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Mills S, Trego AC, Prevedello M, De Vrieze J, O’Flaherty V, Lens PN, Collins G. Unifying concepts in methanogenic, aerobic, and anammox sludge granulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 17:100310. [PMID: 37705860 PMCID: PMC10495608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The retention of dense and well-functioning microbial biomass is crucial for effective pollutant removal in several biological wastewater treatment technologies. High solids retention is often achieved through aggregation of microbial communities into dense, spherical aggregates known as granules, which were initially discovered in the 1980s. These granules have since been widely applied in upflow anaerobic digesters for waste-to-energy conversions. Furthermore, granular biomass has been applied in aerobic wastewater treatment and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) technologies. The mechanisms underpinning the formation of methanogenic, aerobic, and anammox granules are the subject of ongoing research. Although each granule type has been extensively studied in isolation, there has been a lack of comparative studies among these granulation processes. It is likely that there are some unifying concepts that are shared by all three sludge types. Identifying these unifying concepts could allow a unified theory of granulation to be formed. Here, we review the granulation mechanisms of methanogenic, aerobic, and anammox granular sludge, highlighting several common concepts, such as the role of extracellular polymeric substances, cations, and operational parameters like upflow velocity and shear force. We have then identified some unique features of each granule type, such as different internal structures, microbial compositions, and quorum sensing systems. Finally, we propose that future research should prioritize aspects of microbial ecology, such as community assembly or interspecies interactions in individual granules during their formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mills
- Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Anna Christine Trego
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Marco Prevedello
- Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Jo De Vrieze
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Vincent O’Flaherty
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Piet N.L. Lens
- University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Gavin Collins
- Microbial Communities Laboratory, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
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Qiu B, Liao G, Wu C, Dai C, Bin L, Gao X, Zhao Y, Li P, Huang S, Fu F, Tang B. Rapid granulation of aerobic granular sludge and maintaining its stability by combining the effects of multi-ionic matrix and bio-carrier in a continuous-flow membrane bioreactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152644. [PMID: 34968611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation aimed at providing a novel approach to promote the rapid granulation and stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in a continuous-flow membrane bioreactor (MBR). By operating two identical MBRs with or with no bio-carrier for 125 days, it was found that the combination of multi-ionic matrix and bio-carrier could promote the rapid formation and maintain the long-term stability of AGS. The primary AGS was first observed inside the reactor on day 14, and the mature AGS appeared soon and kept stable for more than 4 months (its average size still was about 800 μm on day 125). Suitable filling ratio of bio-carrier was beneficial to form a stable and regular circulating water flow inside, and adding divalent metal ions quickly reduced the negative charges of tiny sludge particles, which were two essential factors leading to the rapid granulation of AGS and maintaining its stability. The multi-ionic matrix not only enhanced the biological aggregation process, but also facilitated the expansion of the cultivated AGS into a new multi-habitat system of Mn-AGS, in which, complex microbial communities with rich bio-diversity robustly promoted the efficient removal of organic pollutants and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangqiao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guohao Liao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518021, PR China
| | - Chencheng Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Liying Bin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xinlei Gao
- Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518021, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518021, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaosong Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fenglian Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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New Advances in Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology Using Continuous Flow Reactors: Engineering and Microbiological Aspects. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) comprises an aggregation of microbial cells in a tridimensional matrix, which is able to remove carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous as well as other pollutants in a single bioreactor under the same operational conditions. During the past decades, the feasibility of implementing AGS in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for treating sewage using fundamentally sequential batch reactors (SBRs) has been studied. However, granular sludge technology using SBRs has several disadvantages. For instance, it can present certain drawbacks for the treatment of high flow rates; furthermore, the quantity of retained biomass is limited by volume exchange. Therefore, the development of continuous flow reactors (CFRs) has come to be regarded as a more competitive option. This is why numerous investigations have been undertaken in recent years in search of different designs of CFR systems that would enable the effective treatment of urban and industrial wastewater, keeping the stability of granular biomass. However, despite these efforts, satisfactory results have yet to be achieved. Consequently, it remains necessary to carry out new technical approaches that would provide more effective and efficient AGS-CFR systems. In particular, it is imperative to develop continuous flow granular systems that can both retain granular biomass and efficiently treat wastewater, obviously with low construction, maintenance and exploitation cost. In this review, we collect the most recent information on different technological approaches aimed at establishing AGS-CFR systems, making possible their upscaling to real plant conditions. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these proposals and suggest future trends in the application of aerobic granular systems. Accordingly, we analyze the most significant technical and biological implications of this innovative technology.
