1
|
Kolotylo V, Piwowarek K, Kieliszek M. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220737. [PMID: 37791057 PMCID: PMC10543708 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminases (mTGs) belong to the family of global TGs, isolated and characterised by various bacterial strains, with the first being Streptomyces mobaraensis. This literature review also discusses TGs of animal and plant origin. TGs catalyse the formation of an isopeptide bond, cross-linking the amino and acyl groups. Due to its broad enzymatic activity, TG is extensively utilised in the food industry. The annual net growth in the utilisation of enzymes in the food processing industry is estimated to be 21.9%. As of 2020, the global food enzymes market was valued at around $2.3 billion USD (mTG market was estimated to be around $200 million USD). Much of this growth is attributed to the applications of mTG, benefiting both producers and consumers. In the food industry, TG enhances gelation and modifies emulsification, foaming, viscosity, and water-holding capacity. Research on TG, mainly mTG, provides increasing insights into the wide range of applications of this enzyme in various industrial sectors and promotes enzymatic processing. This work presents the characteristics of TGs, their properties, and the rationale for their utilisation. The review aims to provide theoretical foundations that will assist researchers worldwide in building a methodological framework and furthering the advancement of biotechnology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Kolotylo
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Piwowarek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song X, Sheng H, Zhou Y, Yu Y, He Y, Wang Z. Construction, expression, purification, characterization, and structural analysis of microbial transglutaminase variants. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2486-2495. [PMID: 34894362 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTG, EC 2.3.2.13) derived from Streptomyces mobaraensis is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry because of its ability to synthesize isopeptide bonds between the proteinogenic side chains of glutamine and lysine. The half-life (t1/2 ) of the activated wild-type enzyme at 60°C is 2 min. To improve the activity and thermostability of MTG for higher temperature application, three variants (Mut1, Mut2, and Mut3) were obtained by combining key amino acid mutations on the basis of previous research results. The best variant Mut2 with a specific combination of five of seven substitutions (S2P-S23V-Y24N-R215A-H289Y) shows a 10-fold increased half-life at 60°C (t1/2 = 27.6 min), and a 2.4-fold increased specific enzyme activity (39.3 U/mg). As measured by circular dichroism, the curve of Mut2 was basically the same as that of MTG-WT. The structural simulation of Mut2 shows that the overall structure is discoid with a crack, but the crack openings are wider than that of MTG-WT. Furthermore, structural analysis of Mut2 showed that there were seven hydrogen bonds and one π-anion interaction between Mut2 and its adjacent amino acids, and the number of hydrogen bonds was one more than that of MTG-WT (six hydrogen bonds).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China.,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hefang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Yueqiao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Yin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China.,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yingjiao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China.,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parrotta L, Tanwar UK, Aloisi I, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Del Duca S. Plant Transglutaminases: New Insights in Biochemistry, Genetics, and Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091529. [PMID: 35563835 PMCID: PMC9105555 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyse an acyl-transfer reaction between primary amino groups and protein-bound Gln residues. They are widely distributed in nature, being found in vertebrates, invertebrates, microorganisms, and plants. TGases and their functionality have been less studied in plants than humans and animals. TGases are distributed in all plant organs, such as leaves, tubers, roots, flowers, buds, pollen, and various cell compartments, including chloroplasts, the cytoplasm, and the cell wall. Recent molecular, physiological, and biochemical evidence pointing to the role of TGases in plant biology and the mechanisms in which they are involved allows us to consider their role in processes such as photosynthesis, plant fertilisation, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and leaf senescence. In the present paper, an in-depth description of the biochemical characteristics and a bioinformatics comparison of plant TGases is provided. We also present the phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, and sequence alignment of TGase proteins in various plant species, not described elsewhere. Currently, our knowledge of these proteins in plants is still insufficient. Further research with the aim of identifying and describing the regulatory components of these enzymes and the processes regulated by them is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Umesh Kumar Tanwar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (U.K.T.); (E.S.-N.)
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (U.K.T.); (E.S.-N.)
