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Rodrigues VB, Menezes JM, da Silva LC, Müller I, Mallmann L, Hermann BS, Menezes C, Brucker N, da Vida RL, Picada JN, Boaretto FBM, Schneider A, Linden R, Zanella R, Fleck JD, Charão MF. Caenorhabditis elegans as a suitable model to evaluate the toxicity of water from Rolante River, southern Brazil. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfad117. [PMID: 38178995 PMCID: PMC10762661 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Urbanization and agricultural activities increased environmental contaminants. Integrated analysis of water parameters and bioassays represents an essential approach to evaluating aquatic resource quality. This study aimed to assess water quality by microbiological and physicochemical parameters as well as the toxicological effects of water samples on the Ames test and Caenorhabditis elegans model. Samples were collected during (collection 1) and after (collection 2) pesticide application in the upper (S1), middle (S2), and lower (S3) sections of the Rolante River, southern Brazil. Metals were determined by GFAAS and pesticides by UPLC-MS/MS. Bioassays using the Ames test and the nematode C. elegans were performed. Levels of microbiological parameters, as well as Mn and Cu were higher than the maximum allowed limits established by legislation in collection 2 compared to collection 1. The presence of pesticide was observed in both collections; higher levels were found in collection 1. No mutagenic effect was detected. Significant inhibition of body length of C. elegans was found in collection 1 at S2 (P < 0.001) and S3 (P < 0.001) and in collection 2 at S2 (P = 0.004). Comparing the same sampling site between collections, a significant difference was found between the site of collection (F(3,6)=8.75, P = 0.01) and the time of collection (F(1,2)=28.61, P = 0.03), for the S2 and S3 samples. C. elegans model was useful for assessing surface water quality/toxicity. Results suggest that an integrated analysis for the surface water status could be beneficial for future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Bley Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Post-graduation in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Júlia Machado Menezes
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Post-graduation in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Cé da Silva
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Post-graduation in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora Müller
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Post-graduation in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Mallmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Post-graduation in Virology, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Saraiva Hermann
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Post-graduation in Virology, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Charlene Menezes
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Roselaine L da Vida
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brião Menezes Boaretto
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Anelise Schneider
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Post-graduation in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Post-graduation in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory (LARP), Chemistry Department, Analytical Chemistry Sector, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliane Deise Fleck
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Post-graduation in Virology, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Post-graduation in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, Feevale University, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
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Phan K, Hoeng S, Phin S, The N, Sriv T, Sao V, Chey CO. Chemical risks in drinking water of inhabitants in the basin of the Tonle Sap Great Lake. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1908-1921. [PMID: 38153720 PMCID: wh_2023_236 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess chemical risks in the drinking water of inhabitants in the basin of the Tonle Sap Great Lake. Water samples from tube wells (n = 52), dug wells (n = 13), stored rain water (n = 39), ponds/lakes (n = 19), canals/rivers (n = 24), and household pipe water (n = 45) were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties, as well as microbial and chemical qualities using standard methods. Analytical results revealed that 42.1% of tube wells had As > 10 μg L-1 while 8.3% had Cr > 0.05 mg L-1. Concurrently, 55.2 and 11.8% of tube wells had Cd > 3.00 μg L-1 and Pb > 10 μg L-1, respectively. Moreover, 35.0% of pipe water had Fe > 0.3 mg L-1, whereas 85.7% of tube wells and 69.2% of dug wells had Mn > 0.1 mg L-1. All water sources including pipe water could pose risks of non-carcinogenic effects of chemical mixtures to all exposure groups through their drinking water pathway. Children were at a higher risk of chemical mixtures in their drinking water than adults. This study suggests that advanced treatment technologies should be applied to the current water treatment plants to provide inhabitants with safe drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongkea Phan
- Food Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 120801, Cambodia; Water Innovation Lab, Kampong Cham 030501, Cambodia E-mail:
| | - Sophanith Hoeng
- Food Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 120801, Cambodia
| | - Samnang Phin
- Food Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 120801, Cambodia
| | - Noreaksatya The
- Food Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 120801, Cambodia
| | - Tharith Sriv
- Graduated School of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Federation of Russia Blvd, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vibol Sao
- Graduated School of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Federation of Russia Blvd, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chan Oeurn Chey
