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Ott BM, Litaker RW, Holland WC, Delwiche CF. Using RDNA sequences to define dinoflagellate species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264143. [PMID: 35213572 PMCID: PMC8880924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellate species are traditionally defined using morphological characters, but molecular evidence accumulated over the past several decades indicates many morphologically-based descriptions are inaccurate. This recognition led to an increasing reliance on DNA sequence data, particularly rDNA gene segments, in defining species. The validity of this approach assumes the divergence in rDNA or other selected genes parallels speciation events. Another concern is whether single gene rDNA phylogenies by themselves are adequate for delineating species or if multigene phylogenies are required instead. Currently, few studies have directly assessed the relative utility of multigene versus rDNA-based phylogenies for distinguishing species. To address this, the current study examined D1-D3 and ITS/5.8S rDNA gene regions, a multi-gene phylogeny, and morphological characters in Gambierdiscus and other related dinoflagellate genera to determine if they produce congruent phylogenies and identify the same species. Data for the analyses were obtained from previous sequencing efforts and publicly available dinoflagellate transcriptomic libraries as well from the additional nine well-characterized Gambierdiscus species transcriptomic libraries generated in this study. The D1-D3 and ITS/5.8S phylogenies successfully identified the described Gambierdiscus and Alexandrium species. Additionally, the data showed that the D1-D3 and multigene phylogenies were equally capable of identifying the same species. The multigene phylogenies, however, showed different relationships among species and are likely to prove more accurate at determining phylogenetic relationships above the species level. These data indicated that D1-D3 and ITS/5.8S rDNA region phylogenies are generally successful for identifying species of Gambierdiscus, and likely those of other dinoflagellates. To assess how broadly general this finding is likely to be, rDNA molecular phylogenies from over 473 manuscripts representing 232 genera and 863 described species of dinoflagellates were reviewed. Results showed the D1-D3 rDNA and ITS phylogenies in combination are capable of identifying 97% of dinoflagellate species including all the species belonging to the genera Alexandrium, Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus, although it should be noted that multi-gene phylogenies are preferred for inferring relationships among these species. A protocol is presented for determining when D1-D3, confirmed by ITS/5.8S rDNA sequence data, would take precedence over morphological features when describing new dinoflagellate species. This protocol addresses situations such as: a) when a new species is both morphologically and molecularly distinct from other known species; b) when a new species and closely related species are morphologically indistinguishable, but genetically distinct; and c) how to handle potentially cryptic species and cases where morphotypes are clearly distinct but have the same rDNA sequence. The protocol also addresses other molecular, morphological, and genetic approaches required to resolve species boundaries in the small minority of species where the D1-D3/ITS region phylogenies fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Ott
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland—College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland—College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMO); (RWL)
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMO); (RWL)
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles F. Delwiche
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland—College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America
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Yarimizu K, Sildever S, Hamamoto Y, Tazawa S, Oikawa H, Yamaguchi H, Basti L, Mardones JI, Paredes-Mella J, Nagai S. Development of an absolute quantification method for ribosomal RNA gene copy numbers per eukaryotic single cell by digital PCR. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:102008. [PMID: 33980448 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent increase of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) causes world-wide ecological, economical, and health issues, and more attention is paid to frequent coastal monitoring for the early detection of HAB species to prevent or reduce such impacts. Use of molecular tools in addition to traditional microscopy-based observation has become one of the promising methodologies for coastal monitoring. However, as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are commonly targeted in molecular studies, variability in the rRNA gene copy number within and between species must be considered to provide quantitative information in quantitative PCR (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR), and metabarcoding analyses. Currently, this information is only available for a limited number of species. The present study utilized a dPCR technology to quantify copy numbers of rRNA genes per single cell in 16 phytoplankton species, the majority of which are toxin-producers, using a newly developed universal primer set accompanied by a labeled probe with a fluorophore and a double-quencher. In silico PCR using the newly developed primers allowed the detection of taxa from 8 supergroups, demonstrating universality and broad coverage of the primer set. Chelex buffer was found to be suitable for DNA extraction to obtain DNA fragments with suitable size to avoid underestimation of the copy numbers. The study successfully demonstrated the first comparison of absolute quantification of 18S rRNA copy numbers per cell from 16 phytoplankton species by the dPCR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yarimizu
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Resources Institute, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan; Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 22 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Sirje Sildever
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Resources Institute, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan; Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Yoko Hamamoto