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Ma J, Chi J, Zhang B, Zheng X, Chen J, Liu J. Roles and potential clinical implications of tissue transglutaminase in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106085. [PMID: 35033646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality and morbidity are among the most critical disease burdens worldwide. CVDs encompass many diseases and involve complex pathogenesis and pathological changes. While research on these diseases has advanced significantly, treatments and their efficacy remain rather limited. New therapeutic strategies and targets must, therefore, be explored. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is pivotal to the pathological development of CVDs, including participating in the cross-linking of extracellular proteins, activation of fibroblasts, hypertrophy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and inflammatory reactions. Regulating TG2 activity and expression could ensure remarkable improvements in disorders like heart failure (HF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), hypertension, and coronary atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in TG2: we discuss its role and mechanisms in the progression of various CVDs and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bingxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Li C, Geary T, Jardim A, He S, Simpson BK. Cold setting of gelatin–antioxidant peptides composite hydrogels using a new psychrophilic recombinant transglutaminase (rTGase). Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Li H, Li C, Liu T, Yang C, Liu D, Li H, Yu J. Textural performance of Zea mays transglutaminase modified milk protein concentrate in stirred yoghurt. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
7
|
Li H, Li Y, Zhang T, Liu T, Yang J, Luo X, Li H, Xue C, Yu J. Co-encapsulation of Lactobacillus paracasei with lactitol in caseinate gelation cross-linked by Zea mays transglutaminase. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
8
|
Doti N, Caporale A, Monti A, Sandomenico A, Selis F, Ruvo M. A recent update on the use of microbial transglutaminase for the generation of biotherapeutics. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:53. [PMID: 32172335 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent scientific progresses on the use of enzyme-mediated reactions in organic, non-aqueous and aqueous media have significantly supported the growing demand of new biotechnological and/or pharmacological products. Today, a plethora of microbial enzymes, used as biocatalysts, are available. Among these, microbial transglutaminases (MTGs) are broadly used for their ability to catalyse the formation of an isopeptide bond between the γ-amide group of glutamines and the ε-amino group of lysine. Due to their promiscuity towards primary amine-containing substrates and the more stringent specificity for glutamine-containing peptide sequences, several combined approaches can be tailored for different settings, making MTGs very attractive catalysts for generating protein-protein and protein small molecule's conjugates. The present review offers a recent update on the modifications attainable by MTG-catalysed bioreactions as reported between 2014 and 2019. In particular, we present a detailed and comparative overview on the MTG-based methods for proteins and antibodies engineering, with a particular outlook on the synthesis of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Doti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
| | - A Caporale
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR (IC-CNR), c/o Area Science Park s.s. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Monti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABIF), University L. Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi, 43, 80100, Caserta, Italy
| | - A Sandomenico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Selis
- BioVIIIx R&D, Via B. Brin, 59C, 80142, Naples, Italy
| | - M Ruvo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR (IBB-CNR), Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mostafa HS. Microbial transglutaminase: An overview of recent applications in food and packaging. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1720660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Sayed Mostafa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duarte L, Matte CR, Bizarro CV, Ayub MAZ. Transglutaminases: part I-origins, sources, and biotechnological characteristics. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:15. [PMID: 31897837 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transglutaminases form a large family of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that catalyze cross-links between protein molecules. Transglutaminases crosslinking properties are widely applied to various industrial processes, to improve the firmness, viscosity, elasticity, and water-holding capacity of products in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the extremely high costs of obtaining transglutaminases from animal sources have prompted scientists to search for new sources of these enzymes. Therefore, research has been focused on producing transglutaminases by microorganisms, which may present wider scope of use, based on enzyme-specific characteristics. In this review, we present an overview of the literature addressing the origins, types, reactions, and general characterizations of this important enzyme family. A second review will deal with transglutaminases applications in the area of food industry, medicine, pharmaceuticals and biomaterials, as well as applications in the textile and leather industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lovaine Duarte
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, PO Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Carla Roberta Matte
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, PO Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Valim Bizarro
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 92A Building at TECNOPUC, 4592 Bento Gonçalves Avenue, Porto Alegre, 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Záchia Ayub
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, PO Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Simpson BK. Food-related transglutaminase obtained from fish/shellfish. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3214-3232. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1681357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin K. Simpson
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Özçelik AT. Comparison of multicopy pro-microbial transglutaminase encoded gene expression in Pichia pastoris. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2019.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Türkanoğlu Özçelik
