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Kälin C, Piombo E, Bourras S, Brantestam AK, Dubey M, Elfstrand M, Karlsson M. Transcriptomic analysis identifies candidate genes for Aphanomyces root rot disease resistance in pea. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:144. [PMID: 38413860 PMCID: PMC10900555 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphanomyces euteiches is a soil-borne oomycete that causes root rot in pea and other legume species. Symptoms of Aphanomyces root rot (ARR) include root discoloration and wilting, leading to significant yield losses in pea production. Resistance to ARR is known to be polygenic but the roles of single genes in the pea immune response are still poorly understood. This study uses transcriptomics to elucidate the immune response of two pea genotypes varying in their levels of resistance to A. euteiches. RESULTS In this study, we inoculated roots of the pea (P. sativum L.) genotypes 'Linnea' (susceptible) and 'PI180693' (resistant) with two different A. euteiches strains varying in levels of virulence. The roots were harvested at 6 h post-inoculation (hpi), 20 hpi and 48 hpi, followed by differential gene expression analysis. Our results showed a time- and genotype-dependent immune response towards A. euteiches infection, involving several WRKY and MYB-like transcription factors, along with genes associated with jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. By cross-referencing with genes segregating with partial resistance to ARR, we identified 39 candidate disease resistance genes at the later stage of infection. Among the genes solely upregulated in the resistant genotype 'PI180693', Psat7g091800.1 was polymorphic between the pea genotypes and encoded a Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase reminiscent of the Arabidopsis thaliana FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 receptor. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the gene expression dynamics controlling the immune response of resistant and susceptible pea genotypes to A. euteiches infection. We present a set of 39 candidate disease resistance genes for ARR in pea, including the putative immune receptor Psat7g091800.1, for future functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Kälin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Salim Bourras
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Mojžišová M, Weiperth A, Gebauer R, Laffitte M, Patoka J, Grandjean F, Kouba A, Petrusek A. Diversity and distribution of Aphanomyces astaci in a European hotspot of ornamental crayfish introductions. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108040. [PMID: 38081448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental trade has become an important introduction pathway of non-native aquatic species worldwide. Correspondingly, there has been an alarming increase in the number of established crayfish of aquarium origin in Europe over the previous decade. The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, the pathogen causing crayfish plague responsible for serious declines of European crayfish populations, is dispersed with introduced North American crayfish. The role of ornamental taxa in introducing and spreading different genotypes of this pathogen in open waters remains unclear. We investigated the distribution, prevalence, and diversity of A. astaci in Budapest, Hungary, which became a hotspot of aquarium crayfish introductions. Their establishment in this area was facilitated by locally abundant thermal waters. We screened for A. astaci in six host taxa from 18 sites sampled between 2018 and 2021: five cambarids (Cambarellus patzcuarensis, Faxonius limosus, Procambarus alleni, P. clarkii, P. virginalis) and one native astacid (Pontastacus leptodactylus). The pathogen was confirmed at five sampled sites in four host taxa: P. virginalis, P. clarkii, F. limosus, and for the first time in European open waters also in P. alleni. Genotyping was successful only in individuals from two different brooks where multiple host species coexisted but revealed unexpected patterns. Mitochondrial B-haplogroup of A. astaci, previously usually reported from Pacifastacus leniusculus or infected European species, was detected in P. virginalis at both sites, and in both F. limosus and P. virginalis sampled from a thermally stable tributary of Barát brook in 2018. In contrast, A-haplogroup of A. astaci was detected in coexisting F. limosus, P. virginalis and P. clarkii sampled in the same watercourse just a few hundred meters downstream in 2020. Additional genotyping methods indicated that a previously unknown A. astaci strain was associated with the latter haplogroup. One P. virginalis individual from 2020 was apparently co-infected by strains representing both mitochondrial haplogroups. The results indicated multiple sources of A. astaci in Budapest, likely directly associated with the introduction of ornamental species, interspecific transmission of this pathogen among ornamental hosts, and potential for a quick spatial or temporal turnover of dominant A. astaci strains at a certain locality. This highlights that in regions with high richness of potential A. astaci hosts, host taxon/pathogen genotype combinations become unpredictable, which might prevent reliable genotyping of pathogen sources in local crayfish mass mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Mojžišová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, CZ-12800, Czechia.
| | - András Weiperth
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő, HU-2100, Hungary.
| | - Radek Gebauer
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, CENAKVA, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany, CZ-38925, Czechia.
| | - Maud Laffitte
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267 Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex, FR-86073, France.
| | - Jiří Patoka
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague - Suchdol, CZ-16500, Czechia.
| | - Frédéric Grandjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267 Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex, FR-86073, France.
| | - Antonín Kouba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, CENAKVA, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany, CZ-38925, Czechia.
| | - Adam Petrusek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, CZ-12800, Czechia.
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Hossain Z, Hubbard M. Genomic characterization of three bacterial isolates antagonistic to the pea root rot pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:52-62. [PMID: 38061385 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms living in soil and rhizosphere or inside plants can promote plant growth and health. Genomic characterization of beneficial microbes could shed light on their special features. Through extensive field survey across Saskatchewan, Canada, followed by in vitro and greenhouse characterization, we identified several bacterial isolates antagonistic to pea root rot pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. In this study, the genomes of three isolates-Pseudomonas sp. rhizo 66 (PD-S66), Pseudomonas synxantha rhizo 25 (Ps-S25), and Serratia sp. root 2 (TS-R2)-were sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Genome size of PD-S66 was 6 279 416 bp with 65 contigs, 59.32% GC content, and 5653 predicted coding sequences (CDS). Genome size of Ps-S25 was 6 058 437 bp with 66 contigs, a GC content of 60.08%, and 5575 predicted CDS. The genome size of TS-R2 was 5 282 152 bp, containing 26 contigs, a GC content of 56.17%, and 4956 predicted CDS. For the identification of the isolates, digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were determined, which confirmed PD-S66 and TS-R2 as potential new species, belonging to Pseudomonas and Serratia genera, respectively, while Ps-S25 belongs to species Pseudomonas synxantha. Biosynthetic gene clusters were predicted using antiSMASH. The genomic data provided insight into the genetics and biochemical pathways supporting the antagonistic activity against A. euteiches of these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hossain
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Michelle Hubbard
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
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Strand DA, Jinnerot T, Aspán A, Viljamaa-Dirks S, Heinikainen S, Rolén E, Vrålstad T. Molecular detection of Aphanomyces astaci - An improved species specific qPCR assay. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108008. [PMID: 37863282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic oomycete Aphanomyces astaci is the causative agent of crayfish plague, a devastating disease for European freshwater crayfish. Species specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) can offer rapid detection of the pathogen. However, the well established A. astaci qPCR assay recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) amplifies the recently described Aphanomyces fennicus. Consequently, false-positive results may occur. This calls for the improvement of the established species specific A. astaci qPCR assay in order to avoid amplifying A. fennicus while screening for A. astaci. We developed an improved species specific A. astaci qPCR assay and validated the assay across three laboratories, using established procedures including different qPCR master mixes for each respective laboratory. Genomic DNA from A. astaci, A. fennicus and closely related Aphanomyces spp. was analysed and compared with both the improved and established assay. Additionally, DNA from crayfish tissue and environmental samples were analysed with both assays. The improved assay showed similar sensitivity with the established assay for all sample types, while proving highly specific for A. astaci avoiding amplification of A. fennicus and the other tested Aphanomyces spp. Environmental DNA (eDNA) samples collected at River Lierelva in Norway amplified with the established assay, but not with the improved assay indicating false positive. We were able to sequence a 530 bp fragment of the ITS region from these eDNA samples and the consensus sequence showed 99.9-100 % pairwise identity with A. fennicus and 97.2-98 % pairwise identity with A. astaci, suggesting that the occurrence of A. fennicus is not limited to Finland, where it was first discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Aspán
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Elin Rolén
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Casabella-Herrero G, Martín-Torrijos L, Diéguez-Uribeondo J. eDNA monitoring as a tool for evaluating the reintroduction of Austropotamobius pallipes after a crayfish plague outbreak. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108026. [PMID: 38007177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The crayfish plague, a severe disease caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, is responsible for most population declines of susceptible crayfish in Europe. This pathogen has been devastating native populations of Austropotamobius pallipes since the 1970s in the Iberian Peninsula. In this study, we report a massive mortality event in one of the most important Spanish populations of A. pallipes. We aimed to: (i) identify the cause of the mortality, and (ii) evaluate the reintroduction viability of the species. Over the course of six months, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) and traditional trap-based methods to detect the presence of A. astaci or of native or invasive crayfish in order to evaluate the reintroduction viability of A. pallipes to the affected population. We did not capture any live crayfish or detect the presence of A. astaci in the reservoir water during the six months following the mass mortality event. Our analyses indicated that it was feasible to initiate a reintroduction program at the site, which will continue to be monitored for three to five years and will help improve the conservation status of A. pallipes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Martín-Torrijos
- Mycology Department, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain.
