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Yon T, Réveillon D, Sibat M, Holland C, Litaker RW, Nascimento SM, Rossignoli AE, Riobó P, Hess P, Bertrand S. Targeted and non-targeted mass spectrometry to explore the chemical diversity of the genus Gambierdiscus in the Atlantic Ocean. Phytochemistry 2024; 222:114095. [PMID: 38631521 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus have been associated with ciguatera, the most common non-bacterial fish-related intoxication in the world. Many studies report the presence of potentially toxic Gambierdiscus species along the Atlantic coasts including G. australes, G. silvae and G. excentricus. Estimates of their toxicity, as determined by bio-assays, vary substantially, both between species and strains of the same species. Therefore, there is a need for additional knowledge on the metabolite production of Gambierdiscus species and their variation to better understand species differences. Using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, toxin and metabolomic profiles of five species of Gambierdiscus found in the Atlantic Ocean were reported. In addition, a molecular network was constructed aiming at annotating the metabolomes. Results demonstrated that G. excentricus could be discriminated from the other species based solely on the presence of MTX4 and sulfo-gambierones and that the variation in toxin content for a single strain could be up to a factor of two due to different culture conditions between laboratories. While untargeted analyses highlighted a higher variability at the metabolome level, signal correction was applied and supervised multivariate statistics performed on the untargeted data set permitted the selection of 567 features potentially useful as biomarkers for the distinction of G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. silvae and G. belizeanus. Further studies will be required to validate the use of these biomarkers in discriminating Gambierdiscus species. The study also provided an overview about 17 compound classes present in Gambierdiscus, however, significant improvements in annotation are still required to reach a more comprehensive knowledge of Gambierdiscus' metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yon
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Chris Holland
- Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Araceli E Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France; ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, 44311 Nantes, France
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Tester PA, Litaker RW, Soler-Onís E, Fernández-Zabala J, Berdalet E. Using artificial substrates to quantify Gambierdiscus and other toxic benthic dinoflagellates for monitoring purposes. Harmful Algae 2022; 120:102351. [PMID: 36470606 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Collecting methods generally used to determine cell abundances of toxic benthic dinoflagellates (BHAB) use cells dislodged from either macrophytes or artificial substrates. This article compares the advantages of the macrophyte and artificial substrate methods and discusses which method is more appropriate for use in monitoring programs that focus on toxic BHAB species identification and quantification. The concept of benthic dinoflagellate "preference" for specific macrophytes was also reviewed. Examination of data from 75 field studies showed macrophytes with higher surface area per unit biomass harbored higher concentrations of Gambierdiscus cells. There was no definitive evidence that cells were actively selecting one macrophyte over another. This observation supports the use of artificial substrates (AS) as a means of assessing cell abundances in complex habitats because cell counts are normalized to a standardized surface area, not macrophyte biomass. The artificial substrate method represents the most robust approach, currently available, for collecting toxic, benthic dinoflagellates for a cell-based early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- CSS Inc., Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Emilio Soler-Onís
- Observatorio Canario de Algas Nocivas (OCHAB), FCPCT-ULPGC, Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino de Taliarte, C/ Miramar, 121. 35214 Taliarte, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain; Grupo de Ecofisiología Marina (EOMAR), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Zabala
- Observatorio Canario de Algas Nocivas (OCHAB), FCPCT-ULPGC, Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino de Taliarte, C/ Miramar, 121. 35214 Taliarte, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain; Grupo de Ecofisiología Marina (EOMAR), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Darius HT, Revel T, Viallon J, Sibat M, Cruchet P, Longo S, Hardison DR, Holland WC, Tester PA, Litaker RW, McCall JR, Hess P, Chinain M. Comparative Study on the Performance of Three Detection Methods for the Quantification of Pacific Ciguatoxins in French Polynesian Strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060348. [PMID: 35736151 PMCID: PMC9229625 DOI: 10.3390/md20060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa dinoflagellates produce a suite of secondary metabolites, including ciguatoxins (CTXs), which bioaccumulate and are further biotransformed in fish and marine invertebrates, causing ciguatera poisoning when consumed by humans. This study is the first to compare the performance of the fluorescent receptor binding assay (fRBA), neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative estimation of CTX contents in 30 samples, obtained from four French Polynesian strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. fRBA was applied to Gambierdiscus matrix for the first time, and several parameters of the fRBA protocol were refined. Following liquid/liquid partitioning to separate CTXs from other algal compounds, the variability of CTX contents was estimated using these three methods in three independent experiments. All three assays were significantly correlated with each other, with the highest correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.841) found between fRBA and LC-MS/MS. The CBA-N2a was more sensitive than LC-MS/MS and fRBA, with all assays showing good repeatability. The combined use of fRBA and/or CBA-N2a for screening purposes and LC-MS/MS for confirmation purposes allows for efficient CTX evaluation in Gambierdiscus. These findings, which support future collaborative studies for the inter-laboratory validation of CTX detection methods, will help improve ciguatera risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Sébastien Longo
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Donnie Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | | | - R. Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
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Ott BM, Litaker RW, Holland WC, Delwiche CF. Using RDNA sequences to define dinoflagellate species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264143. [PMID: 35213572 PMCID: PMC8880924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellate species are traditionally defined using morphological characters, but molecular evidence accumulated over the past several decades indicates many morphologically-based descriptions are inaccurate. This recognition led to an increasing reliance on DNA sequence data, particularly rDNA gene segments, in defining species. The validity of this approach assumes the divergence in rDNA or other selected genes parallels speciation events. Another concern is whether single gene rDNA phylogenies by themselves are adequate for delineating species or if multigene phylogenies are required instead. Currently, few studies have directly assessed the relative utility of multigene versus rDNA-based phylogenies for distinguishing species. To address this, the current study examined D1-D3 and ITS/5.8S rDNA gene regions, a multi-gene phylogeny, and morphological characters in Gambierdiscus and other related dinoflagellate genera to determine if they produce congruent phylogenies and identify the same species. Data for the analyses were obtained from previous sequencing efforts and publicly available dinoflagellate transcriptomic libraries as well from the additional nine well-characterized Gambierdiscus species transcriptomic libraries generated in this study. The D1-D3 and ITS/5.8S phylogenies successfully identified the described Gambierdiscus and Alexandrium species. Additionally, the data showed that the D1-D3 and multigene phylogenies were equally capable of identifying the same species. The multigene phylogenies, however, showed different relationships among species and are likely to prove more accurate at determining phylogenetic relationships above the species level. These data indicated that D1-D3 and ITS/5.8S rDNA region phylogenies are generally successful for identifying species of Gambierdiscus, and likely those of other dinoflagellates. To assess how broadly general this finding is likely to be, rDNA molecular phylogenies from over 473 manuscripts representing 232 genera and 863 described species of dinoflagellates were reviewed. Results showed the D1-D3 rDNA and ITS phylogenies in combination are capable of identifying 97% of dinoflagellate species including all the species belonging to the genera Alexandrium, Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus, although it should be noted that multi-gene phylogenies are preferred for inferring relationships among these species. A protocol is presented for determining when D1-D3, confirmed by ITS/5.8S rDNA sequence data, would take precedence over morphological features when describing new dinoflagellate species. This protocol addresses situations such as: a) when a new species is both morphologically and molecularly distinct from other known species; b) when a new species and closely related species are morphologically indistinguishable, but genetically distinct; and c) how to handle potentially cryptic species and cases where morphotypes are clearly distinct but have the same rDNA sequence. The protocol also addresses other molecular, morphological, and genetic approaches required to resolve species boundaries in the small minority of species where the D1-D3/ITS region phylogenies fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Ott
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland—College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland—College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMO); (RWL)
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMO); (RWL)
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles F. Delwiche
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland—College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America
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Kibler SR, Litaker RW, Matweyou JA, Hardison DR, Wright BA, Tester PA. Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in butter clams (Saxidomus gigantea) from the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska. Harmful Algae 2022; 111:102165. [PMID: 35016769 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of toxic butter clams (Saxidomus gigantea) is the most frequent cause of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Alaskan coastal communities. This study examines seasonal variation in total paralytic shellfish toxin concentrations and congener distribution in tissues of butter clams collected in three communities in the Kodiak Islands, Alaska: the City of Kodiak, Ouzinkie and Old Harbor. In response to questions from local harvesters, the efficacy of removing particular clam tissues on total toxin levels was also assessed. Butter clam samples were collected ∼monthly during 2015-2020 in each community to monitor shellfish toxin levels. Results were combined with clam monitoring data collected previously (2013-2015) to document the seasonal distribution of saxitoxin (STX) and its congeners (neosaxitoxin, gonyautoxin) in clam tissues. Seasonally, paralytic shellfish toxin levels in butter clams were highest in summer, declined in winter, but often remained above regulatory limits throughout the year in the three Kodiak communities. Butter clams collected from Ouzinkie (2013-2020) averaged 165 ± 87 µg STX equivalents (Eq.) 100 g - 1, compared to Kodiak 73 ± 54 µg STX Eq. 100 g - 1 and Old Harbor 143 ± 103 µg STX Eq. 100 g - 1. STX accounted for 59-71% of the total toxin concentration in clams at Ouzinkie, Kodiak, and Old Harbor, while neosaxitoxin (neoSTX) accounted for 12-18%. Gonyautoxins (GTXs) represented 31-60% of the total toxin concentration during the seasonal Alexandrium catenella bloom in June-July, with lower percentages in other months. The fraction of total toxin varied among clam tissues: the siphon tip (2-29%), the neck (3-56%), the gut (3-65%) and the body (6-85%). Removal of the siphon tip reduced total toxin content substantially in some samples but had little effect in others. Saxitoxin congeners varied greatly and somewhat unpredictably among clam tissues, and the results indicate removal of specific tissues was not an effective strategy for reducing paralytic shellfish toxin levels in butter clams for safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Kibler
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America.
