1
|
Khiari Z. Enzymes from Fishery and Aquaculture Waste: Research Trends in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Circular Bio-Economy. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:411. [PMID: 39330292 PMCID: PMC11433245 DOI: 10.3390/md22090411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of the blue bio-economy, which promotes the sustainable utilization and exploitation of marine resources for economic growth and development, the fisheries and aquaculture industries still face huge sustainability issues. One of the major challenges of these industries is associated with the generation and management of wastes, which pose a serious threat to human health and the environment if not properly treated. In the best-case scenario, fishery and aquaculture waste is processed into low-value commodities such as fishmeal and fish oil. However, this renewable organic biomass contains a number of highly valuable bioproducts, including enzymes, bioactive peptides, as well as functional proteins and polysaccharides. Marine-derived enzymes are known to have unique physical, chemical and catalytic characteristics and are reported to be superior to those from plant and animal origins. Moreover, it has been established that enzymes from marine species possess cold-adapted properties, which makes them interesting from technological, economic and sustainability points of view. Therefore, this review centers around enzymes from fishery and aquaculture waste, with a special focus on proteases, lipases, carbohydrases, chitinases and transglutaminases. Additionally, the use of fishery and aquaculture waste as a substrate for the production of industrially relevant microbial enzymes is discussed. The application of emerging technologies (i.e., artificial intelligence and machine learning) in microbial enzyme production is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zied Khiari
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miao M, Yao Y, Yan Q, Jiang Z, He G, Yang S. Biochemical characterization of a novel β-galactosidase from Pedobacter sp. with strong transglycosylation activity at low lactose concentration. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01169-w. [PMID: 38771554 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A novel β-galactosidase gene (PbBgal35A) from Pedobacter sp. CAUYN2 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene had an open reading frame of 1917 bp, encoding 638 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 62.3 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene shared the highest identity of 41% with a glycoside hydrolase family 35 β-galactosidase from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (AAP86763.1). The recombinant β-galactosidase (PbBgal35A) was purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 65.9 U/mg. PbBgal35A was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively, and it was stable within pH 4.5‒7.0 and up to 45 °C. PbBgal35A efficiently synthesized galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose with a conversion ratio of 32% (w/w) and fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides from lactulose with a conversion ratio of 21.9% (w/w). Moreover, the enzyme catalyzed the synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides from low-content lactose in fresh milk, and the GOS conversion ratios of 17.1% (w/w) and 7.8% (w/w) were obtained when the reactions were performed at 45 and 4 °C, respectively. These properties make PbBgal35A an ideal candidate for commercial use in the manufacturing of GOS-enriched dairy products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guangming He
- Jiangxi Jinsuifeng Sugar Industry Co., Ltd., Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu P, Chen Y, Ma C, Ouyang J, Zheng Z. β-Galactosidase: a traditional enzyme given multiple roles through protein engineering. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 38108277 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2292282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
β-Galactosidases are crucial carbohydrate-active enzymes that naturally catalyze the hydrolysis of galactoside bonds in oligo- and disaccharides. These enzymes are commonly used to degrade lactose and produce low-lactose and lactose-free dairy products that are beneficial for lactose-intolerant people. β-galactosidases exhibit transgalactosylation activity, and they have been employed in the synthesis of galactose-containing compounds such as galactooligosaccharides. However, most β-galactosidases have intrinsic limitations, such as low transglycosylation efficiency, significant product inhibition effects, weak thermal stability, and a narrow substrate spectrum, which greatly hinder their applications. Enzyme engineering offers a solution for optimizing their catalytic performance. The study of the enzyme's structure paves the way toward explaining catalytic mechanisms and increasing the efficiency of enzyme engineering. In this review, the structure features of β-galactosidases from different glycosyl hydrolase families and the catalytic mechanisms are summarized in detail to offer guidance for protein engineering. The properties and applications of β-galactosidases are discussed. Additionally, the latest progress in β-galactosidase engineering and the strategies employed are highlighted. Based on the combined analysis of structure information and catalytic mechanisms, the ultimate goal of this review is to furnish a thorough direction for β-galactosidases engineering and promote their application in the food and dairy industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojuan Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A Review on Psychrophilic β-D-Galactosidases and Their Potential Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2743-2766. [PMID: 36422804 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the Earth's ecosystem is frigid and frozen, which permits a vast range of microbial life forms to thrive by triggering physiological responses that allow them to survive in cold and frozen settings. The apparent biotechnology value of these cold-adapted enzymes has been targeted. Enzymes' market size was around USD 6.3 billion in 2017 and will witness growth at around 6.8% CAGR up to 2024 owing to shifting consumer preferences towards packaged and processed foods due to the rising awareness pertaining to food safety and security reported by Global Market Insights (Report ID-GMI 743). Various firms are looking for innovative psychrophilic enzymes in order to construct more effective biochemical pathways with shorter reaction times, use less energy, and are ecologically acceptable. D-Galactosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycosidic oxygen link between the terminal non-reducing D-galactoside unit and the glycoside molecule. At refrigerated temperature, the stable structure of psychrophile enzymes adjusts for the reduced kinetic energy. It may be beneficial in a wide variety of activities such as pasteurization of food, conversion of biomass, biological role of biomolecules, ambient biosensors, and phytoremediation. Recently, psychrophile enzymes are also used in claning the contact lens. β-D-Galactosidases have been identified and extracted from yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and plants. Conventional (hydrolyzing activity) and nonconventional (non-hydrolytic activity) applications are available for these enzymes due to its transgalactosylation activity which produce high value-added oligosaccharides. This review content will offer new perspectives on cold-active β-galactosidases, their source, structure, stability, and application.