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Martín-Torrijos L, Hernández-Pérez A, Monroy-López JF, Diéguez-Uribeondo J. Aphanomyces astaci in Mexico: A new haplotype from dwarf crayfish Cambarellus montezumae. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108000. [PMID: 37806441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The crayfish plague is an emerging infectious disease caused by the pathogen Aphanomyces astaci (Oomycota), which is responsible for the decimation of Eurasian freshwater crayfish. This pathogen can coexist with the North American crayfish. These are chronic carriers of the disease as consequence of an immune response that can contain the growth of the pathogen without killing it. The origin of A. astaci locates in the southeastern United States and coincides with the origin of the family Cambaridae. This diverse family of decapods is distributed in North America from southern Canada to Honduras. However, only the native crayfish species from Canada and the USA have been examined for the presence of A. astaci. In this study, we describe for the first time the presence of A. astaci in Mexico in a population of the native species Cambarellus montezumae. By analyzing the small (rrnS) and large (rrnL) mitochondrial ribosomal regions, we showed the presence of two haplotypes of A. astaci within the same population (d1-haplotype and, a novel haplotype that was named, mex1-haplotype). The finding of A. astaci in Mexico confirms the occurrence of this pathogen within the range of the family Cambaridae. The individuals of C. montezumae appear to be chronic carriers of A. astaci, indicated by the lack of documented crayfish plague outbreaks in this population, similar to the pattern observed in other North American species. Thus, the results are of special concern to susceptible species of southern regions of America, i.e., Parastacidae. Therefore, this work emphasizes the need to better understand the distribution and genetic diversity of A. astaci within the distribution range of the natural carriers, i.e., North American species, especially the unexplored area of the family Cambaridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Torrijos
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ariadne Hernández-Pérez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - Jorge Francisco Monroy-López
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Abejas, Conejos y Organismos Acuáticos. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, México
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7
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Grbin D, Geček S, Miljanović A, Pavić D, Hudina S, Žučko J, Rieder J, Pisano SRR, Adrian-Kalchhauser I, Bielen A. Comparison of exoskeleton microbial communities of co-occurring native and invasive crayfish species. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:107996. [PMID: 37783231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Host-associated microbial communities are an important determinant of individual fitness and have recently been highlighted as one of the factors influencing the success of invasive species. Invasive hosts introduce their microbes into the new environment, and then both the host and its associated microbes enter into a series of interactions with the native macroscopic and microscopic biota. As these processes are largely unexplored, we aimed to compare the exoskeletal microbial communities of co-occurring and phylogenetically related crayfish: the native narrow-clawed crayfish Pontastacus leptodactylus and the invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus from the recently invaded Korana River, Croatia. The results of high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the exoskeletal microbiome of both species is very diverse, significantly influenced by the local environment and dominated by low abundance bacterial families from the phylum Proteobacteria. Furthermore, the exoskeletal microbiomes of the crayfish species differed significantly in the composition and abundance of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), suggesting that they are to some extent shaped by species-specific intrinsic factors, despite sharing a common habitat. However, over 95% of the bacterial genera associated with the exoskeleton were detected in the exoskeleton samples of both native and invasive crayfish. We paid particular attention to two known crayfish pathogens, Aphanomyces astaci and Saprolegnia parasitica, and find that both species carry low amounts of both pathogens. On the side, we find that a non-standard ddPCR protocol outperforms standard qPCR test for A. astaci under low concentration conditions. Taken together, our results indicate the possibility of bidirectional mixing and homogenisation of exoskeleton microbiome. As such, they can serve as a baseline in future detangling of the processes that act together to shape the microbiomes of co-occuring native and invasive congeners during biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorotea Grbin
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sunčana Geček
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Anđela Miljanović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dora Pavić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sandra Hudina
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jurica Žučko
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jessica Rieder
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Simone R R Pisano
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Adrian-Kalchhauser
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ana Bielen
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Casabella-Herrero G, Higuera-Gamindez M, Azcona VA, Martín-Torrijos L, Diéguez-Uribeondo J. Austropotamobius pallipes can be infected by two haplotypes of Aphanomyces astaci: A key example from an outbreak at an ex-situ conservation facility. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:107989. [PMID: 37659741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The crayfish plague, caused by the pathogen Aphanomyces astaci, is a pandemic disease endemic to North America that has been devastating susceptible crayfish populations in Europe since the 19th century. In Spain, this disease has decimated populations of the native crayfish species Austropotamobius pallipes due to introductions of North American crayfish, which act as vectors of the pathogen. To combat against these losses, several regional governments have established ex-situ breeding programs to restock wild populations of the species. In this study, we report on an outbreak of A. astaci that occurred in one of the most important A. pallipes aquaculture centers in Spain. Using a variety of detection methods, we analyzed affected crayfish and environmental samples from the facilities over a period of six months and determined that the outbreak was caused by two haplotypes of A. astaci, d1 and d2, which are both associated with the North American crayfish species Procambarus clarkii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a two-haplotype coinfection of A. astaci outside the native range of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicente Alcaide Azcona
- Centro de Investigación Agroambiental "El Chaparrillo", CM412 Carretera de Porzuna, km4, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Laura Martín-Torrijos
- Mycology Department, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain.
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Velayutham M, Priya PS, Sarkar P, Murugan R, Almutairi BO, Arokiyaraj S, Kari ZA, Tellez-Isaias G, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Aquatic Peptide: The Potential Anti-Cancer and Anti-Microbial Activity of GE18 Derived from Pathogenic Fungus Aphanomyces invadans. Molecules 2023; 28:6746. [PMID: 37764521 PMCID: PMC10534430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecules as well as peptide-based therapeutic approaches have attracted global interest due to their lower or no toxicity in nature, and their potential in addressing several health complications including immune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, osteoporosis and cancer. This study proposed a peptide, GE18 of subtilisin-like peptidase from the virulence factor of aquatic pathogenic fungus Aphanomyces invadans, which elicits anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities. To understand the potential GE18 peptide-induced biological effects, an in silico analysis, in vitro (L6 cells) and in vivo toxicity assays (using zebrafish embryo), in vitro anti-cancer assays and anti-microbial assays were performed. The outcomes of the in silico analyses demonstrated that the GE18 peptide has potent anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities. GE18 is non-toxic to in vitro non-cancerous cells and in vivo zebrafish larvae. However, the peptide showed significant anti-cancer properties against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 35.34 µM, at 24 h. Besides the anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells, the peptide exposure does promote the ROS concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential and the subsequent upregulation of anti-cancer genes. On the other hand, GE18 elicits significant anti-microbial activity against P. aeruginosa, wherein GE18 significantly inhibits bacterial biofilm formation. Since the peptide has positively charged amino acid residues, it targets the cell membrane, as is evident in the FESEM analysis. Based on these outcomes, it is possible that the GE18 peptide is a significant anti-cancer and anti-microbial molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Velayutham
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Purabi Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Jain Deemed-to-be University, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bader O. Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
| | | | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ho DT, Kim N, Lee Y, Yun D, Sung M, Mansour EM, Pradhan PK, Sood N, Kim WS, Park CI, Kim KH, Kim DH. Development of a rapid and sensitive real-time diagnostic assay to detect and quantify Aphanomyces invadans, the causative agent of epizootic ulcerative syndrome. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286553. [PMID: 37319186 PMCID: PMC10270590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycete Aphanomyces invadans causes epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), a World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed disease that has seriously impacted a wide range of fish worldwide. Currently, only three conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are recommended for the detection of A. invadans. The robust quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay has recently become more important due to its highly accurate nature and the applicability of qPCR-based environmental DNA (eDNA) detection in the monitoring of pathogens in aquatic environments. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel TaqMan probe-based qPCR method to sensitively and quantitatively detect A. invadans. The assay limit of detection was determined using 10-fold serial dilutions of linearized A. invadans plasmid. Assay sensitivity was assessed in the presence of interfering substances and compared to three WOAH-listed primers using the mycelia and zoospores of A. invadans with and without fish muscle tissue. The assay specificity was also theoretically and experimentally assessed against other oomycetes, fish muscle tissue, and water samples. The assay's repeatability and reproducibility were determined. In this study, the limit of detection of the developed assay was 7.24 copies of A. invadans genomic DNA per reaction (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.75 to 19.05 copies/reaction). The assay showed the same sensitivity in the presence of other substances. Compared to the WOAH-recommended PCR assays, this assay had 10-times higher sensitivity for all tested samples. There were no cross-reactions with other closely related oomycetes, fish muscle, or water samples, indicating that the assay was highly specific for A. invadans. The repeatability and reproducibility tests showed little variation, ranging from 0.1-0.9% and 0.04-1.1%, respectively, indicating the high consistency, repeatability, and reliability of the developed assay. This highly rapid, sensitive, specific, and consistent EUS qPCR assay would be of importance in transboundary disease management and the monitoring of pathogens in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem Tho Ho
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhang Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongbin Yun
- PCR Reagent Development Group, Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - MinJi Sung
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - El-Matbouli Mansour
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - P. K. Pradhan
- Fish Health Management and Exotics, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- Fish Health Management and Exotics, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wi-Sik Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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11