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- CSS Inc. (Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States of America)
| | - Julie A Matweyou
- Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, Kodiak Seafood and Marine Science Center, 118 Trident Way, Kodiak, Alaska, 99615, United States of America
| | - D Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bruce A Wright
- Knik Tribe of Alaska, 1744 Prospect Drive, Palmer, Alaska, 99645, United States of America
| | - Patricia A Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, United States of America
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Wynne TT, Stumpf RP, Litaker RW, Hood RR. Cyanobacterial bloom phenology in Saginaw Bay from MODIS and a comparative look with western Lake Erie. Harmful Algae 2021; 103:101999. [PMID: 33980439 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Saginaw Bay and western Lake Erie basin (WLEB) are eutrophic catchments in the Laurentian Great Lakes that experience annual, summer-time cyanobacterial blooms. Both basins share many features including similar size, shallow depths, and equivalent-sized watersheds. They are geographically close and both basins derive a preponderance of their nutrient supply from a single river. Despite these similarities, the bloom phenology in each basin is quite different. The blooms in Saginaw Bay occur at the same time and place and at the same moderate severity level each year. The WLEB, in contrast, exhibits far greater interannual variability in the timing, location, and severity of the bloom than Saginaw Bay, consistent with greater and more variable phosphorus inputs. Saginaw Bay has bloom biomass that corresponds to relatively mild blooms in WLEB, and also has equivalent phosphorus loads. This result suggests that if inputs of P into the WLEB were reduced to similarly sized loads as Saginaw Bay the most severe blooms would be abated. Above 500 t P input, which occur in WLEB, blooms increase non-linearly indicating any reduction in P-input at the highest inputs levels currently occurring in the WLEB, would yield disproportionately large reductions in cyanobacterial bloom intensity. As the maximum phosphorus loads in Saginaw Bay lie just below this inflection point, shifts in the Saginaw Bay watershed toward greater agriculture uses and less wetlands may substantially increase the risk of more intense cyanobacterial blooms than presently occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Wynne
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
| | - Richard P Stumpf
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under contract with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
| | - Raleigh R Hood
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD United States
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Vandersea M, Tester P, Holderied K, Hondolero D, Kibler S, Powell K, Baird S, Doroff A, Dugan D, Meredith A, Tomlinson M, Litaker RW. An extraordinary Karenia mikimotoi "beer tide" in Kachemak Bay Alaska. Harmful Algae 2020; 92:101706. [PMID: 32113598 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In autumn of 2013 an immense dinoflagellate bloom developed in Kachemak Bay, AK, USA. Much of the Bay was discolored a dark amber color and raised public concerns as small scale fish kills were reported in a few locations. Light microscopy revealed a monospecific bloom of gymnodinoid dinoflagellates that were previously unknown from the Bay. Gene sequencing of SSU rDNA from cells collected from the bloom confirmed the causative species to be Karenia mikimotoi. This represents the first report of a K. mikimotoi bloom in Alaska. After the bloom organism was confirmed, a K. mikimotoi species-specific qPCR assay was developed and used to assess K. mikimotoi abundances in DNA extracted from phytoplankton samples from Kachemak Bay and Lower Cook Inlet (LCI) obtained over a six-year period. The K. mikimotoi abundances were compared with corresponding time series of environmental variables (water temperature, salinity, water column stability, nutrients, precipitation and wind speed) to assess the factors contributing to the development of the bloom. The results showed early bloom development occurred in August when snow melt reduced salinities and increased water column stability during a period of calm winds. Peak bloom concentrations occurred in late September (107 cell eq. L-1) even as water temperatures were decreasing. The bloom gradually declined over the winter but persisted until April of 2014. Karenia mikimotoi cells were not detected two years prior or three years following the bloom, suggesting cells were introduced to Kachemak Bay at a time when conditions allowed K. mikimotoi to thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States.
| | - Patricia Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States
| | - Kris Holderied
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, United States
| | - Dominic Hondolero
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, United States
| | - Steve Kibler
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States
| | - Kim Powell
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, United States
| | - Steve Baird
- Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Homer, AK, United States
| | - Angela Doroff
- Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Juneau, AK, United States
| | - Darcy Dugan
- Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Andrew Meredith
- Consolidated Safety Services, Inc, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Michelle Tomlinson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States
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Van Hemert C, Schoen SK, Litaker RW, Smith MM, Arimitsu ML, Piatt JF, Holland WC, Ransom Hardison D, Pearce JM. Algal toxins in Alaskan seabirds: Evaluating the role of saxitoxin and domoic acid in a large-scale die-off of Common Murres. Harmful Algae 2020; 92:101730. [PMID: 32113594 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated seawater temperatures are linked to the development of harmful algal blooms (HABs), which pose a growing threat to marine birds and other wildlife. During late 2015 and early 2016, a massive die-off of Common Murres (Uria aalge; hereafter, murres) was observed in the Gulf of Alaska coincident with a strong marine heat wave. Previous studies have documented illness and death among seabirds resulting from exposure to the HAB neurotoxins saxitoxin (STX) and domoic acid (DA). Given the unusual mortality event, corresponding warm water anomalies, and recent detection of STX and DA throughout coastal Alaskan waters, HABs were identified as a possible factor of concern. To evaluate whether algal toxins may have contributed to murre deaths, we tested for STX and DA in a suite of tissues obtained from beach-cast murre carcasses associated with the die-off as well as from apparently healthy murres and Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla; hereafter, kittiwakes) sampled in the preceding and following summers. We also tested forage fish and marine invertebrates collected in the Gulf of Alaska in 2015-2017 to evaluate potential sources of HAB toxin exposure for seabirds. Saxitoxin was present in multiple tissue types of both die-off (36.4 %) and healthy (41.7 %) murres and healthy kittiwakes (54.2 %). Among birds, we detected the highest concentrations of STX in liver tissues (range 1.4-10.8 μg 100 g-1) of die-off murres. Saxitoxin was relatively common in forage fish (20.3 %) and invertebrates (53.8 %). No established toxicity limits currently exist for seabirds, but concentrations of STX in birds and forage fish in our study were lower than values reported from most other bird die-offs in which STX intoxication was causally linked. We detected low concentrations of DA in a single bird sample and in 33.3 % of invertebrates and 4.0 % of forage fish samples. Although these results do not support the hypothesis that acute exposure to STX or DA was a primary factor in the 2015-2016 mortality event, additional information about the sensitivity of murres to these toxins is needed before we can discount their potential role in the die-off. The widespread occurrence of STX in seabirds, forage fish, and invertebrates in the Gulf of Alaska indicates that algal toxins should be considered in future assessments of seabird health, especially given the potential for greater occurrence of HABs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah K Schoen
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - Matthew M Smith
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Mayumi L Arimitsu
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - John F Piatt
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - D Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - John M Pearce
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
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9
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Abstract
Sea surface temperatures in the world's oceans are projected to warm by 0.4-1.4 °C by mid twenty-first century causing many tropical and sub-tropical harmful dinoflagellate genera like Gambierdiscus, Fukuyoa and Ostreopsis (benthic harmful algal bloom species, BHABs) to exhibit higher growth rates over much of their current geographic range, resulting in higher population densities. The primary exception to this trend will be in the tropics where temperatures exceed species-specific upper thermal tolerances (30-31 °C) beyond which growth slows significantly. As surface waters warm, migration to deeper habitats is expected to provide refuge. Range extensions of several degrees of latitude also are anticipated, but only where species-specific habitat requirements can be met (e.g., temperature, suitable substrate, low turbulence, light, salinity, pH). The current understanding of habitat requirements that determine species distributions are reviewed to provide fuller understanding of how individual species will respond to climate change from the present to 2055 while addressing the paucity of information on environmental factors controlling small-scale distribution in localized habitats. Based on the available information, we hypothesized how complex environmental interactions can influence abundance and potential range extensions of BHAB species in different biogeographic regions and identify sentinel sites appropriate for long-term monitoring programs to detect range extensions and reduce human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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10
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Díaz-Asencio L, Clausing RJ, Vandersea M, Chamero-Lago D, Gómez-Batista M, Hernández-Albernas JI, Chomérat N, Rojas-Abrahantes G, Litaker RW, Tester P, Diogène J, Alonso-Hernández CM, Dechraoui Bottein MY. Ciguatoxin Occurrence in Food-Web Components of a Cuban Coral Reef Ecosystem: Risk-Assessment Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120722. [PMID: 31835676 PMCID: PMC6950047 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Cuba, ciguatera poisoning associated with fish consumption is the most commonly occurring non-bacterial seafood-borne illness. Risk management through fish market regulation has existed in Cuba for decades and consists of bans on selected species above a certain weight; however, the actual occurrence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in seafood has never been verified. From this food safety risk management perspective, a study site locally known to be at risk for ciguatera was selected. Analysis of the epiphytic dinoflagellate community identified the microalga Gambierdiscus. Gambierdiscus species included six of the seven species known to be present in Cuba (G. caribaeus, G. belizeanus, G. carpenteri, G. carolinianus, G. silvae, and F. ruetzleri). CTX-like activity in invertebrates, herbivorous and carnivorous fishes were analyzed with a radioligand receptor-binding assay and, for selected samples, with the N2A cell cytotoxicity assay. CTX activity was found in 80% of the organisms sampled, with toxin values ranging from 2 to 8 ng CTX3C equivalents g−1 tissue. Data analysis further confirmed CTXs trophic magnification. This study constitutes the first finding of CTX-like activity in marine organisms in Cuba and in herbivorous fish in the Caribbean. Elucidating the structure–activity relationship and toxicology of CTX from the Caribbean is needed before conclusions may be drawn about risk exposure in Cuba and the wider Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Díaz-Asencio
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos 59350, Cuba; (L.D.-A.); (D.C.-L.); (M.G.-B.); (G.R.-A.); (C.M.A.-H.)
| | - Rachel J. Clausing
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Mark Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (M.V.); (R.W.L.)
| | - Donaida Chamero-Lago
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos 59350, Cuba; (L.D.-A.); (D.C.-L.); (M.G.-B.); (G.R.-A.); (C.M.A.-H.)
| | - Miguel Gómez-Batista
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos 59350, Cuba; (L.D.-A.); (D.C.-L.); (M.G.-B.); (G.R.-A.); (C.M.A.-H.)
| | | | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, Laboratory of Environment and Resources Western Britanny, Coastal Research Unit, Place de la Croix, B.P. 40537, 29185 Concarneau CEDEX, France;
| | - Gabriel Rojas-Abrahantes
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos 59350, Cuba; (L.D.-A.); (D.C.-L.); (M.G.-B.); (G.R.-A.); (C.M.A.-H.)
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (M.V.); (R.W.L.)
| | - Patricia Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Marine Environmental Monitoring, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain;
| | - Carlos M. Alonso-Hernández
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos 59350, Cuba; (L.D.-A.); (D.C.-L.); (M.G.-B.); (G.R.-A.); (C.M.A.-H.)