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Resources Institute, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tazawa
- AXIOHELIX Co. Ltd, 12-17 Kandaizumicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Resources Institute, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Haruo Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Leila Basti
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (IFOP-CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5501679, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Paredes-Mella
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (IFOP-CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5501679, Chile
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Resources Institute, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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Qin Y, Zhang C, Liu F, Chen Q, Yang Y, Wang Y, Chen G. Establishment of double probes rolling circle amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick for rapid detection of Chattonella marina. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 97:101857. [PMID: 32732057 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chattonella marina is one of the main algae that could cause harmful algal blooms. It has killed a large number of cultured fish in coastal areas of many countries, causing serious economic losses. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a method that can specifically detect C. marina at pre-bloom abundance, so that timely measures can be taken before this alga causes harm. In this study, a long probe, a short probe and a pair of amplification primers were first designed by using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of C. marina as the target gene and using the CD74 gene of a distant species Gallus gallus as the base sequence. The double probes rolling circle amplification (dpRCA) system was then established with the designed probes and amplification primers. A novel detection protocol referred to as dpRCA-LFD by combining the dpRCA products and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was finally established, which can make the detection results visible to the naked eyes. The reaction conditions of dpRCA were optimized and the optimal conditions were as follows: cycle number of ligation reaction, 12; ligation temperature, 58 °C; amplification temperature, 60 °C; and amplification time, 60 min. The specificity test that was performed using the optimized dpRCA conditions indicated that dpRCA-LFD was exclusively specific for the target alga. The tests with the genomic DNA of C. marina and the recombinant plasmid containing the ITS sequence of C. marina showed that the sensitivity of dpRCA-LFD was 100 times higher than that of conventional PCR. The detection limit (DL) for the genomic DNA was 8.3 × 10-3 ng µL-1 (8.3 × 10-3 ng per reaction), and the DL for the recombinant plasmid DNA was 7.8 copies µL-1 (7.8 copies per reaction). The practicality of the developed dpRCA-LFD was further validated by test with the spiked samples containing C. marina and field samples. The simulative test showed that the dpRCA-LFD has a DL of 10 cells mL-1. The dpRCA-LFD could successfully recognize the target cells from the field samples. In summary, the dpRCA-LFD established in this study has advantages of good specificity, high sensitivity, and easily visible detection results, and therefore is promising for the analysis of C. marina in field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, Shandong Province 264209, PR China
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, Shandong Province 264209, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Fuguo Liu
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, Shandong Province 264209, PR China
| | - Qixin Chen
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, Shandong Province 264209, PR China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, Shandong Province 264209, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, Shandong Province 264209, PR China
| | - Guofu Chen
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, Shandong Province 264209, PR China.
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Pugliese L, Casabianca S, Perini F, Andreoni F, Penna A. A high resolution melting method for the molecular identification of the potentially toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in the Mediterranean Sea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4259. [PMID: 28652566 PMCID: PMC5484702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a high resolution melting (HRM) method for the rapid, accurate identification of the various harmful diatom Pseudo-nitzschia species in marine environments. Pseudo-nitzschia has a worldwide distribution and some species are toxic, producing the potent domoic acid toxin, which poses a threat to both human and animal health. Hence, it is important to identify toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species. A pair of primers targeting the LSU rDNA of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia was designed for the development of the assay and its specificity was validated using 22 control DNAs of the P. calliantha, P. delicatissima/P. arenysensis complex and P. pungens. The post-PCR HRM assay was applied to numerous unidentified Pseudo-nitzschia strains isolated from the northwestern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea), and it was able to detect and discriminate three distinct Pseudo-nitzschia taxa from unidentified samples. Moreover, the species-specific identification of Pseudo-nitzschia isolates by the HRM assay was consistent with phylogenetic analyses. The HRM assay was specific, robust and rapid when applied to high numbers of cultured samples in order to taxonomically identify Pseudo-nitzschia isolates recovered from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pugliese
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy.,Conisma, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Perini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Andreoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy. .,Conisma, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy. .,CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125, Ancona, Italy.