Collapse
|
5
|
Suyal DC, Joshi D, Kumar S, Bhatt P, Narayan A, Giri K, Singh M, Soni R, Kumar R, Yadav A, Devi R, Kaur T, Kour D, Yadav AN. Himalayan Microbiomes for Agro-environmental Sustainability: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:643-675. [PMID: 34647148 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayas are one of the most mystical, yet least studied terrains of the world. One of Earth's greatest multifaceted and diverse montane ecosystems is also one of the thirty-four global biodiversity hotspots of the world. These are supposed to have been uplifted about 60-70 million years ago and support, distinct environments, physiography, a variety of orogeny, and great biological diversity (plants, animals, and microbes). Microbes are the pioneer colonizer of the Himalayas that are involved in various bio-geological cycles and play various significant roles. The applications of Himalayan microbiomes inhabiting in lesser to greater Himalayas have been recognized. The researchers explored the applications of indigenous microbiomes in both agricultural and environmental sectors. In agriculture, microbiomes from Himalayan regions have been suggested as better biofertilizers and biopesticides for the crops growing at low temperature and mountainous areas as they help in the alleviation of cold stress and other biotic stresses. Along with alleviation of low temperature, Himalayan microbes also have the capability to enhance plant growth by availing the soluble form of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron. These microbes have been recognized for producing plant growth regulators (abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellins). These microbes have been reported for bioremediating the diverse pollutants (pesticides, heavy metals, and xenobiotics) for environmental sustainability. In the current perspectives, present review provides a detailed discussion on the ecology, biodiversity, and adaptive features of the native Himalayan microbiomes in view to achieve agro-environmental sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deep Chandra Suyal
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Joshi
- Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board, Regional Office, Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Division of Crop Research, Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Arun Narayan
- Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 2480 06, India
| | - Krishna Giri
- Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, 785 010, India
| | - Manali Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis Institute of Engineering and Technology (IIET), Invertis University, Bareilly, 243123, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Soni
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Ashok Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rubee Devi
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tanvir Kaur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Divjot Kour
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khiari Z. Sustainable Upcycling of Fisheries and Aquaculture Wastes Using Fish-Derived Cold-Adapted Proteases. Front Nutr 2022; 9:875697. [PMID: 35464019 PMCID: PMC9022490 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.875697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fisheries and aquaculture industries are some of the major economic sectors in the world. However, these industries generate significant amounts of wastes that need to be properly managed to avoid serious health and environmental issues. Recent advances in marine waste valorization indicate that fish waste biomass represents an abundant source of high-value biomolecules including enzymes, functional proteins, bioactive peptides, and omega-3 rich oils. Enzyme-assisted processes, for the recovery of these value-added biomolecules, have gained interest over chemical-based processes due to their cost-effectiveness as well as their green and eco-friendly aspects. Currently, the majority of commercially available proteases that are used to recover value-added compounds from fisheries and aquaculture wastes are mesophilic and/or thermophilic that require significant energy input and can lead to unfavorable reactions (i.e., oxidation). Cold-adapted proteases extracted from cold-water fish species, on the other hand, are active at low temperatures but unstable at higher temperatures which makes them interesting from both environmental and economic points of view by upcycling fish waste as well as by offering substantial energy savings. This review provides a general overview of cold-adapted proteolytic enzymes from cold-water fish species and highlights the opportunities they offer in the valorization of fisheries and aquaculture wastes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiaowen W, Sibo C, Lin F, Hao L, Si C, Xianfeng Y, Zhoukun L, Zhongli C, Huang Y. Characterization of a halotolerant GH2 family β-galactosidase GalM from Microvirga sp. strain MC18. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 194:106074. [PMID: 35218889 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new glycoside hydrolase family 2 (GH2) β-galactosidase encoding gene galM was cloned from Microvirga sp. strain MC18 and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant β-galactosidase GalM showed optimal activity at pH 7.0 and 50 °C, with a stability at pH 6.0-9.0 and 20-40 °C, which are conditions suitable for the diary environment. The Km and Vmax values for o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (oNPG) were 1.30 mmol/L and 15.974 μmol/(min·mg), respectively. GalM showed low product inhibition by galactose with a Ki of 73.18 mM and high tolerance for glucose that 86.5% activity retained in the presence of 500 mM glucose. It was also stable and active in 20% of methanol, ethanol and isopropanol. In addition, the enzyme activity of GalM was activated significantly over 0-2 mol/L NaCl (1.6-4.3 fold). These favorable properties make GalM a potential candidate for the industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiaowen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Chen Sibo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Fan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Liu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Chen Si
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Ye Xianfeng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Li Zhoukun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Cui Zhongli
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Antarctic Rahnella inusitata: A Producer of Cold-Stable β-Galactosidase Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084144. [PMID: 33923711 PMCID: PMC8074230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent increase in the exploration of cold-active β-galactosidases, as it offers new alternatives for the dairy industry, mainly in response to the current needs of lactose-intolerant consumers. Since extremophilic microbial compounds might have unique physical and chemical properties, this research aimed to study the capacity of Antarctic bacterial strains to produce cold-active β-galactosidases. A screening revealed 81 out of 304 strains with β-galactosidase activity. The strain Se8.10.12 showed the highest enzymatic activity. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization based on whole-genome sequencing confirmed it as the first Rahnella inusitata isolate from the Antarctic, which retained 41–62% of its β-galactosidase activity in the cold (4 °C–15 °C). Three β-galactosidases genes were found in the R. inusitata genome, which belong to the glycoside hydrolase families GH2 (LacZ and EbgA) and GH42 (BglY). Based on molecular docking, some of these enzymes exhibited higher lactose predicted affinity than the commercial control enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. Hence, this work reports a new Rahnella inusitata strain from the Antarctic continent as a prominent cold-active β-galactosidase producer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mangiagalli M, Lotti M. Cold-Active β-Galactosidases: Insight into Cold Adaption Mechanisms and Biotechnological Exploitation. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010043. [PMID: 33477853 PMCID: PMC7832830 DOI: 10.3390/md19010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
β-galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) catalyze the hydrolysis of β-galactosidic bonds in oligosaccharides and, under certain conditions, transfer a sugar moiety from a glycosyl donor to an acceptor. Cold-active β-galactosidases are identified in microorganisms endemic to permanently low-temperature environments. While mesophilic β-galactosidases are broadly studied and employed for biotechnological purposes, the cold-active enzymes are still scarcely explored, although they may prove very useful in biotechnological processes at low temperature. This review covers several issues related to cold-active β-galactosidases, including their classification, structure and molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation. Moreover, their applications are discussed, focusing on the production of lactose-free dairy products as well as on the valorization of cheese whey and the synthesis of glycosyl building blocks for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Mou Y, Guan B, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zeng J, Ni Y. Genome sequence of the psychrophilic Cryobacterium sp. LW097 and characterization of its four novel cold-adapted β-galactosidases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2068-2083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
11
|
Liu Y, Wu Z, Zeng X, Weng P, Zhang X, Wang C. A novel cold-adapted phospho-beta-galactosidase from Bacillus velezensis and its potential application for lactose hydrolysis in milk. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:760-770. [PMID: 33144261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A phospho-β-galactosidase gene (BsGal1332) was cloned from Bacillus velezensis and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The active BsGal1332 was identified to be a homodimer with a combined molecular mass of approximately 113 kDa, and it belonged to the glycoside hydrolase family 1. The BsGal1332 displayed relative strict substrate specificity for galactosyl compounds compared with the other phospho-β-galactosidases. The purified BsGal1332 showed the maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 50 °C for 2-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (oNPGal) and at 40 °C for lactose. BsGal1332 was slightly activated by K+ and Na+, but not strongly affected by Ca2+, and was stable at pH 6.0-7.0 and 40 °C or below it. The activity of BsGal1332 decreased quickly after incubation at 50 °C or higher temperature, suggesting it was a cold-adapted enzyme. Moreover, BsGal1332 could hydrolyze lactose and oNPGal with Km values of 23.68 and 2.36 mM and kcat values of 117.55 and 155.61 s-1 at 4 °C, respectively. Additionally, 1 U of the BsGal1332 could thus be capable of hydrolyzing about 38% of the lactose in 1 mL of milk after incubating at 4 °C for 4 h. Taken together, these properties of BsGal1332 made it a new promising industrial biocatalyst for efficient lactose hydrolysis in milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, PR China