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco;
| | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco;
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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11
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McCall JR, Holland WC, Keeler DM, Hardison DR, Litaker RW. Improved Accuracy of Saxitoxin Measurement Using an Optimized Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110632. [PMID: 31683507 PMCID: PMC6891710 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is precipitated by a family of toxins produced by harmful algae, which are consumed by filter-feeding and commercially popular shellfish. The toxins, including saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and gonyautoxins, accumulate in shellfish and cause intoxication when consumed by humans and animals. Symptoms can range from minor neurological dysfunction to respiratory distress and death. There are over 40 different chemical congeners of saxitoxin and its analogs, many of which are toxic and many of which have low toxicity or are non-toxic. This makes accurate toxicity assessment difficult and complicates decisions regarding whether or not shellfish are safe to consume. In this study, we describe a new antibody-based bioassay that is able to detect toxic congeners (saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and gonyautoxins) with little cross-reactivity with the low or non-toxic congeners (decarbamoylated or di-sulfated forms). The anti-saxitoxin antibody used in this assay detects saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, the two most toxic congers equally well, but not the relatively highly toxic gonyautoxins. By incorporating an incubation step with L-cysteine, it is possible to convert a majority of the gonyautoxins present to saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, which are readily detected. The assay is, therefore, capable of detecting the most toxic PSP congeners found in commercially relevant shellfish. The assay was validated against samples whose toxicity was determined using standard HPLC methods and yielded a strong linear agreement between the methods, with R2 values of 0.94–0.96. As ELISAs are rapid, inexpensive, and easy-to-use, this new commercially available PSP ELISA represents an advance in technology allowing better safety management of the seafood supply and the ability to screen large numbers of samples that can occur when monitoring is increased substantially in response to toxic bloom events
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R McCall
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA.
| | - W Christopher Holland
- Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | | | - D Ransom Hardison
- Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
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12
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Hardison DR, Holland WC, Currier RD, Kirkpatrick B, Stumpf R, Fanara T, Burris D, Reich A, Kirkpatrick GJ, Litaker RW. HABscope: A tool for use by citizen scientists to facilitate early warning of respiratory irritation caused by toxic blooms of Karenia brevis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218489. [PMID: 31220134 PMCID: PMC6586399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of the toxic microalga Karenia brevis occur seasonally in Florida, Texas and other portions of the Gulf of Mexico. Brevetoxins produced during Karenia blooms can cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in humans, massive fish kills, and the death of marine mammals and birds. Brevetoxin-containing aerosols are an additional problem, having a severe impact on beachgoers, triggering coughing, eye and throat irritation in healthy individuals, and more serious respiratory distress in those with asthma or other breathing disorders. The blooms and associated aerosol impacts are patchy in nature, often affecting one beach but having no impact on an adjacent beach. To provide timely information to visitors about which beaches are low-risk, we developed HABscope; a low cost (~$400) microscope system that can be used in the field by citizen scientists with cell phones to enumerate K. brevis cell concentrations in the water along each beach. The HABscope system operates by capturing short videos of collected water samples and uploading them to a central server for rapid enumeration of K. brevis cells using calibrated recognition software. The HABscope has a detection threshold of about 100,000 cells, which is the point when respiratory risk becomes evident. Higher concentrations are reliably estimated up to 10 million cells L-1. When deployed by volunteer citizen scientists, the HABscope consistently distinguished low, medium, and high concentrations of cells in the water. The volunteers were able to collect data on most days during a severe bloom. This indicates that the HABscope can provide an effective capability to significantly increase the sampling coverage during Karenia brevis blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Currier
- Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System, Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara Kirkpatrick
- Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System, Department of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard Stumpf
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Management and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracy Fanara
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Devin Burris
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew Reich
- Florida Department of Health, Public Health Toxicology Section, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Kirkpatrick
- Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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13
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Díaz-Asencio L, Vandersea M, Chomérat N, Fraga S, Clausing RJ, Litaker RW, Chamero-Lago D, Gómez-Batista M, Moreira-González A, Tester P, Alonso-Hernández C, Dechraoui Bottein MY. Morphology, toxicity and molecular characterization of Gambierdiscus spp. towards risk assessment of ciguatera in south central Cuba. Harmful Algae 2019; 86:119-127. [PMID: 31358271 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is caused by the consumption of reef fish or shellfish that have accumulated ciguatoxins, neurotoxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus or Fukuyoa. Although ciguatera constitutes the primary cause of seafood intoxication in Cuba, very little information is available on the occurrence of ciguatoxins in the marine food web and the causative benthic dinoflagellate species. This study conducted on the south-central coast of Cuba reports the occurrence of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa genera and the associated benthic genera Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum. Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa cells were present at low to moderate abundances depending on the site and month of sampling. This genus was notably higher on Dictyotaceae than on other macrophytes. PCR analysis of field-collected samples revealed the presence of six different Gambierdiscus and one Fukuyoa species, including G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, G. belizeanus, F. ruetzleri, G. silvae, and Gambierdiscus sp. ribotype 2. Only Gambierdiscus excentricus was absent from the eight Gambierdiscus/Fukuyoa species known in the wider Caribbean region. Eleven clonal cultures were established and confirmed by PCR and SEM as being either G. carolinianus or G. caribaeus. Toxin production in each isolate was assessed by a radioligand receptor binding assay and found to be below the assay quantification limit. These novel findings augment the knowledge of the ciguatoxin-source dinoflagellates that are present in Cuba, however further studies are needed to better understand the correlation between their abundance, species-specific toxin production in the environment, and the risk for fish contamination, in order to develop better informed ciguatera risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Díaz-Asencio
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Mark Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, Laboratory of Environment and Resources Western Britanny, Coastal Research Unit, Place de la Croix, B.P. 40537, 29185, Concarneau Cedex, France
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rachel J Clausing
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000, Monaco
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Donaida Chamero-Lago
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Miguel Gómez-Batista
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Angel Moreira-González
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
| | - Patricia Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Carlos Alonso-Hernández
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba
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14
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Litaker RW, Tester PA, Vandersea MW. Species-specific PCR assays for Gambierdiscus excentricus and Gambierdiscus silvae (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). J Phycol 2019; 55:730-732. [PMID: 30817008 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The two most toxic Gambierdiscus species identified from the Caribbean are G. excentricus and G. silvae. These species are the primary causes of ciguatera fish poisoning and likely contribute disproportionately to the toxicity of marine food webs. While Gambierdiscus species are difficult to distinguish using light or scanning electron microscopy, reliable species-specific molecular identification methods have been developed and used successfully to identify a number of other Gambierdiscus species. Corresponding species-specific assays are not yet available for G. excentricus and G. silvae, which imposes limitations on species identification and related ecological studies. The following note describes species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays for G. excentricus and G. silvae that can be used for these purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
| | - Patricia A Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
| | - Mark W Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
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15
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Yong HL, Mustapa NI, Lee LK, Lim ZF, Tan TH, Usup G, Gu H, Litaker RW, Tester PA, Lim PT, Leaw CP. Habitat complexity affects benthic harmful dinoflagellate assemblages in the fringing reef of Rawa Island, Malaysia. Harmful Algae 2018; 78:56-68. [PMID: 30196925 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the effect of fine-scale habitat differences on the dynamics of benthic harmful dinoflagellate assemblages. To determine how these microhabitat differences affect the distribution and abundance of the major benthic harmful dinoflagellate genera in a tropical coral reef ecosystem, a field study was undertaken between April-September 2015 and January 2016 on the shallow reef flat of the fringing reef of Rawa Island, Terengganu, Malaysia. Sampling of benthic dinoflagellates was carried out using an artificial substrate sampling method (fiberglass screens). Benthic microhabitats surrounding the sampling screens were characterized simultaneously from photographs of a 0.25-m2 quadrat based on categories of bottom substrate types. Five taxonomic groups of benthic dinoflagellates, Ostreopsis, Gambierdiscus, Prorocentrum, Amphidinium, and Coolia were identified, and cells were enumerated using a light microscope. The results showed Gambierdiscus was less abundant than other genera throughout the study period, with maximum abundance of 1.2 × 103 cells 100 cm-2. While most taxa were present on reefs with high coral cover, higher cell abundances were observed in reefs with high turf algal cover and coral rubble, with the exception of Ostreopsis, where the abundance reached a maximum of 3.4 × 104 cells 100 cm-2 in habitats with high coral cover. Microhabitat heterogeneity was identified as a key factor governing the benthic harmful dinoflagellate assemblages and may account for much of the observed variability in dominant taxa. This finding has significant implications for the role of variability in the benthic harmful algal bloom (BHAB) outbreaks and the potential in identifying BHAB-related toxin transfer pathways and the key vectors in the food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Lin Yong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurin Izzati Mustapa
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Li Keat Lee
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zhen Fei Lim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Toh Hii Tan
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Gires Usup
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - Po Teen Lim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia.