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Divyanth LG, Marzougui A, González-Bernal MJ, McGee RJ, Rubiales D, Sankaran S. Evaluation of Effective Class-Balancing Techniques for CNN-Based Assessment of Aphanomyces Root Rot Resistance in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.). Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7237. [PMID: 36236336 PMCID: PMC9572822 DOI: 10.3390/s22197237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces root rot (ARR) is a devastating disease that affects the production of pea. The plants are prone to infection at any growth stage, and there are no chemical or cultural controls. Thus, the development of resistant pea cultivars is important. Phenomics technologies to support the selection of resistant cultivars through phenotyping can be valuable. One such approach is to couple imaging technologies with deep learning algorithms that are considered efficient for the assessment of disease resistance across a large number of plant genotypes. In this study, the resistance to ARR was evaluated through a CNN-based assessment of pea root images. The proposed model, DeepARRNet, was designed to classify the pea root images into three classes based on ARR severity scores, namely, resistant, intermediate, and susceptible classes. The dataset consisted of 1581 pea root images with a skewed distribution. Hence, three effective data-balancing techniques were identified to solve the prevalent problem of unbalanced datasets. Random oversampling with image transformations, generative adversarial network (GAN)-based image synthesis, and loss function with class-weighted ratio were implemented during the training process. The result indicated that the classification F1-score was 0.92 ± 0.03 when GAN-synthesized images were added, 0.91 ± 0.04 for random resampling, and 0.88 ± 0.05 when class-weighted loss function was implemented, which was higher than when an unbalanced dataset without these techniques were used (0.83 ± 0.03). The systematic approaches evaluated in this study can be applied to other image-based phenotyping datasets, which can aid the development of deep-learning models with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. G. Divyanth
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Afef Marzougui
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Rebecca J. McGee
- Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Diego Rubiales
- The Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council, 14001 Cordova, Spain
| | - Sindhuja Sankaran
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Wu L, Fredua-Agyeman R, Strelkov SE, Chang KF, Hwang SF. Identification of Novel Genes Associated with Partial Resistance to Aphanomyces Root Rot in Field Pea by BSR-Seq Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9744. [PMID: 36077139 PMCID: PMC9456226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces root rot, caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, causes severe yield loss in field pea (Pisum sativum). The identification of a pea germplasm resistant to this disease is an important breeding objective. Polygenetic resistance has been reported in the field pea cultivar '00-2067'. To facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS), bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) analysis was conducted using an F8 RIL population derived from the cross of 'Carman' × '00-2067'. Root rot development was assessed under controlled conditions in replicated experiments. Resistant (R) and susceptible (S) bulks were constructed based on the root rot severity in a greenhouse study. The BSR-seq analysis of the R bulks generated 44,595,510~51,658,688 reads, of which the aligned sequences were linked to 44,757 genes in a reference genome. In total, 2356 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 44 were used for gene annotation, including defense-related pathways (jasmonate, ethylene and salicylate) and the GO biological process. A total of 344.1 K SNPs were identified between the R and S bulks, of which 395 variants were located in 31 candidate genes. The identification of novel genes associated with partial resistance to Aphanomyces root rot in field pea by BSR-seq may facilitate efforts to improve management of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sheau-Fang Hwang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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13
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Boštjančić LL, Francesconi C, Rutz C, Hoffbeck L, Poidevin L, Kress A, Jussila J, Makkonen J, Feldmeyer B, Bálint M, Schwenk K, Lecompte O, Theissinger K. Host-pathogen coevolution drives innate immune response to Aphanomyces astaci infection in freshwater crayfish: transcriptomic evidence. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:600. [PMID: 35989333 PMCID: PMC9394032 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For over a century, scientists have studied host-pathogen interactions between the crayfish plague disease agent Aphanomyces astaci and freshwater crayfish. It has been hypothesised that North American crayfish hosts are disease-resistant due to the long-lasting coevolution with the pathogen. Similarly, the increasing number of latent infections reported in the historically sensitive European crayfish hosts seems to indicate that similar coevolutionary processes are occurring between European crayfish and A. astaci. Our current understanding of these host-pathogen interactions is largely focused on the innate immunity processes in the crayfish haemolymph and cuticle, but the molecular basis of the observed disease-resistance and susceptibility remain unclear. To understand how coevolution is shaping the host's molecular response to the pathogen, susceptible native European noble crayfish and invasive disease-resistant marbled crayfish were challenged with two A. astaci strains of different origin: a haplogroup A strain (introduced to Europe at least 50 years ago, low virulence) and a haplogroup B strain (signal crayfish in lake Tahoe, USA, high virulence). Here, we compare the gene expression profiles of the hepatopancreas, an integrated organ of crayfish immunity and metabolism. RESULTS We characterised several novel innate immune-related gene groups in both crayfish species. Across all challenge groups, we detected 412 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the noble crayfish, and 257 DEGs in the marbled crayfish. In the noble crayfish, a clear immune response was detected to the haplogroup B strain, but not to the haplogroup A strain. In contrast, in the marbled crayfish we detected an immune response to the haplogroup A strain, but not to the haplogroup B strain. CONCLUSIONS We highlight the hepatopancreas as an important hub for the synthesis of immune molecules in the response to A. astaci. A clear distinction between the innate immune response in the marbled crayfish and the noble crayfish is the capability of the marbled crayfish to mobilise a higher variety of innate immune response effectors. With this study we outline that the type and strength of the host immune response to the pathogen is strongly influenced by the coevolutionary history of the crayfish with specific A. astaci strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljudevit Luka Boštjančić
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caterina Francesconi
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Christelle Rutz
- Department of Computer Science, ICube, UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucien Hoffbeck
- Department of Computer Science, ICube, UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laetitia Poidevin
- Department of Computer Science, ICube, UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arnaud Kress
- Department of Computer Science, ICube, UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Japo Jussila
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenny Makkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Present address: BioSafe - Biological Safety Solutions, Microkatu 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miklós Bálint
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwenk
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Odile Lecompte
- Department of Computer Science, ICube, UMR 7357, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kathrin Theissinger
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
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14
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Boštjančić LL, Francesconi C, Rutz C, Hoffbeck L, Poidevin L, Kress A, Jussila J, Makkonen J, Feldmeyer B, Bálint M, Schwenk K, Lecompte O, Theissinger K. Dataset of the de novo assembly and annotation of the marbled crayfish and the noble crayfish hepatopancreas transcriptomes. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:281. [PMID: 35989321 PMCID: PMC9394041 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Crayfish plague disease, caused by the oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces astaci represents one of the greatest risks for the biodiversity of the freshwater crayfish. This data article covers the de novo transcriptome assembly and annotation data of the noble crayfish and the marbled crayfish challenged with Ap. astaci. Following the controlled infection experiment (Francesconi et al. in Front Ecol Evol, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.647037 ), we conducted a differential gene expression analysis described in (Boštjančić et al. in BMC Genom, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08571-z ) DATA DESCRIPTION: In total, 25 noble crayfish and 30 marbled crayfish were selected. Hepatopancreas tissue was isolated, followed by RNA sequencing using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Raw data was checked for quality with FastQC, adapter and quality trimming were conducted using Trimmomatic followed by de novo assembly with Trinity. Assembly quality was assessed with BUSCO, at 93.30% and 93.98% completeness for the noble crayfish and the marbled crayfish, respectively. Transcripts were annotated using the Dammit! pipeline and assigned to KEGG pathways. Respective transcriptome and raw datasets may be reused as the reference transcriptome assemblies for future expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljudevit Luka Boštjančić
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caterina Francesconi
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Christelle Rutz
- Department of Computer ScienceUMR 7357Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucien Hoffbeck
- Department of Computer ScienceUMR 7357Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laetitia Poidevin
- Department of Computer ScienceUMR 7357Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arnaud Kress
- Department of Computer ScienceUMR 7357Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Japo Jussila
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenny Makkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- BioSafe - Biological Safety Solutions, Microkatu 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miklós Bálint
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwenk
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Odile Lecompte
- Department of Computer ScienceUMR 7357Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, ICube, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Rue Eugène Boeckel 1, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kathrin Theissinger
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
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15
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Botkin J, Chanda AK, Martin FN, Hirsch CD. A Reference Genome Sequence Resource for the Sugar Beet Root Rot Pathogen Aphanomyces cochlioides. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:706-710. [PMID: 35834412 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-21-0277-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Botkin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Ashok K Chanda
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
- University of Minnesota, Northwest Research and Outreach Center, Crookston, MN 56716, U.S.A
| | - Frank N Martin
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, U.S.A
| | - Cory D Hirsch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
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16
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Velayutham M, Sarkar P, Rajakrishnan R, Kuppusamy P, Juliet A, Arockiaraj J. Antiproliferation of MP12 derived from a fungus, Aphanomyces invadans virulence factor, cysteine-rich trypsin inhibitor on human laryngeal epithelial cells, and in vivo zebrafish embryo model. Toxicon 2022; 210:100-108. [PMID: 35217022 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based drug development is an emerging and promising approach in cancer therapeutics. The present study focuses on understanding the mechanism of MP12 peptide (MDNHVCIPLCPP) derived from cysteine-rich trypsin inhibitor protein of virulence factor of pathogenic fungus Aphanomyces invadans. MP12 is involved in antiproliferative activity against the human laryngeal epithelial cell (Hep-2), demonstrated in this study. MP12 sequence showed a significant binding score and has multiple hydrogen bond interactions with the proteins that play a vital role in apoptotic pathways such as Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-7, and XIAP. Based on the bioinformatics characterization and molecular docking result, further study was focused on MP12 antiproliferative activity. The peptide showed a dose-dependent inhibition against Hep-2 cell line proliferation, analyzed over MTT and neutral red uptake assays. The IC50 value of the MP12 peptide was calculated based on the antiproliferative property (24.7 ± 0.34 μM). MP12 treated Hep-2 cells showed significant shrinkage in cell morphology compared to untreated cells, inhibiting the cell cycle. The gene expression analysis validated that the MP12 significantly upregulates the caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 genes. The developmental toxicity study using zebrafish embryos as in vivo model proved that the MP12 is nontoxic. Based on the obtained results, we proposed that the peptide MP12 derived from cysteine-rich trypsin inhibitor protein of virulence molecule of pathogenic fungus have a potential antiproliferative activity. However, further clinical trials need to be focused on the mechanism and therapeutic application against laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Velayutham
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Purabi Sarkar
- School of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Jain Deemed-to-be University, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560 066, Karnataka, India
| | - R Rajakrishnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Palaniselvam Kuppusamy
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Annie Juliet
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A4800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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17