| | - Zufang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Peifang Weng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Changyu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li D, Li S, Wu Y, Jin M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Han Y. Cloning and Characterization of a New β-Galactosidase from Alteromonas sp. QD01 and Its Potential in Synthesis of Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060312. [PMID: 32545859 PMCID: PMC7344425 DOI: 10.3390/md18060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As prebiotics, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) can improve the intestinal flora and have important applications in medicine. β-galactosidases could promote the synthesis of GOSs in lactose and catalyze the hydrolysis of lactose. In this study, a new β-galactosidase gene (gal2A), which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 2, was cloned from marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. QD01 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of Gal2A was 117.07 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of Gal2A were 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. At the same time, Gal2A showed wide pH stability in the pH range of 6.0–9.5, which is suitable for lactose hydrolysis in milk. Most metal ions promoted the activity of Gal2A, especially Mn2+ and Mg2+. Importantly, Gal2A exhibited high transglycosylation activity, which can catalyze the formation of GOS from milk and lactose. These characteristics indicated that Gal2A may be ideal for producing GOSs and lactose-reducing dairy products.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yao C, Sun J, Wang W, Zhuang Z, Liu J, Hao J. A novel cold-adapted β-galactosidase from Alteromonas sp. ML117 cleaves milk lactose effectively at low temperature. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Cloning, Expression and Characterization of a Novel Cold-adapted β-galactosidase from the Deep-sea Bacterium Alteromonas sp. ML52. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120469. [PMID: 30486362 PMCID: PMC6315854 DOI: 10.3390/md16120469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Alteromonas sp. ML52, isolated from deep-sea water, was found to synthesize an intracellular cold-adapted β-galactosidase. A novel β-galactosidase gene from strain ML52, encoding 1058 amino acids residues, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 2 and is active as a homotetrameric protein. The recombinant enzyme had maximum activity at 35 °C and pH 8 with a low thermal stability over 30 °C. The enzyme also exhibited a Km of 0.14 mM, a Vmax of 464.7 U/mg and a kcat of 3688.1 S-1 at 35 °C with 2-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside as a substrate. Hydrolysis of lactose assay, performed using milk, indicated that over 90% lactose in milk was hydrolyzed after incubation for 5 h at 25 °C or 24 h at 4 °C and 10 °C, respectively. These properties suggest that recombinant Alteromonas sp. ML52 β-galactosidase is a potential biocatalyst for the lactose-reduced dairy industry.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mochida A, Ogata F, Maruoka Y, Nagaya T, Okada R, Inagaki F, Fujimura D, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Pitfalls on sample preparation for ex vivo imaging of resected cancer tissue using enzyme-activatable fluorescent probes. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36039-36047. [PMID: 30542517 PMCID: PMC6267600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging-assisted surgery can aid in determining the margins of tumors during surgical resection. While a variety of fluorescent probes have been proposed for this task, small molecule enzyme-activatable fluorescent probes are ideal for this application. They are quickly activated at tumor sites and result in bright signal with little background, resulting in high sensitivity. Testing in resected specimens, however, can be difficult. Enzymes are usually stable after freezing and thawing but catalytic reactions are generally temperature-dependent. Therefore, tissue sample temperature should be carefully considered. In this study two enzyme activatable probes, γ-glutamylhydroxymethyl rhodamine green (gGlu-HMRG) that reacted with γ-glutamyltransferase and SPiDER-βGal that reacted with β-galactosidase, were employed to determine the effects of temperature on fluorescence signal kinetics in both fresh and frozen and then thawed ex vivo experimental ovarian cancer tissue samples. The results suggest γ-glutamyltransferase was less sensitive to temperature than β-galactosidase. Fresh samples showed higher fluorescence signals of gGlu-HMRG compared with thawed samples likely because the freeze-thaw cycle decreased the rate of internalization of the activated probe into the lysosome. In contrast, no significant difference of SPiDER-βGal fluorescence signal was observed between fresh and frozen tissues. In conclusion, although imaging of fresh samples at 37°C is the best condition for both probes, successful imaging with gGlu-HMRG could be achieved even at room temperature with thawed samples. We demonstrate that temperature regulation and tissue handling of resected tissue are two pitfalls that may influence ex vivo imaging signals with enzyme-activatable fluorescent probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Mochida