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16
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Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Tester PA, Holderied K, Hondolero DE, Powell K, Baird S, Doroff A, Dugan D, Litaker RW. Environmental factors influencing the distribution and abundance of Alexandrium catenella in Kachemak bay and lower cook inlet, Alaska. Harmful Algae 2018; 77:81-92. [PMID: 30005804 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the long history of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) events in Alaska, little is known about the seasonal distribution and abundance of the causative organism, Alexandrium, or the environmental factors that govern toxic bloom development. To address this issue, a five year study (2012-2017) was undertaken in Kachemak Bay and lower Cook Inlet Alaska to determine how the occurrence of Alexandrium catenella, the dominant PSP-causing Alexandrium species, was influenced by temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations, and other environmental factors. Cell concentrations from 572 surface water samples were estimated using quantitative PCR. Monthly sampling revealed a seasonal pattern of A. catenella bloom development that was positively correlated with water temperature. Prevailing salinity conditions did not significantly affect abundance, nor was nutrient limitation a direct factor. Elevated cell concentrations were detected in 35 samples from Kachemak Bay (100-3050 cell eq. L-1) while a maximum abundance of 67 cell eq. L-1 was detected in samples from lower Cook Inlet sites. Monitoring data showed average water temperatures in Kachemak Bay increased by ∼2 °C over the course of the study and were accompanied by an increase in Alexandrium abundance. Based on these findings, 7-8 °C appears to represent a temperature threshold for significant bloom development in Kachemak Bay, with the greatest risk of shellfish toxicity occurring when temperatures exceed 10-12 °C. The role of temperature is further supported by time series data from the Alaska Coastal Current (station GAK1), which showed that summertime shellfish toxicity events in Kachemak Bay generally followed periods of anomalously high winter water temperatures. These data indicate monitoring changes in water temperatures may be used as an early warning signal for subsequent development of shellfish toxicity in Kachemak Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - Steven R Kibler
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - Kristine Holderied
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Dominic E Hondolero
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Kim Powell
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Steve Baird
- Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Angela Doroff
- South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Charleston, OR, USA
| | - Darcy Dugan
- Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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17
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Hardison DR, Holland WC, Darius HT, Chinain M, Tester PA, Shea D, Bogdanoff AK, Morris JA, Flores Quintana HA, Loeffler CR, Buddo D, Litaker RW. Investigation of ciguatoxins in invasive lionfish from the greater caribbean region: Implications for fishery development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198358. [PMID: 29924826 PMCID: PMC6010213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lionfish, native to reef ecosystems of the tropical and sub-tropical Indo-Pacific, were introduced to Florida waters in the 1980s, and have spread rapidly throughout the northwestern Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. These invasive, carnivorous fish significantly reduce other fish and benthic invertebrate biomass, fish recruitment, and species richness in reef ecosystems. Fisheries resource managers have proposed the establishment of a commercial fishery to reduce lionfish populations and mitigate adverse effects on reef communities. The potential for a commercial fishery for lionfish is the primary reason to identify locations where lionfish accumulate sufficient amounts of ciguatoxin (CTX) to cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the leading cause of non-bacterial seafood poisoning associated with fish consumption. To address this issue, an initial geographic assessment of CTX toxicity in lionfish from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico was conducted. Lionfish samples (n = 293) were collected by spearfishing from 13 locations (74 sampling sites) around the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico between 2012 and 2015. The highest frequencies of lionfish containing measurable CTX occurred in areas known to be high-risk regions for CFP in the central to eastern Caribbean (e.g., 53% British Virgin Islands and 5% Florida Keys). Though measurable CTX was found in some locations, the majority of the samples (99.3%) contained CTX concentrations below the United States Food and Drug Administration guidance level of 0.1 ppb Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX-1) equivalents (eq.). Only 0.7% of lionfish tested contained more than 0.1 ppb C-CTX-1 eq. As of 2018, there has been one suspected case of CFP from eating lionfish. Given this finding, current risk reduction techniques used to manage CTX accumulating fish are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - H. Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)-UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | | | - Damian Shea
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alex K. Bogdanoff
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James A. Morris
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Harold A. Flores Quintana
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Loeffler
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dayne Buddo
- University of the West Indies, Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory and Field Station, Discovery Bay, St. Ann, Jamaica WI
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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Darius HT, Roué M, Sibat M, Viallon J, Gatti CMII, Vandersea MW, Tester PA, Litaker RW, Amzil Z, Hess P, Chinain M. Toxicological Investigations on the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoid) from Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva, French Polynesia): Evidence for the Presence of Pacific Ciguatoxins. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E122. [PMID: 29642418 PMCID: PMC5923409 DOI: 10.3390/md16040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoids) is a source of protein for many islanders in the Indo-West Pacific. It was previously reported to occasionally cause ciguatera-like poisoning; however, the exact nature of the causative agent was not confirmed. In April and July 2015, ciguatera poisonings were reported following the consumption of T.gratilla in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia). Patient symptomatology was recorded and sea urchin samples were collected from Anaho Bay in July 2015 and November 2016. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in T.gratilla samples. Gambierdiscus species were predominant in the benthic assemblages of Anaho Bay, and G.polynesiensis was highly prevalent in in vitro cultures according to qPCR results. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major ciguatoxin congener in toxic sea urchin samples, followed by 51-OH-P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A, and P-CTX-4B. Between July 2015 and November 2016, the toxin content in T.gratilla decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit allowed for human consumption. This study provides evidence of CTX bioaccumulation in T.gratilla as a cause of ciguatera-like poisoning associated with a documented symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 53267, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Clémence Mahana Iti Iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mark W Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | | | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Hall NS, Litaker RW, Kenworthy WJ, Vandersea MW, Sunda WG, Reid JP, Slone DH, Butler S. Consortial brown tide - picocyanobacteria blooms in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Harmful Algae 2018; 73:30-43. [PMID: 29602505 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A brown tide bloom of Aureoumbra lagunensis developed in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba during a period of drought in 2013 that followed heavy winds and rainfall from Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012. Based on satellite images and water turbidity measurements, the bloom appeared to initiate in January 2013. The causative species (A. lagunensis) was confirmed by microscopic observation, and pigment and genetic analyses of bloom samples collected on May 28 of that year. During that time, A. lagunensis reached concentrations of 900,000 cells ml-1 (28 ppm by biovolume) in the middle portion of the Bay. Samples could not be collected from the northern (Cuban) half of the Bay because of political considerations. Subsequent sampling of the southern half of the Bay in November 2013, April 2014, and October 2014 showed persistent lower concentrations of A. lagunensis, with dominance shifting to the cyanobacterium Synechococcus (up to 33 ppm in April), an algal group that comprised a minor bloom component on May 28. Thus, unlike the brown tide bloom in Laguna Madre, which lasted 8 years, the bloom in Guantánamo Bay was short-lived, much like recent blooms in the Indian River, Florida. Although hypersaline conditions have been linked to brown tide development in the lagoons of Texas and Florida, observed euhaline conditions in Guantánamo Bay (salinity 35-36) indicate that strong hypersalinity is not a requirement for A. lagunensis bloom formation. Microzooplankton biomass dominated by ciliates was high during the observed peak of the brown tide, and ciliate abundance was high compared to other systems not impacted by brown tide. Preferential grazing by zooplankton on non-brown tide species, as shown in A. lagunensis blooms in Texas and Florida, may have been a factor in the development of the Cuban brown tide bloom. However, subsequent selection of microzooplankton capable of utilizing A. lagunensis as a primary food source may have contributed to the short-lived duration of the brown tide bloom in Guantánamo Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Hall
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell St. Morehead City, NC 28557, United States.
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd. Beaufort, NC 28516, United States
| | | | - Mark W Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd. Beaufort, NC 28516, United States
| | - William G Sunda
- University of North Carolina, Department of Marine Sciences, 292 Old Piedmont Circle Chapel Hill, NC 27516, United States
| | - James P Reid
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States
| | - Daniel H Slone
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States
| | - Susan Butler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States
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Darius HT, Roué M, Sibat M, Viallon J, Gatti CMI, Vandersea MW, Tester PA, Litaker RW, Amzil Z, Hess P, Chinain M. Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a Novel Vector of Ciguatera Poisoning: Detection of Pacific Ciguatoxins in Toxic Samples from Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia). Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:E2. [PMID: 29267222 PMCID: PMC5793089 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood (fish and marine invertebrates) contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. The report of a CFP-like mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) from Anaho Bay on Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia) prompted field investigations to assess the presence of CTXs in T. niloticus. Samples were collected from Anaho Bay, 1, 6 and 28 months after this poisoning outbreak, as well as in Taiohae and Taipivai bays. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of CTXs only in Anaho Bay T. niloticus samples. This is consistent with qPCR results on window screen samples indicating the presence of Gambierdiscus communities dominated by the species G. polynesiensis in Anaho Bay. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major congener, followed by P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A and P-CTX-4B in toxic samples. Between July 2014 and November 2016, toxin content in T. niloticus progressively decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit recommended for human consumption. This study confirms for the first time T. niloticus as a novel vector of CFP in French Polynesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia;
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Mark W. Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (M.W.V.); (R.W.L.)
| | | | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (M.W.V.); (R.W.L.)
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
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Litaker RW, Holland WC, Hardison DR, Pisapia F, Hess P, Kibler SR, Tester PA. Ciguatoxicity of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185776. [PMID: 29045489 PMCID: PMC5646788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellate species belonging to the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa produce ciguatoxins (CTXs), potent neurotoxins that concentrate in fish causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans. While the structures and toxicities of ciguatoxins isolated from fish in the Pacific and Caribbean are known, there are few data on the variation in toxicity between and among species of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Quantifying the differences in species-specific toxicity is especially important to developing an effective cell-based risk assessment strategy for CFP. This study analyzed the ciguatoxicity of 33 strains representing seven Gambierdiscus and one Fukuyoa species using a cell based Neuro-2a cytotoxicity assay. All strains were isolated from either the Caribbean or Gulf of Mexico. The average toxicity of each species was inversely proportional to growth rate, suggesting an evolutionary trade-off between an investment in growth versus the production of defensive compounds. While there is 2- to 27-fold variation in toxicity within species, there was a 1740-fold difference between the least and most toxic species. Consequently, production of CTX or CTX-like compounds is more dependent on the species present than on the random occurrence of high or low toxicity strains. Seven of the eight species tested (G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, Gambierdiscus ribotype 2, G. silvae and F. ruetzleri) exhibited low toxicities, ranging from 0 to 24.5 fg CTX3C equivalents cell-1, relative to G. excentricus, which had a toxicity of 469 fg CTX3C eq. cell-1. Isolates of G. excentricus from other regions have shown similarly high toxicities. If the hypothesis that G. excentricus is the primary source of ciguatoxins in the Atlantic is confirmed, it should be possible to identify areas where CFP risk is greatest by monitoring only G. excentricus abundance using species-specific molecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Wayne Litaker
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - D. Ransom Hardison
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francesco Pisapia
- L'Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- L'Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | - Steven R. Kibler
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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Kibler SR, Davenport ED, Tester PA, Hardison DR, Holland WC, Litaker RW. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species in the greater Caribbean: Regional growth projections for ciguatera-associated dinoflagellates. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Pisapia F, Sibat M, Herrenknecht C, Lhaute K, Gaiani G, Ferron PJ, Fessard V, Fraga S, Nascimento SM, Litaker RW, Holland WC, Roullier C, Hess P. Maitotoxin-4, a Novel MTX Analog Produced by Gambierdiscus excentricus. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E220. [PMID: 28696398 PMCID: PMC5532662 DOI: 10.3390/md15070220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maitotoxins (MTXs) are among the most potent toxins known. These toxins are produced by epi-benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa and may play a role in causing the symptoms associated with Ciguatera Fish Poisoning. A recent survey revealed that, of the species tested, the newly described species from the Canary Islands, G. excentricus, is one of the most maitotoxic. The goal of the present study was to characterize MTX-related compounds produced by this species. Initially, lysates of cells from two Canary Island G. excentricus strains VGO791 and VGO792 were partially purified by (i) liquid-liquid partitioning between dichloromethane and aqueous methanol followed by (ii) size-exclusion chromatography. Fractions from chromatographic separation were screened for MTX toxicity using both the neuroblastoma neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity and Ca2+ flux functional assays. Fractions containing MTX activity were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to pinpoint potential MTX analogs. Subsequent non-targeted HRMS analysis permitted the identification of a novel MTX analog, maitotoxin-4 (MTX4, accurate mono-isotopic mass of 3292.4860 Da, as free acid form) in the most toxic fractions. HRMS/MS spectra of MTX4 as well as of MTX are presented. In addition, crude methanolic extracts of five other strains of G. excentricus and 37 other strains representing one Fukuyoa species and ten species, one ribotype and one undetermined strain/species of Gambierdiscus were screened for the presence of MTXs using low resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LRMS/MS). This targeted analysis indicated the original maitotoxin (MTX) was only present in one strain (G. australes S080911_1). Putative maitotoxin-2 (p-MTX2) and maitotoxin-3 (p-MTX3) were identified in several other species, but confirmation was not possible because of the lack of reference material. Maitotoxin-4 was detected in all seven strains of G. excentricus examined, independently of their origin (Brazil, Canary Islands and Caribbean), and not detected in any other species. MTX4 may therefore serve as a biomarker for the highly toxic G. excentricus in the Atlantic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pisapia
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- Mer Molécules Santé (MMS) Laboratory EA2160, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Pharmacy Faculty, 9 rue Bias, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Korian Lhaute
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Greta Gaiani
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Pierre-Jean Ferron
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES Laboratory-French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Fougères, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35133 Javené, France.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES Laboratory-French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Fougères, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35133 Javené, France.