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Sivachandra Kumar NT, Caudillo-Ruiz KB, Chatterton S, Banniza S. Characterization of Aphanomyces euteiches Pathotypes Infecting Peas in Western Canada. Plant Dis 2021; 105:4025-4030. [PMID: 34142844 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0874-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces root rot, caused by the soilborne oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs., has developed into a serious disease in the pea- and lentil-producing areas of the Great Plains of North America. Based on six pea differentials previously used to differentiate 11 pathotypes in France, pathotypes were identified among field isolates from Saskatchewan (14) and Alberta (18). Four isolates from the U.S.A. and standard isolates for pathotypes I and III designated in the French study were also included. Each isolate was tested twice in replicated experiments by inoculating French pea differentials 'Baccara', 'Capella', MN 313, 902131, 552, and PI 80693, along with the Canadian susceptible pea cultivar 'CDC Meadow' and partially resistant USDA line PI 660736 under controlled conditions. Pea plants grown in vermiculite were inoculated 10 days after seeding by pipetting 5 ml of a suspension containing 1 × 103 zoospores ml-1 to the base of each plant. Root discoloration was scored 10 days postinoculation using a 0 to 5 scale. Testing revealed that 38 of the isolates, including standard pathotype I isolate RB84, belonged to pathotype I; four isolates including standard pathotype III isolate Ae109 were pathotype III; and U.S.A. isolate Ae16-01 was a pathotype II isolate. An alfalfa isolate from Quebec was avirulent on all pea genotypes. These findings indicate that pathotype I is predominant on the Canadian prairies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiela B Caudillo-Ruiz
- University of Saskatchewan, Crop Development Centre/Department of Plant Sciences, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Syama Chatterton
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Sabine Banniza
- University of Saskatchewan, Crop Development Centre/Department of Plant Sciences, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Canada
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18
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Martín-Torrijos L, Martínez-Ríos M, Casabella-Herrero G, Adams SB, Jackson CR, Diéguez-Uribeondo J. Tracing the origin of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, to the Southeastern United States. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9332. [PMID: 33927290 PMCID: PMC8085144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci is an emerging infectious pathogen affecting freshwater crayfish worldwide and is responsible for one of the most severe wildlife pandemics ever reported. The pathogen has caused mass mortalities of freshwater crayfish species in Europe and Asia, and threatens other susceptible species in Madagascar, Oceania and South America. The pathogen naturally coexists with some North American crayfish species that are its chronic carriers. Presumptions that A. astaci originated in North America are based on disease outbreaks that followed translocations of North American crayfish and on the identification of the pathogen mainly in Europe. We studied A. astaci in the southeastern US, a center of freshwater crayfish diversity. In order to decipher the origin of the pathogen, we investigated (1) the distribution and haplotype diversity of A. astaci, and (2) whether there are crayfish species-specificities and/or geographical restrictions for A. astaci haplotypes. A total of 132 individuals, corresponding to 19 crayfish species and one shrimp species from 23 locations, tested positive for A. astaci. Mitochondrial rnnS and rnnL sequences indicated that A. astaci from the southeastern US exhibited the highest genetic diversity so far described for the pathogen (eight haplotypes, six of which we newly describe). Our findings that A. astaci is widely distributed and genetically diverse in the region supports the hypothesis that the pathogen originated in the southeastern US. In contrast to previous assumptions, however, the pathogen exhibited no clear species-specificity or geographical patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Torrijos
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Martínez-Ríos
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Susan B Adams
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, 1000 Front Street, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Colin R Jackson
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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Quillévéré-Hamard A, Le Roy G, Lesné A, Le May C, Pilet-Nayel ML. Aggressiveness of Diverse French Aphanomyces euteiches Isolates on Pea Near Isogenic Lines Differing in Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci. Phytopathology 2021; 111:695-702. [PMID: 32781903 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0147-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces root rot is a major disease in many pea growing regions worldwide. Development of resistant varieties is necessary to manage the disease. Near isogenic lines (NILs) carrying resistance alleles at main quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were developed by marker-assisted backcrossing. This study aimed to evaluate the aggressiveness of diverse French isolates of Aphanomyces euteiches on NILs carrying different resistance QTLs. Forty-three A. euteiches isolates from different French pea growing regions were tested for aggressiveness on eight NILs carrying single or combinations of resistance QTLs and two susceptible or resistant control lines, in controlled conditions. Three clusters of isolates, unrelated to geographical origin, were identified, including 37, 56, and 7% of isolates with high, moderate, and low average levels of aggressiveness, respectively. Three groups of pea lines were also identified. The first group consisted of a pea resistant control line, moderately to highly resistant to all of the isolates. The second group included five NILs carrying a major-effect resistance allele at QTL Ae-Ps7.6, with a medium to broad range of effects on the isolates. The third group consisted of three NILs carrying minor-effect resistance alleles, with a narrow range of effects on the isolates. The results suggest that highly aggressive isolates occur naturally, which may be selected by future partially resistant pea varieties carrying QTLs and increase the risk of erosion of QTL effect. QTL pyramiding strategies for a higher level and a broader range of effect of quantitative resistance on A. euteiches populations will be required for breeding for durable pea resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwenola Le Roy
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Angélique Lesné
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
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20
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Viljamaa-Dirks S, Heinikainen S. A tentative new species Aphanomyces fennicus sp. nov. interferes with molecular diagnostic methods for crayfish plague. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:413-422. [PMID: 30644112 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several isolates of an unknown oomycete resembling the genus Aphanomyces were obtained into laboratory culture from samples of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) in 2016-2017. The crayfish were kept in cages in connection with a study on an eventually persistent crayfish plague infection in a small Finnish lake, following an acute episode of the disease in 2010. Despite the close resemblance of the isolates to the causative agent of crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, and the positive results obtained in OIE recommended A. astaci-specific ITS-based conventional PCR and qPCR molecular assays, the isolates can be distinguished from A. astaci by morphological features concerning hyphal structure and chlamydospore formation, as well as using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) method, microsatellite-based genotyping, the pathogenicity test and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequencing. The name Aphanomyces fennicus sp. novum is proposed for this close relative of A. astaci. The detection of this tentative novel species giving false-positive results in existing diagnostic assays for the crayfish plague highlights the importance of careful interpretation of the results from molecular methods, especially concerning crayfish with low-level infections, excluding the possibility to verify the results from clinical or sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Viljamaa-Dirks
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Research Unit, OIE Reference Laboratory for Crayfish Plague, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirpa Heinikainen
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Research Unit, OIE Reference Laboratory for Crayfish Plague, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Kuopio, Finland
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21
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Caprioli R, Mrugała A, Di Domenico M, Curini V, Giansante C, Cammà C, Petrusek A. Aphanomyces astaci genotypes involved in recent crayfish plague outbreaks in central Italy. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 130:209-219. [PMID: 30259873 DOI: 10.3354/dao03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci is the causative agent of crayfish plague in native European freshwater crayfish. Molecular analyses showed that several distinct genotype groups of this pathogen, apparently associated with different original host taxa, are present in Europe. Tracking their distribution may contribute to understanding the introduction pathways of A. astaci. We used microsatellite markers to genotype the pathogen strains involved in 7 mass mortalities of the endangered indigenous crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes that occurred between 2009 and 2016 in the Abruzzi and Molise regions, central Italy. Three A. astaci genotype groups (A, B, and D, with the latter represented by 2 distinct multilocus genotypes) were identified, suggesting the existence of multiple infection sources even in a relatively small area. Most crayfish plague episodes were due to genotype groups associated with the North American host species Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii, although these crayfish are not widespread in the study area. A. astaci genotype group A was detected not only in crayfish plague outbreaks but also in apparently healthy Astacus leptodactylus imported for human consumption from Armenia and kept alive in an aquaculture facility. Imports of chronically infected A. leptodactylus from Armenia, Turkey, and possibly Eastern Europe are an underestimated introduction pathway for A. astaci. Although we cannot exclude the presence of latently infected native populations of A. pallipes in the region, A. astaci infections in legally imported crayfish species considered vulnerable to crayfish plague may represent further reservoirs of A. astaci; this should be reflected in the policies regulating the trade of live crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Caprioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', 64100 Teramo, Italy
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22
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Panteleit J, Keller NS, Diéguez-Uribeondo J, Makkonen J, Martín-Torrijos L, Patrulea V, Pîrvu M, Preda C, Schrimpf A, Pârvulescu L. Hidden sites in the distribution of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Eastern Europe: Relicts of genetic groups from older outbreaks? J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:117-124. [PMID: 29787742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The crayfish plague agent Aphanomyces astaci is one of the world's most threatening invasive species. Originally from North America, the pathogen is being imported alongside American crayfish species, which are used for various purposes. In this study, we investigated the marginal, currently known distribution area of the pathogen in Eastern Europe by sampling narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) and spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) populations. In addition, using specific real-time PCR, we tested several marine decapod species, which also occur in brackish waters of the Danube at the West coast of the Black Sea and the Dniester River basin. By sequencing the nuclear chitinase gene, mitochondrial rnnS/rnnL DNA and by genotyping using microsatellite markers, we identified the A. astaci haplogroups of highly infected specimens. The A. astaci DNA was detected in 9% of the investigated A. leptodactylus samples, both in invaded and non-invaded sectors, and in 8% of the studied O. limosus samples. None of the marine decapods tested positive for A. astaci. The results revealed that narrow-clawed crayfish from the Dniester River carried the A. astaci B-haplogroup, while A. astaci from the Danube Delta belonged to the A- and B-haplogroups. In the invaded sector of the Danube, we also identified the A-haplogroup. Microsatellite analysis revealed a genotype identical to the genotype Up. It might be that some of the detected A. astaci haplogroups are relics from older outbreaks in the late 19th century, which may have persisted as a chronic infection for several decades in crayfish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Panteleit
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Nina Sophie Keller
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | | | - Jenny Makkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Viorica Patrulea
- University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mălina Pîrvu
- West University of Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, Department of Biology-Chemistry, 300115 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Cristina Preda
- Ovidius University of Constanta, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 900470 Constanta, Romania.
| | - Anne Schrimpf
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Lucian Pârvulescu
- West University of Timisoara, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, Department of Biology-Chemistry, 300115 Timisoara, Romania.