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Sun Y, Angelotti B, Brooks M, Wang ZW. Feast/famine ratio determined continuous flow aerobic granulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141467. [PMID: 32853933 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plug flow reactors (PFRs) made of multiple completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in series were used to cultivate aerobic granules in real domestic wastewater. Theoretically, changing the number of CSTR chambers in series will change the nature of plug flow, and thus alter the pattern of the feast/famine condition and impact the aerobic granulation progress. Therefore, PFRs were operated in 4-, 6-, and 8-chamber mode under the same gravity selection pressure (a critical settling velocity of 9.75 m h-1) and hydraulic retention time (6.5 h) until steady states were reached to evaluate the effect of the feast/famine condition on continuous flow aerobic granulation. The sludge particle size, circularity, settleability, specific gravity, zone settling velocity, and extracellular polymeric substance contents were analyzed to evaluate the role that a feast/famine regime plays in aerobic granulation. It was found that aerobic granulation failed whenever the feast/famine ratio was greater than 0.5. The results support a conclusion that the feast/famine condition is likely a prerequisite for continuous flow aerobic granulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Sun
- Occoquan Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; Hazen and Sawyer, 4035 Ridge Top Road, Suite 500, Farfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Bob Angelotti
- Upper Occoquan Service Authority, 14631 Compton Rd, Centreville, VA 20121, USA
| | - Matt Brooks
- Upper Occoquan Service Authority, 14631 Compton Rd, Centreville, VA 20121, USA
| | - Zhi-Wu Wang
- Occoquan Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Li ZH, Han D, Yang CJ, Zhang TY, Yu HQ. Probing operational conditions of mixing and oxygen deficiency using HSV color space. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:985-992. [PMID: 33395767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the relationship between sludge color and operational conditions was studied. It was found that the coordinates H and S of the HSV color space well correlated with biological status and the operational conditions of mixing and oxygen deficiency, and a coefficient of variation (CVH/S) of the ratio of H to S in sludge cake images was derived. A smaller CVH/S indicated better mixing conditions based on the observations of four laboratory-scale experiments and two full scale WWTPs, which can be used as a promising index for the monitoring of mixing condition. The coordinate oxygen uptake rate (OURq) of the respirogram space showed similar trend as CVH/S, and analysis of microbial community also showed that CVH/S could indicate changes of biological community including species and richness. These findings suggested that CVH/S is a biological meaningful index for detecting the effect of changing operational conditions, which gives a key to quantify a large number of empirical rules accumulated in the past. Furthermore, it promotes the Internet of Things (IoT) application to the management of WWTPs, as color is readily available with MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) sensors such as smart phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Dong Han
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-2400, USA
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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Kent TR, Bott CB, Wang ZW. State of the art of aerobic granulation in continuous flow bioreactors. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1139-1166. [PMID: 29597030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the wake of the success of aerobic granulation in sequential batch reactors (SBRs) for treating wastewater, attention is beginning to turn to continuous flow applications. This is a necessary step given the advantages of continuous flow treatment processes and the fact that the majority of full-scale wastewater treatment plants across the world are operated with aeration tanks and clarifiers in a continuous flow mode. As in SBRs, applying a selection pressure, based on differences in either settling velocity or the size of the biomass, is essential for successful granulation in continuous flow reactors (CFRs). CFRs employed for aerobic granulation come in multiple configurations, each with their own means of achieving such a selection pressure. Other factors, such as bioaugmentation and hydraulic shear force, also contribute to aerobic granulation to some extent. Besides the formation of aerobic granules, long-term stability of aerobic granules is also a critical issue to be addressed. Inorganic precipitation, special inocula, and various operational optimization strategies have been used to improve granule long-term structural integrity. Accumulated studies reviewed in this work demonstrate that aerobic granulation in CFRs is capable of removing a wide spectrum of contaminants and achieving properties generally comparable to those in SBRs. Despite the notable research progress made toward successful aerobic granulation in lab-scale CFRs, to the best of our knowledge, there are only three full-scale tests of the technique, two being seeded with anammox-supported aerobic granules and the other with conventional aerobic granules; two other process alternatives are currently in development. Application of settling- or size-based selection pressures and feast/famine conditions are especially difficult to implement to these and similar mainstream systems. Future research efforts needs to be focused on the optimization of the granule-to-floc ratio, enhancement of granule activity, improvement of long-term granule stability, and a better understanding of aerobic granulation mechanisms in CFRs, especially in full-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Kent
- Occoquan Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, United States
| | | | - Zhi-Wu Wang
- Occoquan Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, United States.