- Food Safety and Agricultural Research Center, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya. Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li H, Zhang T, Li J, Li H, Xu Y, Yu J. Expression of Zea mays transglutaminase in Pichia pastoris under different promoters and its impact on properties of acidified milk protein concentrate gel. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4518-4523. [PMID: 30868593 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase (TGase) catalyzes post-translational modification of proteins by γ-glutamyl-ϵ-lysine chain links, covalent conjugation of polyamines, and deamidation. Zea mays TGase (TGZ) is a plant TGase with potential application prospects in the food industry. In this study, two promoter types, PFLD1 and PTEF1 , were compared to improve the expression of TGZ, and the cross-linking effect of recombinant TGZ on the properties of acid-induced milk protein concentrate (MPC) gel was assessed. RESULTS A higher expression of TGZ was obtained under the induction of PFLD1 with a production of 635 U L-1 . After purification using chromatography, TGZ activity was 0.4 U mg-1 . The results indicated that TGZ treatment has effectively improved the textural properties of MPC gel at strength level and water-holding capacity. Optimal texture of MPC gel was achieved after TGZ treatment using 2 U g-1 TGZ for 2 h at 35 °C and pH 7. CONCLUSION Comparative analysis of the promoters has greatly contributed to the production of TGZ in the industrial field. Furthermore, the modification of MPC gel texture by TGZ indicated that this recombinant enzyme has a practical value in dairy product, especially in yoghurt industry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Youqiang Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seow BKL, McDougall ARA, Short KL, Wallace MJ, Hooper SB, Cole TJ. Identification of Betamethasone-Regulated Target Genes and Cell Pathways in Fetal Rat Lung Mesenchymal Fibroblasts. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1868-1884. [PMID: 31107524 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth is characterized by severe lung immaturity that is frequently treated antenatally or postnatally with the synthetic steroid betamethasone. The underlying cellular targets and pathways stimulated by betamethasone in the fetal lung are poorly defined. In this study, betamethasone was compared with corticosterone in steroid-treated primary cultures of fetal rat lung fibroblasts stimulated for 6 hours and analyzed by whole-cell transcriptome sequencing and glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) analysis. Strikingly, betamethasone stimulated a much stronger transcriptional response compared with corticosterone for both induced and repressed genes. A total of 483 genes were significantly stimulated by betamethasone or corticosterone, with 476 stimulated by both steroids, indicating a strong overlap in regulation. Changes in mRNA levels were confirmed by quantitative PCR for eight induced and repressed target genes. Pathway analysis identified cell proliferation and cytoskeletal/cell matrix remodeling pathways as key processes regulated by both steroids. One target, transglutaminase 2 (Tgm2), was localized to fetal lung mesenchymal cells. Tgm2 mRNA and protein levels were strongly increased in fibroblasts by both steroids. Whole-genome GR ChIP-Seq analysis with betamethasone identified GC response element-binding sites close to the previously characterized GR target genes Per1, Dusp1, Fkbp5, and Sgk1 and near the genes identified by transcriptome sequencing encoding Crispld2, Tgm2, Hif3α, and Kdr, defining direct genomic induction of expression in fetal lung fibroblasts via the GR. These results demonstrate that betamethasone stimulates specific genes and cellular pathways controlling cell proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling in lung mesenchymal fibroblasts, providing a basis for betamethasone's treatment efficacy in preterm birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bennet K L Seow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annie R A McDougall
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly L Short
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart B Hooper
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Song X, Shao C, Guo Y, Wang Y, Cai J. Improved the expression level of active transglutaminase by directional increasing copy of mtg gene in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:54. [PMID: 31362722 PMCID: PMC6668168 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is inactive when only the mature sequence is expressed in Pichia pastoris. Although co-expression of MTG and its N-terminal pro-peptide can obtain the active MTG, the enzyme activity was still low. One of the basic steps for strain improvement is to ensure a sufficient level of transcription of the heterologous gene, based on promoter strength and gene copy number. To date, high-copy-number recombinants of P. pastoris are achievable only by cloning of gene concatemers, so methods for rapid and reliable multicopy strains are therefore desirable. Results The coexpression strains harboring different copies mtg were obtained successfully by stepwise increasing Zeocin concentration based on the rDNA sequence of P. pastoris. The genome of coexpression strains with the highest enzyme activity was analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and three copies of mtg gene (mtg-3c) was calculated according to the standard curve of gap and mtg genes (gap is regarded as the single-copy reference gene). The maximum enzyme activity of mtg-3c was up to 1.41 U/mL after being inducted for 72 h in 1 L flask under optimal culture conditions, and two protein bands were observed at the expected molecular weights (40 kDa and 5 kDa) by Western blot. Furthermore, among the strains detected, compared with mtg-2c, mtg-6c or mtg-8c, mtg-3c is the highest expression level and enzyme activity, implying that mtg-3c is the most suitable for co-expression pro-peptide and MTG. Conclusions This study provides an effective strategy for improving the expression level of active MTG by directional increasing of mtg copies in P. pastoris. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-019-0542-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, 230061, China. .,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Changsheng Shao
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yugang Guo
- Institute of advanced technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230031, China.,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, 230061, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Extracellular production of the recombinant bacterial transglutaminase in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 159:83-90. [PMID: 30872133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial pro-transglutaminase (pro-MTGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis was expressed in Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) under the control of constitutive GAP promoter. The single copy of the gene containing clone was grown in shake flasks to determine the optimum conditions for the production of recombinant pro-MTGase. Three temperature (20 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C) and four pH (5, 6, 7, 7.5) values were evaluated at the shake flask level for the extracellular production of pro-MTGase. The highest enzyme activity was obtained with low temperature (20 °C) and high pH (7.5). The maximum yield was 9120 U/L. For the large-scale extracellular production of pro-MTGase, the clone was cultivated in 5 L bioreactor. The fermentation process was carried out at 20 °C, pH 7 and 20% dissolved oxygen for 79 h. The enzyme activity was calculated as 37640 U/L for large-scale production. These results indicate that P. pastoris expression system is very suitable for recombinant MTGase production under the control of the GAP promoter.