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Esmaeili Taheri A, Chatterton S, Gossen BD, McLaren DL. Degenerate ITS7 primer enhances oomycete community coverage and PCR sensitivity to Aphanomyces species, economically important plant pathogens. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:769-779. [PMID: 28576113 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomic analysis of oomycetes through deep amplicon sequencing has been conducted primarily using the ITS6-ITS7 primer set that targets the ITS1 region. While this primer set shows a perfect match to most oomycete taxa, ITS7 contains 3 mismatches to the corresponding binding site of plant pathogens within the genus Aphanomyces. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) efficiency differs for taxa with uneven primer matching characteristics, which may explain why previous studies have detected this genus at low abundance. To overcome the impact of these mismatches on PCR sensitivity, the mismatched nucleotides were replaced with degenerate nucleotides. Oomycete communities from 35 soil samples collected from asymptomatic and root rot diseased sites in pea fields across Alberta were analyzed simultaneously using ITS6-ITS7 and ITS6-ITS7-a.e. (modified version of ITS7) primer sets on 1 Illumina MiSeq run. The number of high-quality reads obtained by ITS6-ITS7-a.e. was more than twice that of ITS6-ITS7. The relative abundance of Pythium spp. was reduced and Aphanomyces spp. increased. Aphanomyces cf. cladogamus and Aphanomyces euteiches were the second and third most abundant species, respectively, in the pea rhizosphere using the ITS7-a.e. primer, but were rare using the ITS7 primer. These results indicate that use of ITS7-a.e. provides a more accurate picture of oomycete communities than ITS7 by enhancing PCR sensitivity to Aphanomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Esmaeili Taheri
- a Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - S Chatterton
- a Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - B D Gossen
- b Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - D L McLaren
- c Brandon Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada
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Selim S, Sanssené J, Rossard S, Courtois J. Systemic Induction of the Defensin and Phytoalexin Pisatin Pathways in Pea (Pisum sativum) against Aphanomyces euteiches by Acetylated and Nonacetylated Oligogalacturonides. Molecules 2017; 22:E1017. [PMID: 28629201 PMCID: PMC6152630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are known for their powerful ability to stimulate the plant immune system but little is known about their mode of action in pea (Pisum sativum). In the present study, we investigated the elicitor activity of two fractions of OGs, with polymerization degrees (DPs) of 2-25, in pea against Aphanomyces euteiches. One fraction was nonacetylated (OGs - Ac) whereas the second one was 30% acetylated (OGs + Ac). OGs were applied by injecting the upper two rachises of the plants at three- and/or four-weeks-old. Five-week-old roots were inoculated with 10⁵ zoospores of A. euteiches. The root infection level was determined at 7, 10 and 14 days after inoculation using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results showed significant root infection reductions namely 58, 45 and 48% in the plants treated with 80 µg OGs + Ac and 59, 56 and 65% with 200 µg of OGs - Ac. Gene expression results showed the upregulation of genes involved in the antifungal defensins, lignans and the phytoalexin pisatin pathways and a priming effect in the basal defense, SA and ROS gene markers as a response to OGs. The reduction of the efficient dose in OGs + Ac is suggesting that acetylation is necessary for some specific responses. Our work provides the first evidence for the potential of OGs in the defense induction in pea against Aphanomyces root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Selim
- HydrISE, UniLaSalle, Beauvais, SFR Condorcet 3417, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, F-60026 Beauvais CEDEX, France.
| | - Jean Sanssené
- Current address: JS Consulting, 17c Avenue Jean Jaurès, 31290 Villefranche de Lauragais, France.
| | - Stéphanie Rossard
- Current address: University of Technology of Compiègne (UTC), Centre Pierre Guillaumat, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, F-60203 Compiègne CEDEX, France.
| | - Josiane Courtois
- Laboratoire des Polysaccharides Microbiens et Végétaux, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, F-80025 Amiens CEDEX, France.
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25
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Svoboda J, Mrugała A, Kozubíková-Balcarová E, Petrusek A. Hosts and transmission of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci: a review. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:127-140. [PMID: 27111501 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci Schikora, has become one of the most well-studied pathogens of invertebrates. Since its introduction to Europe in the mid-19th century, it has caused mass crayfish mortalities, resulting in drastic declines of local populations. In contrast, North American crayfish usually serve as latent carriers, although they may also be negatively affected by A. astaci infections under some circumstances. Recent research benefiting from molecular tools has improved our knowledge about various aspects of A. astaci biology. In this review, we summarize these advances, particularly with respect to the host range and transmission. We highlight several aspects that have recently received particular attention, in particular newly confirmed or suspected A. astaci hosts, latent A. astaci infections in populations of European crayfish, and the relationship between A. astaci genotype groups and host taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Svoboda
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - A Mrugała
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - E Kozubíková-Balcarová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - A Petrusek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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26
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Makkonen J, Vesterbacka A, Martin F, Jussila J, Diéguez-Uribeondo J, Kortet R, Kokko H. Mitochondrial genomes and comparative genomics of Aphanomyces astaci and Aphanomyces invadans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36089. [PMID: 27808238 PMCID: PMC5093560 DOI: 10.1038/srep36089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aphanomyces (Saprolegniales, Oomycetes) includes species with a variety of ecologies from saprotrophs to plant and animal parasites. Two important species in this genus are A. astaci, the cause of crayfish plague and its close relative, A. invadans, which causes the epizootic ulcerative syndrome on fish. In this study, we have assembled and annotated the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of A. astaci and A. invadans from the whole genome shotgun sequence reads (PRJNA187372; PRJNA258292, respectively). The assembly was generated from A. astaci Pc-genotype strain APO3 and A. invadans strain NJM9701. The sizes of the mtDNAs were 49,489 bp and 49,061 bp for A. astaci and A. invadans, respectively. The species shared similar genetic content and organization encoding 35 proteins, two ribosomal RNAs, three putative open reading frames and 33 transfer RNAs of 19 amino acids for peptide synthesis. Both species also had a large inverted repeat region (LIR) of approximately 12 kb, the LIR contained large and small ribosomal RNAs and eight protein coding genes. These annotated mt genomes serve as a valuable genetic backbone for further development of diagnostic methods and phylogenetic and migration studies of the animal parasitic species of Aphanomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Makkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Vesterbacka
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Frank Martin
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, 1636 E. Alisal St., CA-93905 Salinas, USA
| | - Japo Jussila
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Raine Kortet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Biology, Biological & Geological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St N, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Harri Kokko
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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27
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Lavaud C, Baviere M, Le Roy G, Hervé MR, Moussart A, Delourme R, Pilet-Nayel ML. Single and multiple resistance QTL delay symptom appearance and slow down root colonization by Aphanomyces euteiches in pea near isogenic lines. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:166. [PMID: 27465043 PMCID: PMC4964060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the effects of resistance QTL on pathogen development cycle is an important issue for the creation of QTL combination strategies to durably increase disease resistance in plants. The oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches, causing root rot disease, is one of the major factors limiting the pea crop in the main producing countries. No commercial resistant varieties are currently available in Europe. Resistance alleles at seven main QTL were recently identified and introgressed into pea agronomic lines, resulting in the creation of Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) at the QTL. This study aimed to determine the effect of main A. euteiches resistance QTL in NILs on different steps of the pathogen life cycle. RESULTS NILs carrying resistance alleles at main QTL in susceptible genetic backgrounds were evaluated in a destructive test under controlled conditions. The development of root rot disease severity and pathogen DNA levels in the roots was measured during ten days after inoculation. Significant effects of several resistance alleles at the two major QTL Ae-Ps7.6 and Ae-Ps4.5 were observed on symptom appearance and root colonization by A. euteiches. Some resistance alleles at three other minor-effect QTL (Ae-Ps2.2, Ae-Ps3.1 and Ae-Ps5.1) significantly decreased root colonization. The combination of resistance alleles at two or three QTL including the major QTL Ae-Ps7.6 (Ae-Ps5.1/Ae-Ps7.6 or Ae-Ps2.2/Ae-Ps3.1/Ae-Ps7.6) had an increased effect on delaying symptom appearance and/or slowing down root colonization by A. euteiches and on plant resistance levels, compared to the effects of individual or no resistance alleles. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the effects of single or multiple resistance QTL on delaying symptom appearance and/or slowing down colonization by A. euteiches in pea roots, using original plant material and a precise pathogen quantification method. Our findings suggest that single resistance QTL can act on multiple or specific steps of the disease development cycle and that their actions could be pyramided to increase partial resistance in future pea varieties. Further studies are needed to investigate QTL effects on different steps of the pathogen life cycle, as well as the efficiency and durability of pyramiding strategies using QTL which appear to act on the same stage of the pathogen cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lavaud
- INRA, UMR IGEPP 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terres Inovia, UMR IGEPP 1349, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - M Baviere
- INRA, UMR IGEPP 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - G Le Roy
- INRA, UMR IGEPP 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terres Inovia, UMR IGEPP 1349, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - M R Hervé
- INRA, UMR IGEPP 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - A Moussart
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terres Inovia, UMR IGEPP 1349, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France
- Terres Inovia, 11 rue de Monceau, CS 60003, 75378, Paris cedex 08, France
| | - R Delourme
- INRA, UMR IGEPP 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - M-L Pilet-Nayel
- INRA, UMR IGEPP 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France.