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Zou J, Tao Y, Li J, Wu S, Ni Y. Cultivating aerobic granular sludge in a developed continuous-flow reactor with two-zone sedimentation tank treating real and low-strength wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:776-783. [PMID: 30060413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A continuous-flow reactor with two-zone sedimentation tank (CFR-TST) was developed to evaluate the formation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS). Micropowder made of excess sludge was added for a while in the CFR-TST, and selection pressure associated with settling time was created by the two-zone sedimentation tank. To avoid AGS disintegration, an airlift system for sludge return was used. The results show that AGS (mean particle size of 105μm; sludge volume index of approximately 26mL/g) was formed successfully in the CFR-TST. The micropowder induced bacterial attachment by acting as nuclei. The two-zone sedimentation tank made the well settling granules (i.e., heavy sludge) always retained in the CFR and poorly settling flocs (i.e., light sludge) washed away. After granulation, the contents of extracellular polymeric substances and metal precipitations in sludge increased, and the microbial community changed obviously. Additionally, the effluent concentrations of CODCr and NH4+-N were relatively low after granulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinte Zou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaqiang Tao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Shuyun Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yongjiong Ni
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Bumbac C, Ionescu IA, Tiron O, Badescu VR. Continuous flow aerobic granular sludge reactor for dairy wastewater treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 71:440-445. [PMID: 25714645 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study was to assess the treatment performance and granule progression over time within a continuous flow reactor. A continuous flow airlift reactor was seeded with aerobic granules from a laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and fed with dairy wastewater. Stereomicroscopic investigations showed that the granules maintained their integrity during the experimental period. Laser diffraction investigation showed proof of new granules formation with 100-500 μm diameter after only 2 weeks of operation. The treatment performances were satisfactory and more or less similar to the ones obtained from the SBR. Thus, removal efficiencies of 81-93% and 85-94% were observed for chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand, respectively. The N-NH(+)(4) was nitrified with removal efficiencies of 83-99% while the nitrate produced was simultaneously denitrified - highest nitrate concentration determined in the effluent was 4.2 mg/L. The removal efficiency of total nitrogen was between 52 and 80% depending on influent nitrogen load (39.3-76.2 mg/L). Phosphate removal efficiencies ranged between 65 and above 99% depending on the influent phosphate concentration, which varied between 11.2 and 28.3 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bumbac
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania E-mail:
| | - I A Ionescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania E-mail:
| | - O Tiron
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania E-mail:
| | - V R Badescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, 71-73 Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street, Sector 6, 060652 Bucharest, Romania E-mail:
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Wan C, Yang X, Lee DJ, Zhang Q, Li J, Liu X. Formation of filamentous aerobic granules: role of pH and mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8389-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Granulation of activated sludge in a continuous flow airlift reactor by strong drag force. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhou D, Liu M, Gao L, Shao C, Yu J. Calcium accumulation characterization in the aerobic granules cultivated in a continuous-flow airlift bioreactor. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:871-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ahn KH, Kim KS, Kang SW, Um CY, Lee WT, Ko KB. Settling and dewatering characteristics of granulated methane-oxidizing bacteria. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:280-286. [PMID: 23596947 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the settling ability and dewaterability of granulated methane-oxidizing bacteria (GMOB) after granulation using a continuous-flow reactor. A comparative analysis on settling and dewatering characteristics due to changes in sludge retention time (SRT, 10, 15 and 20 days) during cultivation of GMOB was conducted. In assessing dewaterability, the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of activated sludge and GMOB was found to be 8.21 x 10(13)-2.38 x 10(14) and 4.88 x 10(12) - 1.98 x 10(13) m/kg, respectively. It was confirmed that as SRT decreased, SRF of GMOB increased. In the case of bound extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), activated sludge registered 147.5 mg/g-VSS while GMOB exhibited 171-177.2 mg/g-VSS. In the case of extracellular polymeric substance soluble EPS in effluent, activated sludge measured 62 mg/L and GMOB had 17.4-21.4 mg/L. The particle size analysis showed that mean particle diameters of GMOB were 402, 369, and 350 microm, respectively, at SRTs of 20, 15 and 10 days. In addition, it was found that GMOB had a larger mean particle diameter and exhibited much better settleability and dewaterability than activated sludge did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Ahn
- Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 283, Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 411-712, Korea.
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Aerobic Granulation: Advances and Challenges. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1622-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chen Y, Lin CJ, Lan H, Fu S, Zhan H. Evaluation of kinetic parameters and mass transfer of glucose-fed granules under hypoxic conditions. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee DJ, Chen YY, Show KY, Whiteley CG, Tay JH. Advances in aerobic granule formation and granule stability in the course of storage and reactor operation. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:919-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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