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil.
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR), 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR), 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - Catherine Roullier
- Mer Molécules Santé (MMS) Laboratory EA2160, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Pharmacy Faculty, 9 rue Bias, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
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Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Van Sant SB, Tester PA, Sullivan K, Eckert G, Cammarata C, Reece K, Scott G, Place A, Holderied K, Hondolero D, Litaker RW. qPCR assays for Alexandrium fundyense and A. ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) identified from Alaskan waters and a review of species-specific Alexandrium molecular assays. Phycologia 2017; 56:303-320. [PMID: 32831405 PMCID: PMC7441911 DOI: 10.2216/16-41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) poses a serious health threat in Alaska and prevents effective utilization of shellfish resources by subsistence and recreational harvesters. Substantial economic losses also affect shellfish growers during PSP events. The toxins responsible for PSP are produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium. Despite the persistent threat posed by PSP and the long history of shellfish toxicity research, there is still confusion concerning the Alexandrium species that cause PSP in Alaska. The primary objective of this study was to identify the toxic Alexandrium species present in Alaska and to develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for use in screening phytoplankton and sediment samples. Before developing the PCR assays for this study, we evaluated published assays and many were not adequate because of primer dimer formation or because of cross-reactivity. Rather than continue to grapple with the uncertainty and inadequacy of published assays, we developed new assays for the Alexandrium species most likely to be present in Alaska. Only Alexandrium fundyense Group I and A. ostenfeldii were identified from four sampling regions from southeast Alaska to Kodiak Island, indicating that these two species are widely distributed. PCR assays for these two species were converted to quantitative (q)PCR format for use in monitoring programs. During the course of this study, we realized that a systematic evaluation of all published (~150) Alexandrium species-specific assays would be of benefit. Toward this objective, we collated published Alexandrium PCR, qPCR, and in situ hybridization assay primers and probes that targeted the small-subunit (SSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS/5.8S), or D1-D3 large-subunit (LSU) (SSU/ITS/LSU) ribosomal DNA genes. Each individual primer or probe was screened against the GenBank database and Alexandrium gene sequence alignments constructed as part of this study. These data were used to identify a suite of species-specific Alexandrium assays that can be recommended for evaluation by the global harmful algal bloom community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Vandersea
- NCCOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat
Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Steven R. Kibler
- NCCOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat
Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Scott B. Van Sant
- NMFS/NOAA, Southeast Fishery Science Center, 127 Cardinal
Drive Ext, Wilmington, North Carolina 28405, USA
| | - Patricia A. Tester
- NCCOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat
Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 381 Gillikin Road, Beaufort, North
Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Kate Sullivan
- Southeast Alaska Regional Dive Fisheries Association, PO
Box 5417, Ketchikan, Alaska 99901, USA
| | - Ginny Eckert
- Fisheries Department, University of Alaska, 17101 Point
Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801, USA
| | - Charlayna Cammarata
- Texas A&M University, Department of Wildlife &
Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture, 2258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843,
USA
| | - Kim Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine
Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346,
USA
| | - Gail Scott
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine
Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346,
USA
| | - Allen Place
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science,
Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, 701 East Pratt Street, Columbus
Center, Suite 236, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | - Kris Holderied
- NCCOS/NOAA, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Center for Coastal
Fisheries and Habitat Research, Homer, Alaska 99603, USA
| | - Dominic Hondolero
- NCCOS/NOAA, Kasitsna Bay Laboratory, Center for Coastal
Fisheries and Habitat Research, Homer, Alaska 99603, USA
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- NCCOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat
Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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Pisapia F, Holland WC, Hardison DR, Litaker RW, Fraga S, Nishimura T, Adachi M, Nguyen-Ngoc L, Séchet V, Amzil Z, Herrenknecht C, Hess P. Toxicity screening of 13 Gambierdiscus strains using neuro-2a and erythrocyte lysis bioassays. Harmful Algae 2017; 63:173-183. [PMID: 28366392 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Species in the epi-benthic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus produce ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs), which are among the most potent marine toxins known. Consumption of fish contaminated with sufficient quantities of CTXs causes Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), the largest cause of non-bacterial food poisoning worldwide. Maitotoxins, which can be found in the digestive system of fish, could also contribute to CFP if such tissues are consumed. Recently, an increasing number of Gambierdiscus species have been identified; yet, little is known about the variation in toxicity among Gambierdiscus strains or species. This study is the first assessment of relative CTX- and MTX-toxicity of Gambierdiscus species from areas as widespread as the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 13 strains were screened: (i) seven Pacific strains of G. australes, G. balechii, G. caribaeus, G. carpenteri, G. pacificus, G. scabrosus and one strain of an undetermined species (Gambierdiscus sp. Viet Nam), (ii) five strains from the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean (two G. australes, a single G. excentricus and two G. silvae strains), and (iii) one G. carolinianus strain from the Mediterranean Sea. Cell pellets of Gambierdiscus were extracted with methanol and the crude extracts partitioned into a CTX-containing dichloromethane fraction and a MTX-containing aqueous methanol fraction. CTX-toxicity was estimated using the neuro-2a cytoxicity assay, and MTX-toxicity via a human erythrocyte lysis assay. Different species were grouped into different ratios of CTX- and MTX-toxicity, however, the ratio was not related to the geographical origin of species (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Pacific). All strains showed MTX-toxicity, ranging from 1.5 to 86pg MTX equivalents (eq) cell-1. All but one of the strains showed relatively low CTX-toxicity ranging from 0.6 to 50 fg CTX3C eq cell-1. The exception was the highly toxic G. excentricus strain from the Canary Islands, which produced 1426 fg CTX3C eq cell-1. As was true for CTX, the highest MTX-toxicity was also found in G. excentricus. Thus, the present study confirmed that at least one species from the Atlantic Ocean demonstrates similar toxicity as the most toxic strains from the Pacific, even if the metabolites in fish have so far been shown to be more toxic in the Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pisapia
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR),101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - D Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR),101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR),101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Masao Adachi
- LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Lam Nguyen-Ngoc
- Institute of Oceanography, VAST, Cauda 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, University of Nantes, MMS EA2160, Pharmacy Faculty, 9 rue Bias, F-44035 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France
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Lewis RJ, Inserra M, Vetter I, Holland WC, Hardison DR, Tester PA, Litaker RW. Rapid Extraction and Identification of Maitotoxin and Ciguatoxin-Like Toxins from Caribbean and Pacific Gambierdiscus Using a New Functional Bioassay. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160006. [PMID: 27467390 PMCID: PMC4965106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciguatera is a circumtropical disease produced by polyether sodium channel toxins (ciguatoxins) that enter the marine food chain and accumulate in otherwise edible fish. Ciguatoxins, as well as potent water-soluble polyethers known as maitotoxins, are produced by certain dinoflagellate species in the genus Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp. in the Pacific but little is known of the potential of related Caribbean species to produce these toxins. Methods We established a simplified procedure for extracting polyether toxins from Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp. based on the ciguatoxin rapid extraction method (CREM). Fractionated extracts from identified Pacific and Caribbean isolates were analysed using a functional bioassay that recorded intracellular calcium changes (Ca2+) in response to sample addition in SH-SY5Y cells. Maitotoxin directly elevated Ca2+i, while low levels of ciguatoxin-like toxins were detected using veratridine to enhance responses. Results We identified significant maitotoxin production in 11 of 12 isolates analysed, with 6 of 12 producing at least two forms of maitotoxin. In contrast, only 2 Caribbean isolates produced detectable levels of ciguatoxin-like activity despite a detection limit of >30 pM. Significant strain-dependent differences in the levels and types of ciguatoxins and maitotoxins produced by the same Gambierdiscus spp. were also identified. Conclusions The ability to rapidly identify polyether toxins produced by Gambierdiscus spp. in culture has the potential to distinguish ciguatoxin-producing species prior to large-scale culture and in naturally occurring blooms of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa spp. Our results have implications for the evaluation of ciguatera risk associated with Gambierdiscus and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Inserra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America
| | - D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Tester
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, United States of America
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Leaw CP, Tan TH, Lim HC, Teng ST, Yong HL, Smith KF, Rhodes L, Wolf M, Holland WC, Vandersea MW, Litaker RW, Tester PA, Gu H, Usup G, Lim PT. New scenario for speciation in the benthic dinoflagellate genus Coolia (Dinophyceae). Harmful Algae 2016; 55:137-149. [PMID: 28073527 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity within the marine harmful dinoflagellate genus Coolia Meunier was evaluated using isolates obtained from the tropics to subtropics in both Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins. The aim was to assess the phylogeographic history of the genus and to clarify the validity of established species including Coolia malayensis. Phylogenetic analysis of the D1-D2 LSU rDNA sequences identified six major lineages (L1-L6) corresponding to the morphospecies Coolia malayensis (L1), C. monotis (L2), C. santacroce (L3), C. palmyrensis (L4), C. tropicalis (L5), and C. canariensis (L6). A median joining network (MJN) of C. malayensis ITS2 rDNA sequences revealed a total of 16 haplotypes; however, no spatial genetic differentiation among populations was observed. These MJN results in conjunction with CBC analysis, rDNA phylogenies and geographical distribution analyses confirm C. malayensis as a distinct species which is globally distributed in the tropical to warm-temperate regions. A molecular clock analysis using ITS2 rDNA revealed the evolutionary history of Coolia dated back to the Mesozoic, and supports the hypothesis that historical vicariant events in the early Cenozoic drove the allopatric differentiation of C. malayensis and C. monotis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Toh Hii Tan
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hong Chang Lim
- Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Johor Branch, 85000 Segamat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hwa Lin Yong
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Matthias Wolf
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Mark W Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Gires Usup