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terres Inovia, UMR IGEPP 1349, Domaine de la Motte au Vicomte, BP 35327, 35653, Le Rheu cedex, France.
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28
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Mieuzet L, Quillévéré A, Pilet ML, Le May C. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the oomyceta Aphanomyces euteiches. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 91:1-5. [PMID: 26964907 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aphanomyces euteiches Drechsler is a serious pathogen of leguminous crops that causes devastating root rot of pea worldwide. Given that A. euteiches is a diploid organism, robust, codominant markers are needed for population genetics studies. We have developed and screened a microsatellite-enriched small-insert genomic library for identification of A. euteiches SSR containing sequences. Fourteen out of the 48 primer pairs designed to amplify SSR, produced unambiguous polymorphic products in our test population of 94 isolates. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from one to four. The identification of new markers would enhance the ability to evaluate the genetic structure of A. euteiches populations, and pathogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Mieuzet
- INRA, UMR1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Laboratoire Ecologie et Santé des Plantes (ESP), 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - A Quillévéré
- INRA, UMR1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Laboratoire Ecologie et Santé des Plantes (ESP), 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - M L Pilet
- INRA, UMR1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Laboratoire Ecologie et Santé des Plantes (ESP), 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - C Le May
- INRA, UMR1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France; Agrocampus Ouest, Laboratoire Ecologie et Santé des Plantes (ESP), 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France; Université de Rennes I, 9 rue Jean Macé, 35700 Rennes, France.
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29
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Viljamaa-Dirks S, Heinikainen S, Virtala AMK, Torssonen H, Pelkonen S. Variation in the hyphal growth rate and the virulence of two genotypes of the crayfish plague organism Aphanomyces astaci. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:753-764. [PMID: 26332454 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Crayfish plague, a devastating disease of freshwater crayfish, is caused by an oomycete organism, Aphanomyces astaci. Currently five genotypes of A. astaci are known, but variable features between the strains or genotypes have not been studied extensively. This study analysed 28 isolates of the As genotype and 25 isolates of the Ps1 genotype and reveals that the radial growth rate is significantly (P < 0.001) different between these two genotypes, although highly variable inside the genotype As. Two Ps1 genotype isolates and two As genotype isolates with different radial growth rates were tested in an infection trial. Clear differences were detected in the development of mortality in the test groups. The representatives of the Ps1 genotype caused total mortality within a short time span. The As genotype isolates were much less virulent. The slow-growing As isolate showed higher virulence than the As isolate with a high growth capacity. Although slow growth could be one survival strategy of the pathogen, several other mechanisms are involved in the pathogenicity and warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Viljamaa-Dirks
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, OIE Reference Laboratory for Crayfish Plague, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Heinikainen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, OIE Reference Laboratory for Crayfish Plague, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A-M K Virtala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Torssonen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, OIE Reference Laboratory for Crayfish Plague, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Pelkonen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, OIE Reference Laboratory for Crayfish Plague, Kuopio, Finland
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Gangneux C, Cannesan MA, Bressan M, Castel L, Moussart A, Vicré-Gibouin M, Driouich A, Trinsoutrot-Gattin I, Laval K. A Sensitive Assay for Rapid Detection and Quantification of Aphanomyces euteiches in Soil. Phytopathology 2014; 104:1138-47. [PMID: 24835221 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-13-0265-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces euteiches is a widespread oomycete pathogen causing root rot in a wide range of leguminous crops. Losses can reach up to 100% for pea culture and there is currently no registered pesticide for its control. Crop management remains the most efficient tool to control root rot, and avoidance of infested soil seems to be the optimal solution. A test was developed to identify fields suitable for pea crops, consisting of the determination of the inoculum potential of soil using baiting plants. A new rapid, specific, and sensitive molecular method is described allowing the quantification of less than 10 oospores per gram of soil. This challenge is achieved by a real-time polymerase chain reaction procedure targeting internal transcribed spacer 1 from the ribosomal DNA operons. A preliminary study based on typical soils from northwestern France demonstrated that the A. euteiches oospore density in soil is related to the inoculum potential. Furthermore, this method has proved sensitive enough to accurately study the influence of biotic factors that may govern the actual emergence of root rot.
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Gobbato E, Wang E, Higgins G, Bano SA, Henry C, Schultze M, Oldroyd GED. RAM1 and RAM2 function and expression during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and Aphanomyces euteiches colonization. Plant Signal Behav 2013; 8:26049. [PMID: 24270627 PMCID: PMC4091073 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of the symbiotic interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi requires a very tight molecular dialogue. Most of the known plant genes necessary for this process are also required for nodulation in legume plants and only very recently genes specifically required for AM symbiosis have been described. Among them we identified RAM (Reduced Arbuscular Mycorrhization)1 and RAM2, a GRAS transcription factor and a GPAT respectively, which are critical for the induction of hyphopodia formation in AM fungi. RAM2 function is also required for appressoria formation by the pathogen Phytophtora palmivora. Here we investigated the activity of RAM1 and RAM2 promoters during mycorrhization and the role of RAM1 and RAM2 during infection by the root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. pRAM1 is activated without cell type specificity before hyphopodia formation, while pRAM2 is specifically active in arbusculated cells providing evidence for a potential function of cutin momomers in the regulation of arbuscule formation. Furthermore, consistent with what we observed with Phytophtora, RAM2 but not RAM 1 is required during Aphanomyces euteiches infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gobbato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; John Innes Centre; Norwich, UK
| | - Ertao Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; John Innes Centre; Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Christine Henry
- The Food and Environment Research Agency; Sand Hutton, York, UK
| | | | - Giles ED Oldroyd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; John Innes Centre; Norwich, UK
- Correspondence to: Giles ED Oldroyd,
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Filipová L, Petrusek A, Matasová K, Delaunay C, Grandjean F. Prevalence of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in populations of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in France: evaluating the threat to native crayfish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70157. [PMID: 23894606 PMCID: PMC3720925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces astaci, the crayfish plague pathogen, first appeared in Europe in the mid-19th century and is still responsible for mass mortalities of native European crayfish. The spread of this parasite across the continent is especially facilitated by invasive North American crayfish species that serve as its reservoir. In France, multiple cases of native crayfish mortalities have been suggested to be connected with the presence of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, which is highly abundant in the country. It shares similar habitats as the native white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes and, when infected, the signal crayfish might therefore easily transmit the pathogen to the native species. We investigated the prevalence of A. astaci in French signal crayfish populations to evaluate the danger they represent to local populations of native crayfish. Over 500 individuals of Pacifastacus leniusculus from 45 French populations were analysed, plus several additional individuals of other non-indigenous crayfish species Orconectes limosus, O. immunis and Procambarus clarkii. Altogether, 20% of analysed signal crayfish tested positive for Aphanomyces astaci, and the pathogen was detected in more than half of the studied populations. Local prevalence varied significantly, ranging from 0% up to 80%, but wide confidence intervals suggest that the number of populations infected by A. astaci may be even higher than our results show. Analysis of several individuals of other introduced species revealed infections among two of these, O. immunis and P. clarkii. Our results confirm that the widespread signal crayfish serves as a key reservoir of Aphanomyces astaci in France and therefore represents a serious danger to native crayfish species, especially the white-clawed crayfish. The prevalence in other non-indigenous crayfish should also be investigated as they likely contribute to pathogen transmission in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Filipová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe « Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose », UMR 7267 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Adam Petrusek
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Matasová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carine Delaunay
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe « Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose », UMR 7267 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Grandjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe « Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose », UMR 7267 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
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Viljamaa-Dirks S, Heinikainen S, Torssonen H, Pursiainen M, Mattila J, Pelkonen S. Distribution and epidemiology of genotypes of the crayfish plague agent Aphanomyces astaci from noble crayfish Astacus astacus in Finland. Dis Aquat Organ 2013; 103:199-208. [PMID: 23574706 DOI: 10.3354/dao02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The crayfish plague agent Aphanomyces astaci was isolated from 69 noble crayfish Astacus astacus samples in Finland between 1996 and 2006. All isolates were genotyped using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). Altogether, 43 isolates belonged to the genotype group of Astacus strains (As), which is assumed to represent the genotype originally introduced into Europe around 1860 and into Finland in 1893. There were 26 crayfish plague isolates belonging to the group of Pacifastacus strain I (Ps1), which appeared in Europe after the stocking of the North American species signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. The geographical distribution of the 2 genotypes in Finland corresponded with the stocking strategies of signal crayfish. The majority of Ps1-strains (83%) were associated with a classical crayfish plague episode involving acute mortality, compared with only 33% of the As-strains. As-strains were found more often by searching for reasons for population declines or permanently weak populations, or through cage experiments in connection with reintroduction programmes. In some water bodies, isolations of the As-strains were made in successive years. This study shows that persistent crayfish plague infection is not uncommon in noble crayfish populations. The described epidemiological features suggest a difference in virulence between these 2 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Viljamaa-Dirks
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, OIE reference laboratory for crayfish plague, 70701 Kuopio, Finland.