Collapse
|
17
|
Li H, Cui Y, Zhang L, Zhang L, Liu H, Yu J. Optimization of recombinant Zea mays transglutaminase production and its influence on the functional properties of yogurt. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:723-730. [PMID: 30263597 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirements for the production of optimized Zea mays transglutaminase (TGZo) using Pichia pastoris GS115 (pPIC9K-tgzo) were optimized in this study. Plackett-Burman design was used to screen variables that significantly influence TGZo production. Oleic acid, methanol, and loading volume were identified as the most significant parameters. Central composite design was employed to determine the optimal level of these three parameters for TGZo production. Results showed that 1078 mU/mL of TGZo activity and 7.6 mg/L of TGZo production were obtained under conditions of 0.07% oleic acid, 1.31% methanol, and 7.36% loading volume. To explore the functional characteristics of TGZo, it was used in yogurt. It was found that the addition of TGZo could produce yogurt with stronger acid gel and higher consistency, cohesiveness, index of viscosity, and apparent viscosity than the untreated product. Therefore, TGZo can be used as a substitute for microbial transglutaminase in the yogurt, even in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- 1School of Food and Engineering and Biological Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Yanhua Cui
- 2School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090 Heilongjiang China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- 2School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090 Heilongjiang China
| | - Lili Zhang
- 3College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang China
| | - Hui Liu
- 2School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090 Heilongjiang China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- 1School of Food and Engineering and Biological Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Spohner SC, Müller H, Quitmann H, Czermak P. Expression of enzymes for the usage in food and feed industry with Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2015; 202:118-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
19
|
Yin C, Zhao W, Zheng L, Chen L, Tan Q, Shang X, Ma A. High-level Expression of a Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (PoMn-SOD) from Pleurotus ostreatus in Pichia pastoris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:259-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
20
|
Martins IM, Matos M, Costa R, Silva F, Pascoal A, Estevinho LM, Choupina AB. Transglutaminases: recent achievements and new sources. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6957-64. [PMID: 24962119 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases are a family of enzymes (EC 2.3.2.13), widely distributed in various organs, tissues, and body fluids, that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amine group and the γ-carboxamide group of protein or peptide-bound glutamine. Besides forming these bonds, that exhibit high resistance to proteolytic degradation, transglutaminases also form extensively cross-linked, generally insoluble, protein biopolymers that are indispensable for the organism to create barriers and stable structures. The extremely high cost of transglutaminase of animal origin has hampered its wider application and has initiated efforts to find an enzyme of microbial origin. Since the early 1990s, many microbial transglutaminase-producing strains have been found, and production processes have been optimized. This has resulted in a rapidly increasing number of applications of transglutaminase in the food sector. However, applications of microbial transglutaminase in other sectors have also been explored, but in a much lesser extent. Our group has identified a transglutaminase in the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi, which is able to induct defense responses and disease-like symptoms. In this mini-review, we report the achievements in this area in order to illustrate the importance and the versatility of transglutaminases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivone M Martins
- CIMO-Mountain Research Center, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-855, Bragança, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li H, Zhang L, Cui Y, Luo X, Xue C, Wang S, Jiao Y, Zhang S, Liu W, Fan R, Du M, Yi H, Han X. Characterization of recombinant Zea mays transglutaminase expressed in Pichia pastoris and its impact on full and non-fat yoghurts. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1225-1230. [PMID: 24105803 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminases catalyze post-translational modification of proteins by ε-(γ-glutamyl) links and covalent amide bonds. Research on properties and applications of plant transglutaminases is less developed than in animals and micro-organisms. In a previous study, optimized Zea mays transglutaminase was purified from recombinant Pichia pastoris strain. The main objective of the present study was to characterize this enzyme and assess its effect on the properties of yoghurt. RESULTS The purified recombinant transglutaminase presented a Km of 3.98 µmol L(-1) and a Vmax of 2711 min(-1) by the fluorometric method. The enzyme was stable after incubation for 30 min below 50 °C and over a broad pH range of 5-8 at -20 °C for 12 h. The results showed that the crosslinking reaction catalyzed by this enzyme could effectively improve the properties of full and non-fat yoghurts. Also, the properties of non-fat yoghurt could be improved similar to the full-fat product by recombinant transglutaminase. CONCLUSION The application of recombinant transglutaminase in yoghurt indicated that this enzyme could be used as a substitute for microbial transglutaminase in the production of yoghurt, thus providing experimental evidence for the future application of plant transglutaminases in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|