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Hardison DR, Holland WC, McCall JR, Bourdelais AJ, Baden DG, Darius HT, Chinain M, Tester PA, Shea D, Flores Quintana HA, Morris JA, Litaker RW. Fluorescent Receptor Binding Assay for Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153348. [PMID: 27073998 PMCID: PMC4830512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is an illness suffered by > 50,000 people yearly after consumption of fish containing ciguatoxins (CTXs). One of the current methodologies to detect ciguatoxins in fish is a radiolabeled receptor binding assay (RBA(R)). However, the license requirements and regulations pertaining to radioisotope utilization can limit the applicability of the RBA(R) in certain labs. A fluorescence based receptor binding assay (RBA(F)) was developed to provide an alternative method of screening fish samples for CTXs in facilities not certified to use radioisotopes. The new assay is based on competition binding between CTXs and fluorescently labeled brevetoxin-2 (BODIPY®- PbTx-2) for voltage-gated sodium channel receptors at site 5 instead of a radiolabeled brevetoxin. Responses were linear in fish tissues spiked from 0.1 to 1.0 ppb with Pacific ciguatoxin-3C (P-CTX-3C) with a detection limit of 0.075 ppb. Carribean ciguatoxins were confirmed in Caribbean fish by LC-MS/MS analysis of the regional biomarker (C-CTX-1). Fish (N = 61) of six different species were screened using the RBA(F). Results for corresponding samples analyzed using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) correlated well (R2 = 0.71) with those of the RBA(F), given the low levels of CTX present in positive fish. Data analyses also showed the resulting toxicity levels of P-CTX-3C equivalents determined by CBA-N2a were consistently lower than the RBA(F) affinities expressed as % binding equivalents, indicating that a given amount of toxin bound to the site 5 receptors translates into corresponding lower cytotoxicity. Consequently, the RBA(F), which takes approximately two hours to perform, provides a generous estimate relative to the widely used CBA-N2a which requires 2.5 days to complete. Other RBA(F) advantages include the long-term (> 5 years) stability of the BODIPY®- PbTx-2 and having similar results as the commonly used RBA(R). The RBA(F) is cost-effective, allows high sample throughput, and is well-suited for routine CTX monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
- SeaTox Research Inc, UNCW CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Bourdelais
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Baden
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - H. Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)–UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)–UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Patricia A. Tester
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- JHT, Inc., Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Damian Shea
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Harold A. Flores Quintana
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James A. Morris
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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Kibler SR, Tester PA, Kunkel KE, Moore SK, Litaker RW. Effects of ocean warming on growth and distribution of dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera fish poisoning in the Caribbean. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Vandersea MW, Birkenheuer AJ, Litaker RW, Vaden SL, Renschler JS, Gookin JL. Identification of Parabodo caudatus (class Kinetoplastea) in urine voided from a dog with hematuria. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:117-20. [PMID: 25525146 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714562827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A voided urine sample, obtained from a 13-year-old intact male dog residing in a laboratory animal research facility, was observed to contain biflagellate protozoa 5 days following an episode of gross hematuria. The protozoa were identified as belonging to the class Kinetoplastea on the basis of light microscopic observation of Wright-Giemsa-stained urine sediment in which the kinetoplast was observed basal to 2 anterior flagella. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers corresponding with conserved regions within the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of representative kinetoplastid species identified nucleotide sequences with 100% identity to Parabodo caudatus. Parabodo caudatus organisms were unable to be demonstrated cytologically or by means of PCR in samples collected from the dog's environment. The dog had a history of 50 complete urinalyses performed over the 12-year period preceding detection of P. caudatus, and none of these were noted to contain protozoa. Moreover, the gross hematuria that was documented 5 days prior to detection of P. caudatus had never before been observed in this dog. Over the ensuing 2.5 years of the dog's life, 16 additional complete urinalyses were performed, none of which revealed the presence of protozoa. Bodonids are commonly found in soil as well as in freshwater and marine environments. However, P. caudatus, in particular, has a 150-year-long, interesting, and largely unresolved history in people as either an inhabitant or contaminant of urine. This historical conundrum is revisited in the current description of P. caudatus as recovered from the urine of a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC (Vandersea, Litaker)Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Birkenheuer, Vaden, Renschler, Gookin)
| | - Adam J Birkenheuer
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC (Vandersea, Litaker)Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Birkenheuer, Vaden, Renschler, Gookin)
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC (Vandersea, Litaker)Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Birkenheuer, Vaden, Renschler, Gookin)
| | - Shelly L Vaden
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC (Vandersea, Litaker)Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Birkenheuer, Vaden, Renschler, Gookin)
| | - Janelle S Renschler
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC (Vandersea, Litaker)Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Birkenheuer, Vaden, Renschler, Gookin)
| | - Jody L Gookin
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC (Vandersea, Litaker)Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Birkenheuer, Vaden, Renschler, Gookin)
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John U, Litaker RW, Montresor M, Murray S, Brosnahan ML, Anderson DM. Formal revision of the Alexandrium tamarense species complex (Dinophyceae) taxonomy: the introduction of five species with emphasis on molecular-based (rDNA) classification. Protist 2014; 165:779-804. [PMID: 25460230 PMCID: PMC4457362 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Alexandrium tamarense species complex is one of the most studied marine dinoflagellate groups due to its ecological, toxicological and economic importance. Several members of this complex produce saxitoxin and its congeners - potent neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning. Isolates from this complex are assigned to A. tamarense, A. fundyense, or A. catenella based on two main morphological characters: the ability to form chains and the presence/absence of a ventral pore between Plates 1' and 4'. However, studies have shown that these characters are not consistent and/or distinctive. Further, phylogenies based on multiple regions in the rDNA operon indicate that the sequences from morphologically indistinguishable isolates partition into five clades. These clades were initially named based on their presumed geographic distribution, but recently were renamed as Groups I-V following the discovery of sympatry among some groups. In this study we present data on morphology, ITS/5.8S genetic distances, ITS2 compensatory base changes, mating incompatibilities, toxicity, the sxtA toxin synthesis gene, and rDNA phylogenies. All results were consistent with each group representing a distinct cryptic species. Accordingly, the groups were assigned species names as follows: Group I, A. fundyense; Group II, A. mediterraneum; Group III, A. tamarense; Group IV, A. pacificum; Group V, A. australiense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Oceans Science, Center for Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Shauna Murray
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Michael L Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS # 32, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS # 32, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Seubert EL, Howard MDA, Kudela RM, Stewart TN, Litaker RW, Evans R, Caron DA. Development, comparison, and validation using ELISAs for the determination of domoic acid in California sea lion body fluids. J AOAC Int 2014; 97:345-55. [PMID: 24830146 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.sgeseubert] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mortalities of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) attributed to the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) produced by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia have occurred repeatedly along the U.S. west coast since the late 1990s. Quantifying the amount of DA in these animals and correlating this information with the presence of DA in phytoplankton and the local food web has become a research focus for many scientists. However, differences in materials, equipment, technical capability, budgets, and objectives of the various groups and/or agencies involved in this work have influenced the DA quantification platforms used. The goal of the present study was to compare the performance of two commercially available ELISAs for the determination of DA in a spectrum of California sea lion body fluids and to compare the results with LC/MS of the same samples. The results indicated differences among these approaches, presumably owing to matrix effects (particularly urine) and antibody reactivities. This information implies that care should be taken in attempting to compare datasets generated using different analytical platforms and interpreting the results of published studies.
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Holland WC, Litaker RW, Tomas CR, Kibler SR, Place AR, Davenport ED, Tester PA. Differences in the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species measured using an in vitro human erythrocyte lysis assay. Toxicon 2013; 65:15-33. [PMID: 23313447 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus species (Gambierdiscus belizeanus, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri, Gambierdiscus ribotype 2 and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri) using a human erythrocyte lysis assay. In all, 56 isolates were tested. The results showed certain species were significantly more toxic than others. Depending on the species, hemolytic activity consistently increased by ∼7-40% from log phase growth to late log - early stationary growth phase and then declined in mid-stationary growth phase. Increasing growth temperatures from 20 to 31 °C for clones of G. caribaeus showed only a slight increase in hemolytic activity between 20 and 27 °C. Hemolytic activity in the G. carolinianus isolates from different regions grown over the same 20-31 °C range remained constant. These data suggest that growth temperature is not a significant factor in modulating the inter-isolate and interspecific differences in hemolytic activity. The hemolytic activity of various isolates measured repeatedly over a 2 year period remained constant, consistent with the hemolytic compounds being constitutively produced and under strong genetic control. Depending on species, greater than 60-90% of the total hemolytic activity was initially associated with the cell membranes but diffused into solution over a 24 h assay incubation period at 4 °C. These findings suggest that hemolytic compounds produced by Gambierdiscus isolates were held in membrane bound vesicles as reported for brevetoxins produced by Karenia brevis. Gambierdiscus isolates obtained from other parts of the world exhibited hemolytic activities comparable to those found in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico confirming the range of toxicities is similar among Gambierdiscus species worldwide. Experiments using specific inhibitors of the MTX pathway and purified MTX, Gambierdiscus whole cell extracts, and hydrophilic cell extracts containing MTX, were consistent with MTX as the primary hemolytic compound produced by Gambierdiscus species. While the results from inhibition studies require validation by LC-MS analysis, the available data strongly suggest differences in hemolytic activity observed in this study reflect maitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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Henley WJ, Litaker RW, Novoveská L, Duke CS, Quemada HD, Sayre RT. Initial risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) microalgae for commodity-scale biofuel cultivation. ALGAL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ransom Hardison D, Sunda WG, Wayne Litaker R, Shea D, Tester PA. NITROGEN LIMITATION INCREASES BREVETOXINS IN KARENIA BREVIS (DINOPHYCEAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR BLOOM TOXICITY(1). J Phycol 2012; 48:844-858. [PMID: 27008996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory and field measurements of the toxin content in Karenia brevis cells vary by >4-fold. These differences have been largely attributed to genotypic variations in toxin production among strains. We hypothesized that nutrient limitation of growth rate is equally or more important in controlling the toxicity of K. brevis, as has been documented for other toxic algae. To test this hypothesis, we measured cellular growth rate, chlorophyll a, cellular carbon and nitrogen, cell volume, and brevetoxins in four strains of K. brevis grown in nutrient-replete and nitrogen (N)-limited semi-continuous cultures. N-limitation resulted in reductions of chlorophyll a, growth rate, volume per cell and nirtogen:carbon (N:C) ratios as well as a two-fold increase (1%-4% to 5%-9%) in the percentage of cellular carbon present as brevetoxins. The increase in cellular brevetoxin concentrations was consistent among genetically distinct strains. Normalizing brevetoxins to cellular volume instead of per cell eliminated much of the commonly reported toxin variability among strains. These results suggest that genetically linked differences in cellular volume may affect the toxin content of K. brevis cells as much or more than innate genotypic differences in cellular toxin content per unit of biomass. Our data suggest at least some of the >4-fold difference in toxicity per cell reported from field studies can be explained by limitation by nitrogen or other nutrients and by differences in cell size. The observed increase in brevetoxins in nitrogen limited cells is consistent with the carbon:nutrient balance hypothesis for increases in toxins and other plant defenses under nutrient limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ransom Hardison
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USACenter for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - William G Sunda
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USACenter for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USACenter for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Damian Shea