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fusa Ogata
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Maruoka
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daiki Fujimura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Functional Characterization of a New Cold-Adapted β-Galactosidase from an Arctic Fjord Sediment Bacteria Enterobacter ludwigii MCC 3423. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
17
|
A topically-sprayable, activatable fluorescent and retaining probe, SPiDER-βGal for detecting cancer: Advantages of anchoring to cellular proteins after activation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39512-39521. [PMID: 28467810 PMCID: PMC5503628 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SPiDER-βGal is a newly-developed probe that is activated by β-galactosidase and is then retained within cells by anchoring to intracellular proteins. Previous work has focused on gGlu-HMRG, a probe activated by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, which demonstrated high sensitivity for the detection of peritoneal ovarian cancer metastases in an animal model. However, its fluorescence, after activation by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, rapidly declines over time, limiting the actual imaging window and the ability to define the border of lesions. The purpose of this study is to compare the fluorescence signal kinetics of SPiDER-βGal with that of gGlu-HMRG using ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro and ex vivo tissue imaging. In vitro removal of gGlu-HMRG resulted in a rapid decrease of fluorescence intensity followed by a more gradual decrease up to 60 min while there was a gradual increase in fluorescence up to 60 min after removal of SPiDER-βGal. This is most likely due to internalization and retention of the dye within cells. This was also confirmed ex vivo tissue imaging using a red fluorescence protein (RFP)-labeled tumor model in which the intensity of fluorescence increased gradually after activation of SPiDER-βGal. Additionally, SPiDER-βGal resulted in intense enhancement within the tumor due to the high target-to-background ratio, which extended up to 60 min after activation. In contrast, gGlu-HMRG fluorescence resulted in decreasing fluorescence over time in extracted tumors. Thus, SPiDER-βGal has the advantages of higher signal with more signal retention, resulting in improved contrast of the tumor margin and suggesting it may be an alternative to existing activatable probes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Maruthamuthu M, van Elsas JD. Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of four novel thermo-alkaliphilic enzymes retrieved from a metagenomic library. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:142. [PMID: 28588643 PMCID: PMC5457731 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzyme discovery is a promising approach to aid in the deconstruction of recalcitrant plant biomass in an industrial process. Novel enzymes can be readily discovered by applying metagenomics on whole microbiomes. Our goal was to select, examine, and characterize eight novel glycoside hydrolases that were previously detected in metagenomic libraries, to serve biotechnological applications with high performance. RESULTS Here, eight glycosyl hydrolase family candidate genes were selected from metagenomes of wheat straw-degrading microbial consortia using molecular cloning and subsequent gene expression studies in Escherichia coli. Four of the eight enzymes had significant activities on either pNP-β-d-galactopyranoside, pNP-β-d-xylopyranoside, pNP-α-l-arabinopyranoside or pNP-α-d-glucopyranoside. These proteins, denoted as proteins 1, 2, 5 and 6, were his-tag purified and their nature and activities further characterized using molecular and activity screens with the pNP-labeled substrates. Proteins 1 and 2 showed high homologies with (1) a β-galactosidase (74%) and (2) a β-xylosidase (84%), whereas the remaining two (5 and 6) were homologous with proteins reported as a diguanylate cyclase and an aquaporin, respectively. The β-galactosidase- and β-xylosidase-like proteins 1 and 2 were confirmed as being responsible for previously found thermo-alkaliphilic glycosidase activities of extracts of E. coli carrying the respective source fosmids. Remarkably, the β-xylosidase-like protein 2 showed activities with both pNP-Xyl and pNP-Ara in the temperature range 40-50 °C and pH range 8.0-10.0. Moreover, proteins 5 and 6 showed thermotolerant α-glucosidase activity at pH 10.0. In silico structure prediction of protein 5 revealed the presence of a potential "GGDEF" catalytic site, encoding α-glucosidase activity, whereas that of protein 6 showed a "GDSL" site, encoding a 'new family' α-glucosidase activity. CONCLUSION Using a rational screening approach, we identified and characterized four thermo-alkaliphilic glycosyl hydrolases that have the potential to serve as constituents of enzyme cocktails that produce sugars from lignocellulosic plant remains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukil Maruthamuthu
