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Lotfy WA, Badawy HM, Ghanem KM, El-Aassar SA. Improved production of Bacillus subtilis cholesterol oxidase by optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:141. [PMID: 37999804 PMCID: PMC10673797 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol oxidase has numerous biomedical and industrial applications. In the current study, a new bacterial strain was isolated from sewage and was selected for its high potency for cholesterol degradation (%) and production of high cholesterol oxidase activity (U/OD600). RESULTS Based on the sequence of 16S rRNA gene, the bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The fermentation conditions affecting cholesterol degradation (%) and the activity of cholesterol oxidase (U/OD600) of B. subtilis were optimized through fractional factorial design (FFD) and response surface methodology (RSM). According to this sequential optimization approach, 80.152% cholesterol degradation was achieved by setting the concentrations of cholesterol, inoculum size, and magnesium sulphate at 0.05 g/l, 6%, and 0.05 g/l, respectively. Moreover, 85.461 U of cholesterol oxidase/OD600 were attained by adjusting the fermentation conditions at initial pH, 6; volume of the fermentation medium, 15 ml/flask; and concentration of cholesterol, 0.05 g/l. The optimization process improved cholesterol degradation (%) and the activity of cholesterol oxidase (U/OD600) by 139% and 154%, respectively. No cholesterol was detected in the spectroscopic analysis of the optimized fermented medium via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). CONCLUSION The current study provides principal information for the development of efficient production of cholesterol oxidase by B. subtilis that could be used in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid A Lotfy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hala M Badawy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Ghanem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samy A El-Aassar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Sviridov AV, Karpov MV, Fokina VV, Donova MV. Cholesterol Assay Based on Recombinant Cholesterol Oxidase, ABTS, and Horseradish Peroxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2704:157-171. [PMID: 37642843 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3385-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol determination by cholesterol oxidase reaction is a fast, convenient, and highly specific approach with widespread use in clinical diagnostics. Routinely, endpoint measurements with 4-aminophenazone or 4-aminoantipyrine as chromogens and sodium cholate, surfactants, or alcohols as solubilizing agents are used. Here we describe a novel kinetic method to determine cholesterol in 0.05-0.75 mM range in neutral or acidic buffers by use of recombinant cholesterol oxidase from Nocardioides simplex in a coupled reaction with horseradish peroxidase, ABTS as a chromogen, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin as a solubilizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Sviridov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Karpov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Victoria V Fokina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
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Devi S, Sharma B, Kumar R, Singh Kanwar S. Purification, characterization, and biological cytotoxic activity of the extracellular cholesterol oxidase produced by Castellaniella sp. COX. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 60:253-267. [PMID: 31750957 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new bacterial strain producing extracellular cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was isolated and identified as Castellaniella sp. COX. The ChOx was purified by salting-out and ion-exchange chromatography up to 10.4-fold, with a specific activity of 15 U/mg with a molecular mass of 59 kDa. The purified ChOx exhibited pH 8.0 and temperature 40°C for its optimum activity. The enzyme showed stability over a wide pH range and was most stable at pH value 7.0, and at pH 8.0, it retained almost 86% of its initial activity after 3 h of incubation at 37°C. The enzyme possessed a half-life of 8 h at 37°C, 7 h at 40°C, and 3 h at 50°C. A Lineweaver-Burk plot was calibrated to determine its Km (0.16 mM) and Vmax (18.7 μmol·mg-1 ·min-1 ). The ChOx activity was enhanced with Ca2+ , Mg2+ , and Mn2+ while it was inhibited by Hg2+ , Ba2+ , Fe2+ , Cu2+ , and Zn2+ ions. Organic solvents like acetone, n-butanol, toluene, dimethyl sulfoxide, chloroform, benzene, and methanol were well tolerated by the enzyme while iso-propanol and ethanol were found to enhance the activity of purified ChOx. ChOx induced cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 1.78 and 1.88 U/ml against human RD and U87MG established cell lines, respectively, while broadly sparing the normal human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupender Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shamsher Singh Kanwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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ElBaz FN, Gamal RF, ElBaz AF, Ibrahim NE, ElMekawy A. Biochemical and biotechnological studies on a novel purified bacillus cholesterol oxidase tolerant to solvent and thermal stress. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1306742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fathy N. ElBaz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Rawia F. Gamal
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf F. ElBaz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Nasser E. Ibrahim
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed ElMekawy
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City, Egypt
- Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Coenzyme-like ligands for affinity isolation of cholesterol oxidase. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1021:169-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kasabe PJ, Mali GT, Dandge PB. Assessment of alkaline cholesterol oxidase purified from Rhodococcus sp. PKPD-CL for its halo tolerance, detergent and organic solvent stability. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 116:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wu K, Li W, Song J, Li T. Production, Purification, and Identification of Cholest-4-en-3-one Produced by Cholesterol Oxidase from Rhodococcus sp. in Aqueous/Organic Biphasic System. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 8:1-8. [PMID: 25733914 PMCID: PMC4334050 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s21580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cholest-4-en-3-one has positive uses against obesity, liver disease, and keratinization. It can be applied in the synthesis of steroid drugs as well. Most related studies are focused on preparation of cholest-4-en-3-one by using whole cells as catalysts, but production of high-quality cholest-4-en-3-one directly from cholesterol oxidase (COD) using an aqueous/organic two-phase system has been rarely explored. This study set up an enzymatic reaction system to produce cholest-4-en-3-one. We developed and optimized the enzymatic reaction system using COD from COX5-6 (a strain of Rhodococcus) instead of whole-cell biocatalyst. This not only simplifies and accelerates the production but also benefits the subsequent separation and purification process. Through extraction, washing, evaporation, column chromatography, and recrystallization, we got cholest-4-en-3-one with purity of 99.78%, which was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. In addition, this optimized process of cholest-4-en-3-one production and purification can be easily scaled up for industrial production, which can largely decrease the cost and guarantee the purity of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianrui Song
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. ; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tao Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Niwas R, Singh V, Singh R, Tripathi D, Tripathi CKM. Production, purification and characterization of cholesterol oxidase from a newly isolated Streptomyces sp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:2077-85. [PMID: 23700127 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase production (COD) by a new isolate characterized as Streptomyces sp. was studied in different production media and fermentation conditions. Individual supplementation of 1 % maltose, lactose, sucrose, peptone, soybean meal and yeast extract enhanced COD production by 80-110 % in comparison to the basal production medium (2.4 U/ml). Supplementation of 0.05 % cholesterol (inducer) enhanced COD production by 150 %. COD was purified 14.3-fold and its molecular weight was found to be 62 kDa. Vmax (21.93 μM/min mg) and substrate affinity Km (101.3 μM) suggested high affinity of the COD for cholesterol. In presence of Ba(2+) and Hg(2+) the enzyme activity was inhibited while Cu(2+) enhanced the activity nearly threefold. Relative activity of the enzyme was found maximum in triton X-100 whereas sodium dodecyl sulfate inactivated the enzyme. The enzyme activity was also inhibited by the thiol-reducing reagents like Dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol. The COD showed moderate stability towards all organic solvents except acetone, benzene and chloroform. The activity increased in presence of isopropanol and ethanol. The enzyme was most active at pH 7 and 37 °C temperature. This organism is not reported to produce COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Niwas
- Division of Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, PO Box 173, Lucknow, 226001, India
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Xin Y, Yang H, Xia X, Zhang L, Cheng C, Mou G, Shi J, Han Y, Wang W. Affinity purification of a cholesterol oxidase expressed in Escherichia coli. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:853-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu Y, Ge F, Chen G, Li W, Ma P, Zhang G, Zeng L. Gordonia neofelifaecis sp. nov., a cholesterol side-chain-cleaving actinomycete isolated from the faeces of Neofelis nebulosa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:165-169. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.020321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A cholesterol side-chain-cleaving bacterial strain, AD-6T, was isolated from fresh faeces of a clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and was studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the novel strain formed a distinct subline within the genus Gordonia, its closest neighbours being the type strains of Gordonia cholesterolivorans, Gordonia sihwensis and Gordonia hydrophobica, with sequence similarity values of 98.2, 97.8 and 97.6 %, respectively. The gyrB gene sequence of strain AD-6T exhibited similarities of 77–91 % with those of the type strains of recognized species of the genus Gordonia, being most similar to the type strains of G. sihwensis, G. hydrophobica and Gordonia hirsuta (91, 87 and 84 % similarity, respectively). The results of whole-cell fatty acid analyses and DNA–DNA relatedness data readily distinguished the new isolate from its nearest neighbours. Strain AD-6T is therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Gordonia, for which the name Gordonia neofelifaecis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AD-6T (=NRRL B-59395T=CCTCC AB-209144T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchang Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Fanglan Ge
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Guiying Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Pingmei Ma
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Guangxiang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
| | - Lihua Zeng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610061, PR China
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Du L, Huo Y, Ge F, YU J, Li W, Cheng G, Yong B, Zeng L, Huang M. Purification and characterization of novel extracellular cholesterol esterase from Acinetobacter
sp. J Basic Microbiol 2010; 50 Suppl 1:S30-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200900292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Lin Y, Fu J, Song X. Purification and characterization of an extracellular cholesterol oxidase from a Bordetella species. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu Y, Chen G, Ge F, Li W, Zeng L, Cao W. Efficient biotransformation of cholesterol to androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione by a newly isolated actinomycete Gordonia neofelifaecis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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