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USACenter for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Patricia A Tester
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USACenter for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, NOAA, 101 Pivers, Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Holland WC, Tester PA, Schultz TF, Faust MA, Holmes MJ, Chinain M, Wayne Litaker R. DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-QUANTITATIVE PCR ASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF GAMBIERDISCUS SPECIES (GONYAULACALES, DINOPHYCEAE)(1). J Phycol 2012; 48:902-15. [PMID: 27009001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a serious health problem in tropical regions and is caused by the bioaccumulation of lipophilic toxins produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Gambierdiscus species are morphologically similar and are difficult to distinguish from one another even when using scanning electron microscopy. Improved identification and detection methods that are sensitive and rapid are needed to identify toxic species and investigate potential distribution and abundance patterns in relation to incidences of CFP. This study presents the first species-specific, semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays that can be used to address these questions. These assays are specific for five Gambierdiscus species and one undescribed ribotype. The assays utilized a SYBR green format and targeted unique sequences found within the SSU, ITS, and the D1/D3 LSU ribosomal domains. Standard curves were constructed using known concentrations of cultured cells and 10-fold serial dilutions of rDNA PCR amplicons containing the target sequence for each specific assay. Assay sensitivity and accuracy were tested using DNA extracts purified from known concentrations of multiple Gambierdiscus species. The qPCR assays were used to assess Gambierdiscus species diversity and abundance in samples collected from nearshore areas adjacent to Ft. Pierce and Jupiter, Florida USA. The results indicated that the practical limit of detection for each assay was 10 cells per sample. Most interestingly, the qPCR analysis revealed that as many as four species of Gambierdiscus were present in a single macrophyte sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Steven R Kibler
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - William C Holland
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Patricia A Tester
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Thomas F Schultz
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Maria A Faust
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Michael J Holmes
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Mirelle Chinain
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USAMarine Conservation Molecular Facility, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USADepartment of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, 20746, USATropical Marine Science Institute, 14 Kent Ridge Road, National University of Singapore, Singapore City 119223, SingaporeAquatic Ecosystem Health, Department of Environmental and resource Management, GPO Box 2454, Brisbane, Quennsland 4001, AustraliaLaboratoire Des Micro-Algues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30 98713 Papeete, TahitiNOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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Litaker RW, Vandersea MW, Faust MA, Kibler SR, Nau AW, Holland WC, Chinain M, Holmes MJ, Tester PA. Global distribution of ciguatera causing dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Toxicon 2010; 56:711-30. [PMID: 20561539 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus produce toxins that bioaccumulate in tropical and sub-tropical fishes causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). Little is known about the diversity and distribution of Gambierdiscus species, the degree to which individual species vary in toxicity, and the role each plays in causing CFP. This paper presents the first global distribution of Gambierdiscus species. Phylogenetic analyses of the existing isolates indicate that five species are endemic to the Atlantic (including the Caribbean/West Indies and Gulf of Mexico), five are endemic to the tropical Pacific, and that two species, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus caribaeus are globally distributed. The differences in Gambierdiscus species composition in the Atlantic and Pacific correlated with structural differences in the ciguatoxins reported from Atlantic and Pacific fish. This correlation supports the hypothesis that Gambierdiscus species in each region produce different toxin suites. A literature survey indicated a >100-fold variation in toxicity among species compared with a 2 to 9-fold within species variation due to changing growth conditions. These observations suggest that CFP events are driven more by inherent differences in species toxicity than by environmental modulation. How variations in species toxicity may affect the development of an early warning system for CFP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wayne Litaker
- NOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
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Tester PA, Feldman RL, Nau AW, Kibler SR, Wayne Litaker R. Ciguatera fish poisoning and sea surface temperatures in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. Toxicon 2010; 56:698-710. [PMID: 20206196 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a circumtropical disease caused by ingestion of a variety of reef fish that bioaccumulate algal toxins. Distribution and abundance of the organisms that produce these toxins, chiefly dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus, are reported to correlate positively with water temperature. Consequently, there is growing concern that increasing temperatures associated with climate change could increase the incidence of CFP. This concern prompted experiments on the growth rates of six Gambierdiscus species at temperatures between 18 degrees C and 33 degrees C and the examination of sea surface temperatures in the Caribbean and West Indies for areas that could sustain rapid Gambierdiscus growth rates year-round. The thermal optimum for five of six Gambierdiscus species tested was >/=29 degrees C. Long-term SST data from the southern Gulf of Mexico indicate the number of days with sea surface temperatures >/=29 degrees C has nearly doubled (44 to 86) in the last three decades. To determine how the sea surface temperatures and Gambierdiscus growth data correlate with CFP incidences in the Caribbean, a literature review and a uniform, region-wide survey (1996-2006) of CFP cases were conducted. The highest CFP incidence rates were in the eastern Caribbean where water temperatures are warmest and least variable.
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Dyble J, Fahnenstiel GL, Litaker RW, Millie DF, Tester PA. Microcystin concentrations and genetic diversity of Microcystis in the lower Great Lakes. Environ Toxicol 2008; 23:507-516. [PMID: 18247416 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The resurgence of Microcystis blooms in the lower Great Lakes region is of great concern to public and ecosystem health due to the potential for these colonial cyanobacteria to produce hepatotoxic microcystins. A survey of Microcystis cell densities and microcystin concentrations during August 2004 showed particularly high concentrations of both cells and toxin in the nearshore regions of Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and western Lake Erie, often exceeding the World Health Organization's recommended drinking water limit of 1 microg L(-1). The dominant congener of microcystin in both basins was microcystin-LR (MC-LR), whereas the second most abundant congeners, accounting for up to 20-25% of the total microcystin concentrations, were MC-LA in Saginaw Bay and MC-RR in western Lake Erie. Multiplex PCR assays of Microcystis colonies isolated from these two regions showed that a much greater percentage of the Microcystis colonies from Saginaw Bay carried the mcyB gene necessary for microcystin production, in comparison with those from western Lake Erie. The mcyB genotypes sequenced separated into two distinct phylogenetic clusters, with Microcystis originating from Lake Erie predominantly in one branch and from Saginaw Bay present in both branches. These results indicate that the genetic composition of the bloom could impact the concentrations and congeners of microcystin produced and that the cell count methods currently being used to gauge public health threats posed by Microcystis blooms may not sufficiently assess actual bloom toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Dyble
- NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Ullal AJ, Litaker RW, Noga EJ. Antimicrobial peptides derived from hemoglobin are expressed in epithelium of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, Rafinesque). Dev Comp Immunol 2008; 32:1301-1312. [PMID: 18538841 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The beta-chain of the respiratory protein hemoglobin (Hbbeta), has recently been identified in novel sites, including mammalian macrophages and alveolar epithelium, as well as in gill microsomes of fish. However, the functional significance of extra-erythrocytically expressed hemoglobin has been unclear. Here we show inducible expression and upregulation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) homologous to Hbbeta in the gill epithelium of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in response to parasitic (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, ich) infection. One peptide (HbbetaP-1), while having activity against some fish bacterial pathogens (e.g., Aeromonas hydrophila), had especially potent antiparasitic activity that was specifically lethal (lytic) to the feeding (trophont) stage of ich and also appeared to accelerate the differentiation of trophonts. However, it had no apparent effect on either the disseminative (theront) or reproductive (tomont) stages, nor was it lytic to channel catfish erythrocytes. Fish experimentally challenged with ich confirmed that the HbbetaP-1 sequence was both transcribed and translated in skin and gill epithelium, the target tissues for ich. The Hb AMP concentration expressed in vivo appeared to be well within the antiparasitic concentrations measured in vitro. Our findings suggest that hemoglobin-derived AMPs might play a significant role in the non-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh J Ullal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Faust MA, Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Tester PA, Litaker RW. PROROCENTRUM LEVIS, A NEW BENTHIC SPECIES (DINOPHYCEAE) FROM A MANGROVE ISLAND, TWIN CAYS, BELIZE(1). J Phycol 2008; 44:232-240. [PMID: 27041058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As part of a long-term study of benthic dinoflagellates from the Belizean barrier reef system, we report a new species: Prorocentrum levis M. A. Faust, Kibler, Vandersea, P. A. Tester et Litaker sp. nov. P. levis cells are oval in valve view and range in size from 40 to 44 μm long and 37 to 40 μm wide. Each valve surface is smooth, with 221-238 valve pores and 99-130 marginal pores. These pores are uniformly small and range in diameter from 0.13 to 0.19 μm. Asexual reproduction in P. levis is atypical, occurring within a hyaline envelope, and produces long branching chains of adherent cells. A phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA indicated that of the Prorocentrum species sequenced so far, P. levis was most closely related to P. concavum. P. levis produces okadaic acid and dinophysis toxin-2 (DTX2). Further, SEM observations and SSU rDNA sequence for P. belizeanum M. A. Faust, which was isolated at the same time, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Faust
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Mark W Vandersea
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Steven R Kibler
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Patricia A Tester
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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Levy MG, Litaker RW, Goldstein RJ, Dykstra MJ, Vandersea MW, Noga EJ. PISCINOODINIUM, A FISH-ECTOPARASITIC DINOFLAGELLATE, IS A MEMBER OF THE CLASS DINOPHYCEAE, SUBCLASS GYMNODINIPHYCIDAE: CONVERGENT EVOLUTION WITH AMYLOODINIUM. J Parasitol 2007; 93:1006-15. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-3585.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Sosa ER, Landsberg JH, Stephenson CM, Forstchen AB, Vandersea MW, Litaker RW. Aphanomyces invadans and ulcerative mycosis in estuarine and freshwater fish in Florida. J Aquat Anim Health 2007; 19:14-26. [PMID: 18236628 DOI: 10.1577/h06-012.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 1998, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute received numerous reports of lesioned or ulcerated fish primarily from the St. Lucie Estuary on the southeast coast of Florida, an area known since the late 1970s for lesions of the ulcerative mycosis (UM) type. From these and archived reports, as well as others received from different areas of Florida, we documented that diseased specimens had randomly distributed skin ulcers (usually reddened or hemorrhagic) with raised irregular margins and, in some cases, deeply penetrating hyphae in the surrounding muscle tissue. Since 1998, 256 fish (comprising 18 species) with ulcerative lesions (from 15 different locations) were confirmed with hyphae in fresh squash preparation or by histological evaluation. Squash preparations revealed nonseptate, sparsely branching, thick-walled hyphae; histological sections revealed mycotic granulomas in the dermis that occasionally penetrated into the skeletal muscle. These pathological characteristics were consistent with UM caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces invadans in Southeast Asia, Japan, Australia, and the United States. For specific identification, six isolates from ulcerated fish were cultured and prepared for molecular characterization using established diagnostic methods. Ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis identified three isolates as Aphanomyces invadans, one as the oomycete Achlya bisexualis, and two as the ascomycete Phialemonium dimorphosporum. A more extensive survey of 67 ulcerated skin samples from fish collected between 1998 and 2003 was performed using a polymerase chain reaction assay specific for Aphanomyces invadans. Of these, 26 (38.8%) samples from seven fish species and nine collection locations were positive. Confirmation of UM associated with Aphanomyces invadans represents new host records in Florida for the sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus, striped mullet Mugil cephalus, white mullet Mugil curema, silver perch Bairdiella chrysoura, black drum Pogonias cromis, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and American shad Alosa sapidissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio R Sosa