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harada T, Nakamura Y, Sato K, Nagaya T, Choyke PL, Seto Y, Kobayashi H. Surgical tissue handling methods to optimize ex vivo fluorescence with the activatable optical probe γ-glutamyl hydroxymethyl rhodamine green. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:572-578. [PMID: 27444370 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optical fluorescence imaging has been developed as an aid to intraoperative diagnosis to improve surgical and endoscopic procedures. Compared with other intraoperative imaging methods, it is lower in cost, has a high safety margin, is portable and easy to use. γ-glutamyl hydroxymethyl rhodamine green (gGlu-HMRG) is a recently developed activatable fluorescence probe that emits strong fluorescence in the presence of the enzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), which is overexpressed in many cancers, including ovarian cancer. Ex vivo testing is important for clinical approval of such probes. The diagnostic performance of gGlu-HMRG in fresh excised surgical specimens has been reported; however, details of tissue handling have not been optimized. In this study, we investigated four different tissue handling procedures to optimize imaging in excised tumor specimens. The fluorescence intensity time courses after the different tissue handling methods were compared. Additionally, the fluorescence positive areas were correlated with the presence of red fluorescent protein (RFP) in an RFP positive cell line as the standard of reference for cancer location. In the 'intact' groups, tumors yielded quick and homogeneous activation of gGlu-HMRG. In the 'rinse' and 'cut' groups, the fluorescence intensity of the tumor was a little lower than that in the intact group. In the 'pressed' groups, however, fluorescence intensity from gGlu-HMRG was lower over the entire time course, suggesting a decrease or relocation of excreted GGT. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the method of tissue handling prior to ex vivo imaging with the activatable probe gGlu-HMRG has a strong influence on the signal derived from the specimen. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Harada
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Stomach and Esophageal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113, Japan
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cold-Active β-Galactosidases: Sources, Biochemical Properties and Their Biotechnological Potential. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EXTREMOPHILES: 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13521-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
21
|
Fan Y, Hua X, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Shen Q, Dong J, Zhao W, Zhang W, Jin Z, Yang R. Cloning, expression and structural stability of a cold-adapted β-galactosidase from Rahnella sp. R3. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 115:158-64. [PMID: 26145832 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel gene was isolated for the first time from a psychrophilic gram-negative bacterium Rahnella sp. R3. The gene encoded a cold-adapted β-galactosidase (R-β-Gal). Recombinant R-β-Gal was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), purified and characterized. R-β-gal belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family 42. Circular dichroism spectrometry of the structural stability of R-β-Gal with respect to temperature indicated that the secondary structures of the enzyme were stable to 45°C. In solution, the enzyme was a homo-trimer and was active at temperatures as low as 4°C. The enzyme did not require the presence of metal ions to be active, but Mg(2+), Mn(2+), and Ca(2+) enhanced its activity slightly, whereas Fe(3+), Zn(2+) and Al(3+) appeared to inactive it. The purified enzyme displayed K(m) values of 6.5 mM for ONPG and 2.2mM for lactose at 4°C. These values were lower than the corresponding K(m)s reported for other cold-adapted β-Gals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Pacific West Area, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Yinghui Feng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Qiuyun Shen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Juan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pawlak-Szukalska A, Wanarska M, Popinigis AT, Kur J. A novel cold-active β-d-galactosidase with transglycosylation activity from the Antarctic Arthrobacter sp. 32cB – Gene cloning, purification and characterization. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Wang SD, Guo GS, Li L, Cao LC, Tong L, Ren GH, Liu YH. Identification and characterization of an unusual glycosyltransferase-like enzyme with β-galactosidase activity from a soil metagenomic library. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 57:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|