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Kozubíková E, Vrålstad T, Filipová L, Petrusek A. Re-examination of the prevalence of Aphanomyces astaci in North American crayfish populations in Central Europe by TaqMan MGB real-time PCR. Dis Aquat Organ 2011; 97:113-125. [PMID: 22303628 DOI: 10.3354/dao02411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We applied quantitative TaqMan minor groove binder real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on DNA isolates from soft abdominal cuticle of 460 North American crayfish Orconectes limosus and Pacifastacus leniusculus, previously tested for Aphanomyces astaci presence by conventional semi-nested PCR. Both approaches target the internal transcribed spacers of the pathogen nuclear ribosomal DNA, but apply different specific sequence motifs and technologies. The real-time PCR approach seems to provide higher sensitivity; the number of crayfish that tested positive increased from 23 to 32%, and 10 additional crayfish populations were indicated as hosting the disease agent. However, the vast majority of newly recorded positives contained very low agent levels, from 5 to 50 PCR-forming units. An isolate producing a false positive result by the semi-nested PCR (apparently undescribed Aphanomyces related to A. astaci) remained negative using the real-time PCR. The present study shows that previous results based on the semi-nested PCR were not substantially influenced by false positives but might have suffered from some false negatives at low agent levels. Combining alternative methods may therefore provide more reliable conclusions on the pathogen's presence. Further, we found positive correlation between the prevalence of infection carriers in American crayfish populations and the average amounts of A. astaci DNA detected in infected local crayfish individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kozubíková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kozubíková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Sterols are isoprenoid-derived molecules that have essential functions in eukaryotes but whose metabolism remains largely unknown in a large number of organisms. Oomycetes are fungus-like microorganisms that are evolutionarily related to stramenopile algae, a large group of organisms for which no sterol metabolic pathway has been reported. Here, we present data that support a model of sterol biosynthesis in Aphanomyces euteiches, an oomycete species causing devastating diseases in legume crops. In silico analyses were performed to identify genes encoding enzymes involved in the conversion of the isoprenoid precursor 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A to isoprenoids. Several metabolic intermediates and two major sterol end-products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. We show that A. euteiches is able to produce fucosterol (a sterol initially identified in brown algae) and cholesterol (the major animal sterol). Mycelium development is inhibited by two sterol demethylase inhibitors used as fungicides, namely tebuconazole and epoxiconazole. We propose the first sterol biosynthetic pathway identified in a stramenopile species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed close relationships between A. euteiches enzyme sequences and those found in stramenopile algae, suggesting that part of this pathway could be conserved in the Stramenopila kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed-Amine Madoui
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- INSERM, Institut Claude de Préval, IFR30, Plateau technique de Lipidomique, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Diéguez-Uribeondo J, García MA, Cerenius L, Kozubíková E, Ballesteros I, Windels C, Weiland J, Kator H, Söderhäll K, Martín MP. Phylogenetic relationships among plant and animal parasites, and saprotrophs in Aphanomyces (Oomycetes). Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:365-76. [PMID: 19236935 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic relationships among 12 species of Aphanomyces de Bary (Oomycetes) were analyzed based on 108 ITS sequences of nuclear rDNA. Sequences used in the analyses belonged to the major species currently available in pure culture and GenBank. Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses support that Aphanomyces constitutes a monophyletic group. Three independent lineages were found: (i) plant parasitic, (ii) animal parasitic, and (iii) saprotrophic or opportunistic parasitic. Sexual reproduction appeared to be critical in plant parasites for survival in soil environments while asexual reproduction seemed to be advantageous for exploiting specialization in animal parasitism. Repeated zoospore emergence seems to be an advantageous property for both plant and animal parasitic modes of life. Growth in unspecific media was generally faster in saprotrophs compared with parasitic species. A number of strains and GenBank sequences were found to be misidentified. It was confirmed molecularly that Aphanomyces piscicida and Aphanomyces invadans appear to be conspecific, and found that Aphanomyces iridis and Aphanomyces euteiches are closely related, if not the same, species. This study has shown a clear evolutionary separation between Aphanomyces species that are plant parasites and those that parasitize animals. Saprotrophic or opportunistic species formed a separate evolutionary lineage except Aphanomyces stellatus whose evolutionary position has not yet been resolved.
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Oidtmann B, Steinbauer P, Geiger S, Hoffmann RW. Experimental infection and detection of Aphanomyces invadans in European catfish, rainbow trout and European eel. Dis Aquat Organ 2008; 82:195-207. [PMID: 19244971 DOI: 10.3354/dao01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
European catfish Silurus glanis, European eel Anguilla anguilla and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were challenged by intramuscular injection of zoospores of Aphanomyces invadans, the oomycete associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS). The tropical three-spot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus is known to be highly susceptible and was used as a positive control. European catfish were highly susceptible and rainbow trout had moderate to low susceptibility, whereas eels appeared largely unaffected. Inflammatory host response in European catfish deviated from the effects seen in most other susceptible fish species and was characterised by a more loosely arranged accumulation of macrophages, small numbers of lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells without occurrence of EUS-characteristic mycotic granulomas. Semi-nested and single round PCR assays were developed for this study to detect A. invadans DNA in clinical samples of experimentally infected fish. The detection limit of the assays equals 1 genomic unit. Specificity was examined by testing the DNA of various oomycetes, other relevant pathogens and commensals as well as host DNA. The single round assay used was fully specific, whereas cross-reaction with the closely related Aphanomyces frigidophilus was observed using the semi-nested assay. Analysis of samples by PCR allowed detection prior to detectable histopathological lesions. Two other published PCR protocols were compared to the PCR protocols presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Oidtmann
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Badreddine I, Lafitte C, Heux L, Skandalis N, Spanou Z, Martinez Y, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Bulone V, Dumas B, Bottin A. Cell wall chitosaccharides are essential components and exposed patterns of the phytopathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches. Eukaryot Cell 2008; 7:1980-93. [PMID: 18806214 PMCID: PMC2583540 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00091-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is an essential component of fungal cell walls, where it forms a crystalline scaffold, and chitooligosaccharides derived from it are signaling molecules recognized by the hosts of pathogenic fungi. Oomycetes are cellulosic fungus-like microorganisms which most often lack chitin in their cell walls. Here we present the first study of the cell wall of the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches, a major parasite of legume plants. Biochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of ca. 10% N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in the cell wall. Further characterization of the GlcNAc-containing material revealed that it corresponds to noncrystalline chitosaccharides associated with glucans, rather than to chitin per se. Two putative chitin synthase (CHS) genes were identified by data mining of an A. euteiches expressed sequence tag collection and Southern blot analysis, and full-length cDNA sequences of both genes were obtained. Phylogeny analysis indicated that oomycete CHS diversification occurred before the divergence of the major oomycete lineages. Remarkably, lectin labeling showed that the Aphanomyces euteiches chitosaccharides are exposed at the cell wall surface, and study of the effect of the CHS inhibitor nikkomycin Z demonstrated that they are involved in cell wall function. These data open new perspectives for the development of antioomycete drugs and further studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in the recognition of pathogenic oomycetes by the host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Badreddine
- UMR 5546, CNRS-Université Paul-Sabatier, 24 Chemin de Borde-Rouge, BP 42617, Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Gaulin E, Madoui MA, Bottin A, Jacquet C, Mathé C, Couloux A, Wincker P, Dumas B. Transcriptome of Aphanomyces euteiches: new oomycete putative pathogenicity factors and metabolic pathways. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1723. [PMID: 18320043 PMCID: PMC2248709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces euteiches is an oomycete pathogen that causes seedling blight and root rot of legumes, such as alfalfa and pea. The genus Aphanomyces is phylogenically distinct from well-studied oomycetes such as Phytophthora sp., and contains species pathogenic on plants and aquatic animals. To provide the first foray into gene diversity of A. euteiches, two cDNA libraries were constructed using mRNA extracted from mycelium grown in an artificial liquid medium or in contact to plant roots. A unigene set of 7,977 sequences was obtained from 18,864 high-quality expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) and characterized for potential functions. Comparisons with oomycete proteomes revealed major differences between the gene content of A. euteiches and those of Phytophthora species, leading to the identification of biosynthetic pathways absent in Phytophthora, of new putative pathogenicity genes and of expansion of gene families encoding extracellular proteins, notably different classes of proteases. Among the genes specific of A. euteiches are members of a new family of extracellular proteins putatively involved in adhesion, containing up to four protein domains similar to fungal cellulose binding domains. Comparison of A. euteiches sequences with proteomes of fully sequenced eukaryotic pathogens, including fungi, apicomplexa and trypanosomatids, allowed the identification of A. euteiches genes with close orthologs in these microorganisms but absent in other oomycetes sequenced so far, notably transporters and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, and suggests the presence of a defense mechanism against oxidative stress which was initially characterized in the pathogenic trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gaulin
- UMR 5546 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (EG); (BD)
| | - Mohammed-Amine Madoui
- UMR 5546 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Arnaud Bottin
- UMR 5546 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- UMR 5546 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Catherine Mathé
- UMR 5546 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Arnaud Couloux
- Genoscope (CEA), Evry, France
- UMR 8030 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, Evry, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Genoscope (CEA), Evry, France
- UMR 8030 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evry, France
- Université d'Evry, Evry, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- UMR 5546 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (EG); (BD)
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Akamatsu HO, Grünwald NJ, Chilvers MI, Porter LD, Peever TL. Development of codominant simple sequence repeat, single nucleotide polymorphism and sequence characterized amplified region markers for the pea root rot pathogen, Aphanomyces euteiches. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 71:82-6. [PMID: 17884212 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three kinds of genetic markers including simple sequence repeats (SSRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs) were developed from Aphanomyces euteiches. Of 69 loci tested, seven SSR, two SNP and two SCAR markers were codominantly polymorphic. These codominant markers and dominant markers described herein will facilitate population genetic and evolutionary studies of this important plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime O Akamatsu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
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Sauvage H, Moussart A, Bois F, Tivoli B, Barray S, Laval K. Development of a molecular method to detect and quantifyAphanomyces euteichesin soil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 273:64-9. [PMID: 17559389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time PCR assay using 136F/211R primers and 161T TaqMan probe for the detection and quantification of Aphanomyces euteiches in soil is presented. The specificity of primers was tested on 105 different A. euteiches isolates, mainly from France. A calibration curve was established with a plasmid pHS1 resulting from the target region cloned into the pCR4 Topo vector (Invitrogen). The target copy number was evaluated and was constant whatever the isolate. A DNA-based method was able to discriminate between different artificial infestation levels in soil with small SDs thus validating the relevance of the extraction and amplification method in soil samples. Furthermore, a good correlation was observed between inoculum quantity in soil estimated by qPCR and root rot severity in plant evaluated by bioassays. These steps are essential when considering the feasibility of using a DNA-based method as a fast and accurate way to evaluate inoculum quantity in soil.