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
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Sosa ER, Landsberg JH, Kiryu Y, Stephenson CM, Cody TT, Dukeman AK, Wolfe HP, Vandersea MW, Litaker RW. Pathogenicity studies with the fungi Aphanomyces invadans, Achlya bisexualis, and Phialemonium dimorphosporum: induction of skin ulcers in striped mullet. J Aquat Anim Health 2007; 19:41-48. [PMID: 18236631 DOI: 10.1577/h06-013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Based on isolations from naturally infected fish in Florida, we investigated the role of the fungi Aphanomyces invadans, Achlya bisexualis, and Phialemonium dimorphosporum in the etiology of ulcerative mycosis (UM) in striped mullet Mugil cephalus. We injected healthy striped mullet subcutaneously with secondary zoospores of four oomycete isolates: two concentrations (50 and 115 zoospores/mL) of SJR (an endemic isolate of Aphanomyces invadans in American shad Alosa sapidissima from the St. Johns River); two concentrations each of CAL (25 and 65 zoospores/mL) and ACH (1,400 and 2,000 zoospores/mL; endemic isolates of Aphanomyces invadans and Achlyva bisexualis, respectively, in striped mullet from the Caloosahatchee River); and two concentrations of the ascomycete culture MTZ (2,500 and 3,500 zoospores/mL; endemic isolate of P. dimorphosporum from whirligig mullet M. gyrans in the Matanzas Inlet). All fish injected with either concentration of SJR developed granulomatous ulcers after 8 d and died within 21 d. Eighty percent (8/10) of fish injected with the high dose of CAL developed ulcers after 13 d and died within 28 d, but only 30% (3/10) of fish injected with the low dose of CAL developed ulcers. Four of the ulcerated fish died within 28 d, and the remaining fish were terminated after 32 d. Fish injected with zoospores of Aphanomyces invadans developed ulcers that were grossly and histologically similar to those observed in naturally infected striped mullet with UM from several estuaries or rivers in Florida. These hemorrhagic skin ulcers were characterized by myonecrosis and the presence of mycotic granulomas. None of the fish injected with ACH, MTZ, or sterile water developed ulcers. This study fulfilled Koch's postulates and demonstrated that ulcers could be experimentally induced in striped mullet after exposure via injection to secondary zoospores of an endemic Florida strain of Aphanomyces invadans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio R Sosa
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
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Levy MG, Poore MF, Colorni A, Noga EJ, Vandersea MW, Litaker RW. A highly specific PCR assay for detecting the fish ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum. Dis Aquat Organ 2007; 73:219-26. [PMID: 17330741 DOI: 10.3354/dao073219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyloodiniosis, caused by the dinoflagellate ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum, is one of the most serious diseases affecting marine fish in warm and temperate waters. Current diagnostic methods rely entirely on the microscopic identification of parasites on the skin or gills of infested fish. However, subclinical infestations usually go undetected, while no method of detecting the free-swimming, infective (dinospore) stage has been devised. Targeting the parasite's ribosomal DNA region, we have developed a sensitive and specific PCR assay that can detect as little as a single cell from any of the 3 stages of the parasite's life cycle (trophont, tomont, dinospore). This assay performs equally well in a simple artificial seawater medium and in natural seawater containing a plankton community assemblage. The assay is also not inhibited by gill tissue. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of 5 A. ocellatum isolates, obtained from fish in the Red Sea (Israel), eastern Mediterranean Sea (Israel), Adriatic Sea (Italy), Gulf of Mexico (Florida), and from an unknown origin, revealed insignificant variation, indicating that all isolates were the same species. However, 3 of these isolates propagated in cell culture varied in behavior and morphology, and these differences were consistent during at least 2 yr in culture. Thus, our findings do not eliminate the possibility that different strains are in fact 'subspecies' or lower taxa, which may also differ in pathogenic and immunogenic characteristics, environmental tolerance, and other features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Levy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606-1499, USA.
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Levy MG, Flowers JR, Poore MF, Mullen JE, Khoo LH, Pote LM, Paperna I, Dzikowski R, Litaker RW. Morphologic, Pathologic, and Genetic Investigations of Bolbophorus Species Affecting Cultured Channel Catfish in the Mississippi Delta. J Aquat Anim Health 2006; 18:235-246. [PMID: 26599040 DOI: 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0235:mpagio>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trematodes belonging to the genus Bolbophorus have recently been reported as the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in cultured channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Mississippi and Louisiana. Previous investigators identified only a single species, B. confusus. In this investigation, genetic techniques were used to identify all stages of the parasite in all of its hosts. The 18s rRNA genes from specimens collected in Mississippi were sequenced and compared; this analysis revealed that there are two distinct species, B. damnificus (previously identified as B. confusus) and another, undescribed species. (Phylogenetic analysis indicated that a third species, B. levantinus, is also closely related to the Mississippi species.) Species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays capable of identifying and differentiating between these two parasites were developed. Both species were found to infect the first intermediate host (the ram's horn snail Planorbella trivolvis) in commercial channel catfish ponds, but only B. damnificus was recovered from the fish themselves. The new, unidentified Bolbophorus species was determined to be highly pathogenic to a number of fish species. The contribution of B. damnificus to disease in cultured channel catfish remains undetermined. Future investigations of these parasites must now take into account the presence of two distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Levy
- a North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine , Raleigh , North Carolina , 27606 , USA
| | - J R Flowers
- a North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine , Raleigh , North Carolina , 27606 , USA
| | - M F Poore
- a North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine , Raleigh , North Carolina , 27606 , USA
| | - J E Mullen
- a North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine , Raleigh , North Carolina , 27606 , USA
| | - L H Khoo
- b College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University , Mississippi , Mississippi State , 39762 , USA
| | - L M Pote
- b College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University , Mississippi , Mississippi State , 39762 , USA
| | - I Paperna
- c Department of Animal Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Rehovot , 76100 , Israel
| | - R Dzikowski
- c Department of Animal Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Rehovot , 76100 , Israel
| | - R W Litaker
- d National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service , Beaufort , North Carolina , 28516 , USA
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Gregory JB, Litaker RW, Noble RT. Rapid one-step quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay with competitive internal positive control for detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3960-7. [PMID: 16751503 PMCID: PMC1489662 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02291-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses can serve as a more accurate indicator of human fecal contamination than conventional bacteriological fecal indicators. We describe here a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay specifically tailored to detect these viruses in environmental waters. The assay included a competitive internal positive control (CIPC) that allowed the inhibition of qRT-PCRs to be quantitatively assessed. Coamplification of the CIPC with enteroviral genetic material did not affect the sensitivity, specificity, or reproducibility of the enteroviral qRT-PCR assay. The assay is rapid (less than 5 h from sample to result), has a wide dynamic range (>3 logs), and is capable of detecting as few as 25 enteroviral genomes with an average amplification efficiency of 0.91. In samples with low or moderate inhibition, the delay in CIPC amplification was used to adjust enterovirus qRT-PCR concentrations to account for losses due to inhibition. Samples exhibiting significant inhibition were not corrected but instead diluted twofold and immediately assayed again. Using significantly inhibited samples, it was found that dilution relieved inhibition in 93% (25 of 27) of the samples. In addition, 15% (4 of 27) of these previously negative samples contained enteroviral genomes. The high-throughput format of the assay compared to conventional culture-based methods offers a fast, reliable, and specific method for detecting enteroviruses in environmental water samples. The ability of the assay to identify false negatives and provide improved quantitative assessments of enterovirus concentrations will facilitate the tracking of human fecal contamination and the assessment of potential public health risk due to enteroviruses in recreational and shellfish harvesting waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Gregory
- University of North Carolina, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
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Vandersea MW, Litaker RW, Yonnish B, Sosa E, Landsberg JH, Pullinger C, Moon-Butzin P, Green J, Morris JA, Kator H, Noga EJ, Tester PA. Molecular assays for detecting Aphanomyces invadans in ulcerative mycotic fish lesions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1551-7. [PMID: 16461710 PMCID: PMC1392884 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1551-1557.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans is the primary etiological agent in ulcerative mycosis, an ulcerative skin disease caused by a fungus-like agent of wild and cultured fish. We developed sensitive PCR and fluorescent peptide nucleic acid in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to detect A. invadans. Laboratory-challenged killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were first tested to optimize and validate the assays. Skin ulcers of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) from populations found in the Pamlico and Neuse River estuaries in North Carolina were then surveyed. Results from both assays indicated that all of the lesioned menhaden (n = 50) collected in September 2004 were positive for A. invadans. Neither the FISH assay nor the PCR assay cross-reacted with other closely related oomycetes. These results provided strong evidence that A. invadans is the primary oomycete pathogen in ulcerative mycosis and demonstrated the utility of the assays. The FISH assay is the first molecular assay to provide unambiguous visual confirmation that hyphae in the ulcerated lesions were exclusively A. invadans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516-9722, USA.
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Vandersea MW, Litaker RW, Yonnish B, Sosa E, Landsberg JH, Pullinger C, Moon-Butzin P, Green J, Morris JA, Kator H, Noga EJ, Tester PA. Molecular assays for detecting Aphanomyces invadans in ulcerative mycotic fish lesions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1551-1557. [PMID: 16461710 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans is the primary etiological agent in ulcerative mycosis, an ulcerative skin disease caused by a fungus-like agent of wild and cultured fish. We developed sensitive PCR and fluorescent peptide nucleic acid in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to detect A. invadans. Laboratory-challenged killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were first tested to optimize and validate the assays. Skin ulcers of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) from populations found in the Pamlico and Neuse River estuaries in North Carolina were then surveyed. Results from both assays indicated that all of the lesioned menhaden (n = 50) collected in September 2004 were positive for A. invadans. Neither the FISH assay nor the PCR assay cross-reacted with other closely related oomycetes. These results provided strong evidence that A. invadans is the primary oomycete pathogen in ulcerative mycosis and demonstrated the utility of the assays. The FISH assay is the first molecular assay to provide unambiguous visual confirmation that hyphae in the ulcerated lesions were exclusively A. invadans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516-9722, USA.
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Flowers JR, Poore MF, Pote LM, Litaker RW, Levy MG. Cercariae of Bolbophorus damnificus and Bolbophorus sp. with Notes on North American Bolbophorids. COMP PARASITOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1654/4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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