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Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Van Sant SB, Tester PA, Sullivan K, Eckert G, Cammarata C, Reece K, Scott G, Place A, Holderied K, Hondolero D, Litaker RW. qPCR assays for Alexandrium fundyense and A. ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) identified from Alaskan waters and a review of species-specific Alexandrium molecular assays. PHYCOLOGIA 2017; 56:303-320. [PMID: 32831405 PMCID: PMC7441911 DOI: 10.2216/16-41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) poses a serious health threat in Alaska and prevents effective utilization of shellfish resources by subsistence and recreational harvesters. Substantial economic losses also affect shellfish growers during PSP events. The toxins responsible for PSP are produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium. Despite the persistent threat posed by PSP and the long history of shellfish toxicity research, there is still confusion concerning the Alexandrium species that cause PSP in Alaska. The primary objective of this study was to identify the toxic Alexandrium species present in Alaska and to develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for use in screening phytoplankton and sediment samples. Before developing the PCR assays for this study, we evaluated published assays and many were not adequate because of primer dimer formation or because of cross-reactivity. Rather than continue to grapple with the uncertainty and inadequacy of published assays, we developed new assays for the Alexandrium species most likely to be present in Alaska. Only Alexandrium fundyense Group I and A. ostenfeldii were identified from four sampling regions from southeast Alaska to Kodiak Island, indicating that these two species are widely distributed. PCR assays for these two species were converted to quantitative (q)PCR format for use in monitoring programs. During the course of this study, we realized that a systematic evaluation of all published (~150) Alexandrium species-specific assays would be of benefit. Toward this objective, we collated published Alexandrium PCR, qPCR, and in situ hybridization assay primers and probes that targeted the small-subunit (SSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS/5.8S), or D1-D3 large-subunit (LSU) (SSU/ITS/LSU) ribosomal DNA genes. Each individual primer or probe was screened against the GenBank database and Alexandrium gene sequence alignments constructed as part of this study. These data were used to identify a suite of species-specific Alexandrium assays that can be recommended for evaluation by the global harmful algal bloom community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Vandersea
- NCCOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat
Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Steven R. Kibler
- NCCOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat
Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Scott B. Van Sant
- NMFS/NOAA, Southeast Fishery Science Center, 127 Cardinal
Drive Ext, Wilmington, North Carolina 28405, USA
| | - Patricia A. Tester
- NCCOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat
Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 381 Gillikin Road, Beaufort, North
Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Kate Sullivan
- Southeast Alaska Regional Dive Fisheries Association, PO
Box 5417, Ketchikan, Alaska 99901, USA
| | - Ginny Eckert
- Fisheries Department, University of Alaska, 17101 Point
Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801, USA
| | - Charlayna Cammarata
- Texas A&M University, Department of Wildlife &
Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture, 2258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843,
USA
| | - Kim Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine
Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346,
USA
| | - Gail Scott
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine
Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346,
USA
| | - Allen Place
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science,
Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 East Pratt Street, Columbus
Center, Suite 236, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | - Kris Holderied
- NCCOS/NOAA, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Center for Coastal
Fisheries and Habitat Research, Homer, Alaska 99603, USA
| | - Dominic Hondolero
- NCCOS/NOAA, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Center for Coastal
Fisheries and Habitat Research, Homer, Alaska 99603, USA
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- NCCOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat
Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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Real-Time PCR Quantification of Protease-Producing Bacteria in Traditional Chinese Fish Sauce. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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