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Oidtmann B, Geiger S, Steinbauer P, Culas A, Hoffmann RW. Detection of Aphanomyces astaci in North American crayfish by polymerase chain reaction. Dis Aquat Organ 2006; 72:53-64. [PMID: 17067073 DOI: 10.3354/dao072053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a PCR based method to detect Aphanomyces astaci in North American crayfish. Primers were designed to specifically amplify parts of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8 rRNA gene of A. astaci. A single round and a semi-nested assay were tested for their sensitivity and specificity. Specificity of the PCR assays was tested against several closely related Aphanomyces species, other Oomycetes and some non-A. astaci DNA that might be found in or on crayfish. The single round assay was fully specific against all DNA tested. In the semi-nested assay, cross-reaction was seen when the equivalent of 40,000 or more genomic units of A. invadans or A. frigidophilus were entered into the PCR reaction. The lower detection limit of both assays lies around 1 genomic unit of A. astaci. Investigation of various parts of the exoskeleton of 3 North American crayfish species revealed that for O. limosus and P. leniusculus the telson and soft abdominal cuticle yielded a positive PCR reaction most frequently. For the third species, Procambarus clarkii, only 1 individual tested positive, so no conclusion as to preferred infestation site(s) could be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Oidtmann
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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Vandersea MW, Litaker RW, Yonnish B, Sosa E, Landsberg JH, Pullinger C, Moon-Butzin P, Green J, Morris JA, Kator H, Noga EJ, Tester PA. Molecular assays for detecting Aphanomyces invadans in ulcerative mycotic fish lesions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1551-7. [PMID: 16461710 PMCID: PMC1392884 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1551-1557.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans is the primary etiological agent in ulcerative mycosis, an ulcerative skin disease caused by a fungus-like agent of wild and cultured fish. We developed sensitive PCR and fluorescent peptide nucleic acid in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to detect A. invadans. Laboratory-challenged killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were first tested to optimize and validate the assays. Skin ulcers of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) from populations found in the Pamlico and Neuse River estuaries in North Carolina were then surveyed. Results from both assays indicated that all of the lesioned menhaden (n = 50) collected in September 2004 were positive for A. invadans. Neither the FISH assay nor the PCR assay cross-reacted with other closely related oomycetes. These results provided strong evidence that A. invadans is the primary oomycete pathogen in ulcerative mycosis and demonstrated the utility of the assays. The FISH assay is the first molecular assay to provide unambiguous visual confirmation that hyphae in the ulcerated lesions were exclusively A. invadans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516-9722, USA.
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Vandersea MW, Litaker RW, Yonnish B, Sosa E, Landsberg JH, Pullinger C, Moon-Butzin P, Green J, Morris JA, Kator H, Noga EJ, Tester PA. Molecular assays for detecting Aphanomyces invadans in ulcerative mycotic fish lesions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1551-1557. [PMID: 16461710 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans is the primary etiological agent in ulcerative mycosis, an ulcerative skin disease caused by a fungus-like agent of wild and cultured fish. We developed sensitive PCR and fluorescent peptide nucleic acid in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to detect A. invadans. Laboratory-challenged killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were first tested to optimize and validate the assays. Skin ulcers of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) from populations found in the Pamlico and Neuse River estuaries in North Carolina were then surveyed. Results from both assays indicated that all of the lesioned menhaden (n = 50) collected in September 2004 were positive for A. invadans. Neither the FISH assay nor the PCR assay cross-reacted with other closely related oomycetes. These results provided strong evidence that A. invadans is the primary oomycete pathogen in ulcerative mycosis and demonstrated the utility of the assays. The FISH assay is the first molecular assay to provide unambiguous visual confirmation that hyphae in the ulcerated lesions were exclusively A. invadans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Vandersea
- Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC 28516-9722, USA.
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Royo F, Andersson G, Bangyeekhun E, Múzquiz JL, Söderhäll K, Cerenius L. Physiological and genetic characterisation of some new Aphanomyces strains isolated from freshwater crayfish. Vet Microbiol 2004; 104:103-12. [PMID: 15530744 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Five Aphanomyces strains were isolated during suspected outbreaks of crayfish disease in Spain and Italy. Genetic and physiological evidence show that the strains isolated from the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus, do not fit into any previously identified group of Aphanomyces astaci and are not capable of killing crayfish following standardised experimental infection. RAPD-PCR and ITS sequencing analysis show a high degree of similarity between the new isolates, while they are clearly different from the A. astaci reference strains. They do, however, possess some properties, which are commonly associated with parasitic species such as repeated zoospore emergence and the lack of sexual reproduction. The five isolates share some physiological properties i.e. a high growth rate, and germination in response to nutrients and, in contrast to A. astaci, they do not express chitinase constitutively during growth or sporulation. Until their taxonomic status is fully elucidated we suggest that the new isolates be given the tentative species name Aphanomyces repetans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Royo
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Oidtmann B, Schaefers N, Cerenius L, Söderhäll K, Hoffmann RW. Detection of genomic DNA of the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci (Oomycete) in clinical samples by PCR. Vet Microbiol 2004; 100:269-82. [PMID: 15145505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Revised: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A diagnostic procedure, based on a polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) was developed to detect infection of crayfish with the Oomycete Aphanomyces astaci. A set of oligonucleotide primers was designed to specifically amplify A. astaci DNA in the ITS region surrounding the 5.8S rDNA gene. The PCR amplifies a 115bp amplicon. The specificity of the primers was demonstrated by testing on 27 A. astaci strains and against 20 non-A. astaci Oomycetes and 5 fungal species. Most of the non-A. astaci Oomycete or fungal species included in the study are either known parasites of freshwater crayfish cuticle or can be found in their natural environment. Specificity was also tested against crayfish tissue and some known parasites and bacteria infecting crayfish. A protocol for the extraction of A. astaci DNA from infected crayfish tissue was developed. The optimised method allows the detection of two genome equivalents of purified A. astaci genomic DNA. The method was tested on noble crayfish (Astacus astacus), artificially infected with A. astaci. Detection of A. astaci was possible at the very first time of sampling, which was 2 days after the beginning of spore exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oidtmann
- Institute of Zoology, Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Lilley JH, Hart D, Panyawachira V, Kanchanakhan S, Chinabut S, Söderhäll K, Cerenius L. Molecular characterization of the fish-pathogenic fungus Aphanomyces invadans. J Fish Dis 2003; 26:263-275. [PMID: 12962235 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces invadans (Saprolegniaceae) is a peronosporomycete fungus associated with the serious fish disease, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), also known as mycotic granulomatosis. In this study, interspecific relationships were examined between A. invadans isolates and other aquatic animal pathogenic Saprolegniaceae, and saprophytic Saprolegniaceae from EUS-affected areas. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequences of ribosomal DNA confirmed that A. invadans is distinct from all other species studied. A sequence from the internal transcribed spacer region ITS1, unique to A. invadans, was used to design primers for a PCR-based diagnostic test. Intraspecific relationships were also examined by random amplification of polymorphic DNA using 20 isolates of A. invadans from six countries. The isolates showed a high degree of genetic homogeneity using 14 random ten-mer primers. This provides evidence that the fungus has spread across Asia in one relatively rapid episode, which is consistent with reports of outbreaks of EUS. Physiological distinctions between A. invadans and other Aphanomyces species based on a data set of 16 growth parameters showed remarkable taxonomic congruence with the molecular phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lilley
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland.
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