC10536364 DOI: 10.3390/v15091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Despite being harmless to humans, ASF poses significant challenges to the swine industry, due to sudden losses and trade restrictions. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spurred an unparalleled global research effort, yielding remarkable advancements across scientific disciplines. In this review, we explore the potential technological spillover from COVID-19 research into ASF. Specifically, we assess the applicability of the diagnostic tools, vaccine development strategies, and biosecurity measures developed for COVID-19 for combating ASF. Additionally, we discuss the lessons learned from the pandemic in terms of surveillance systems and their implications for managing ASF. By bridging the gap between COVID-19 and ASF research, we highlight the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological spillovers in the battle against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sittinan Chanarat
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Chen Y, Wei Z, Song Z, Chang H, Guo Y, Sun Y, Wang H, Zheng Z, Zhang G. Theaflavin inhibits African swine fever virus replication by disrupting lipid metabolism through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway in virto. Virus Res 2023; 334:199159. [PMID: 37385349 PMCID: PMC10410600 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of African swine fever (ASF), which is one of the most harmful swine diseases in the pig industry because of its nearly 100% mortality rate in domestic pigs and results in incalculable economic loss. Ever since ASF was initially reported, scientists have worked to develop anti-ASF vaccines; however, currently no clinically effective vaccine for ASF is available. Therefore, the development of novel measures to prevent ASFV infection and transmission is essential. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-ASF activity of theaflavin (TF), a natural compound mainly isolated from black tea. We found that TF potently inhibited ASFV replication at non-cytotoxic concentrations ex vivo in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Mechanistically, we found that TF inhibited ASFV replication by acting on cells rather than interacting directly with ASFV to inhibit viral replication. Further, we found that TF upregulated the AMPK (5'-AMP-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway in ASFV-infected and uninfected cells, and treatment with the AMPK agonist MK8722 upregulated the AMPK signaling pathway and inhibited ASFV proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the effects of TF on AMPK activation and ASFV inhibition were partially reversed by the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin. In addition, we found that TF down-regulated the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis and decreased the intracellular accumulation of total cholesterol and total triglycerides in ASFV-infected cells, suggesting that TF may inhibit ASFV replication by disrupting lipid metabolism. In summary, our results demonstrated that TF is an ASFV infection inhibitor and revealed the mechanism by which ASFV replication is inhibited, providing a novel mechanism and potential lead compound for the development of anti-ASFV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebu Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanchen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China.
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Correia S, Moura PL, Ventura S, Leitão A, Parkhouse RME. I329L: A Dual Action Viral Antagonist of TLR Activation Encoded by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). Viruses 2023; 15:v15020445. [PMID: 36851659 PMCID: PMC9965916 DOI: 10.3390/v15020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is an economically important, large DNA virus which causes a highly contagious and frequently fatal disease in domestic pigs. Due to the acute nature of the infection and the complexity of the protective porcine anti-ASFV response, there is no accepted vaccine in use. As resistance to ASFV is known to correlate with a robust IFN response, the virus is predicted to have evolved strategies to inhibit innate immunity by modulating the IFN response. The deletion of virus host evasion gene(s) inhibiting IFN is a logical solution to develop an attenuated virus vaccine. One such candidate, the ASFV ORF I329L gene, is highly conserved in pathogenic and non-pathogenic virus isolates and in this study we confirm and extend the conclusion that it has evolved for the inhibition of innate immunity initiated through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Specifically, the ASFV I329L extracellular (ECD) and intracellular (ICD) domains inhibit TLR signalling by two entirely different mechanisms. Bioinformatics modelling suggests that the ECD inhibits several TLR signalling pathways through a short sequence homologous to the conserved TLR dimerization domain, here termed the putative dimerization domain (PDD). Remarkably, both full length and PDD constructs of I329L were demonstrated to inhibit activation, not only of TLR3, but also TLR4, TLR5, TLR8 and TLR9. Additionally, the demonstration of a weak association of I329L with TLR3 is consistent with the formation of a non-signalling I329L-TLR3 heterodimer, perhaps mediated through the PDD of I329L. Finally, the ICD associates with TRIF, thereby impacting on both TLR3 and TLR4 signalling. Thus, I329L offers potential as a general inhibitor of TLR responses and is a rational candidate for construction and testing of an I329L deletion mutant vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Correia
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (R.M.E.P.)
| | | | - Sónia Ventura
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Brake DA. African Swine Fever Modified Live Vaccine Candidates: Transitioning from Discovery to Product Development through Harmonized Standards and Guidelines. Viruses 2022; 14:2619. [PMID: 36560623 PMCID: PMC9788307 DOI: 10.3390/v14122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent centennial anniversary of R.E. Montgomery's seminal published description of "a form of swine fever" disease transmitted from wild African pigs to European domestic pigs is a call to action to accelerate African Swine Fever (ASF) vaccine research and development. ASF modified live virus (MLV) first-generation gene deleted vaccine candidates currently offer the most promise to meet international and national guidelines and regulatory requirements for veterinary product licensure and market authorization. A major, rate-limiting impediment to the acceleration of current as well as future vaccine candidates into regulatory development is the absence of internationally harmonized standards for assessing vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. This review summarizes the asymmetrical landscape of peer-reviewed published literature on ASF MLV vaccine approaches and lead candidates, primarily studied to date in the research laboratory in proof-of-concept or early feasibility clinical safety and efficacy studies. Initial recommendations are offered toward eventual consensus of international harmonized guidelines and standards for ASF MLV vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. To help ensure the successful regulatory development and approval of ASF MLV first generation vaccines by national regulatory associated government agencies, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) establishment and publication of harmonized international guidelines is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC, P.O. Box 787, Stowe, VT 05672, USA
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