- Graduated School of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Federation of Russia Blvd, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Gaffan N, Degbey C, Kpozehouen A, Ahanhanzo YG, Paraïso MN. Exploring the association between household access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and common childhood diseases using data from the 2017-2018 Demographic and Health Survey in Benin: focus on diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074332. [PMID: 37730407 PMCID: PMC10510876 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The paper aimed to study the association between household access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and the occurrence of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection among children under 5 years in Benin. DESIGN We performed secondary analyses using Benin's Fifth Demographic and Health Survey datasets. The dependent variables were diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection (yes=1, no=0). Among the independent variables were the household access to individual WASH services, grouped as follows: 'basic', 'limited', 'unimproved' and 'no service'. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between household access to WASH services and the occurrence of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection. Results from the multivariate logistic regression were presented using adjusted Odds Ratios (aORs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CIs). SETTING Benin. PARTICIPANTS Children under 5 years successfully surveyed during Benin's Fifth Demographic and Health Survey. OUTCOME MEASURES Diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection. RESULTS In the current study, 12 034 children under 5 years met the selection criteria and were included in the analyses. The prevalence of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection was 10.5% (95% CI=9.8% to 11.3%) and 2.9% (95% CI=2.5% to 3.4%), respectively. Children living in households without sanitation service, that is, practising open defecation (aOR=1.9, 95% CI=1.4 to 2.6), and with unimproved (aOR=1.9, 95% CI=1.3 to 2.7) and limited (aOR=1.5, 95% CI=1.1 to 2.2) services were more likely to have diarrhoea compared with children with basic sanitation services. Household access to WASH services was not associated with acute respiratory infection. CONCLUSION We suggest reinforcing household access to basic sanitation services to combat diarrhoea in children under 5 years. Further research is needed on the effects of WASH interventions on diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaffan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Cyriaque Degbey
- Department of Environmental Health, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Alphonse Kpozehouen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Yolaine Glele Ahanhanzo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Moussiliou Noël Paraïso
- Department of Health Promotion, Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
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Ikeuchi S, Hien BT, Thuan NK, Thi L, Hara-Kudo Y, Taniguchi T, Hayashidani H. [Contamination of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Retail Fresh Vegetables in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2021; 62:94-99. [PMID: 34219102 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.62.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From July 2017 to January 2019, total of 645 retail fresh vegetables collected from 19 retail shops and markets was investigated to know the contamination of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Of 645 samples, 2 samples (0.3%) were positive for pathogenic E. coli. Of 2 pathogenic E. coli positive samples, 1 was EHEC (stx2 positive) and the other was ETEC (sta positive). Two pathogenic E. coli strains were isolated from crisphead lettuce. EHEC strain was not serotyped by commercial antisera and ETEC was serotyped as O20. EHEC and ETEC strains showed multi-drug resistance against 4 and 7 antibiotics, respectively. These results indicate that retail fresh vegetables seem to be not an important source of human EHEC and ETEC infection in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ikeuchi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agricultureand Technology
| | - Bui Thi Hien
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Nguyen Khanh Thuan
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Cantho University
| | - Ly Thi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Cantho University
| | | | - Takahide Taniguchi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agricultureand Technology.,Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Hideki Hayashidani
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agricultureand Technology.,Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Desiree K, Schwan CL, Ly V, Hok L, Bello NM, Nwadike L, Phebus RK, Vipham JL. Investigating Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Coliforms on Fresh Vegetables Sold in Informal Markets in Cambodia†. J Food Prot 2021; 84:843-849. [PMID: 33320940 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vegetables in Cambodia are commonly sold in informal markets lacking food safety standards and controls. Current data on microbial contamination of vegetables in Cambodian informal markets are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate Salmonella enterica and indicator organisms (Escherichia coli and coliforms) on the surface of fresh vegetables sold in informal markets in Cambodia. Samples of loose-leaf lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers were collected from 104 vendors at four informal markets in Battambang and Siem Reap provinces during the rainy and dry seasons. Detection methods for S. enterica were adapted from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Coliform and E. coli populations were quantified by plating onto E. coli/coliform count plates. S. enterica was most prevalent on lettuce during the dry season (56.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] [41.0, 70.8]) than during the rainy season (15.4%, 95% CI [7.5, 29.1]), whereas no significant seasonal differences were apparent for tomatoes and cucumbers. Regardless of season, levels of S. enterica were highest on lettuce (5.7 log CFU/g, 95% CI [5.5, 5.9]), relative to cucumbers (4.2 log CFU/g, 95% CI [3.8, 4.6]) and tomatoes (4.3 log CFU/g, 95% CI [4.1, 4.6]). For E. coli, prevalence was higher during the rainy season (34.0%, 95% CI [25.4, 43.8]) than during the dry season (9.1%, 95% CI [4.9, 16.5]), with the highest prevalence estimated on lettuce. Coliform levels on lettuce and tomatoes were greater during the rainy season (6.3 and 5.3 log CFU/g, 95% CI [5.7, 6.8] and [4.7, 5.8], respectively) than during the dry season (5.2 and 3.9 log CFU/g, 95% CI [4.7, 5.7] and [3.4, 4.4], respectively). These results indicate seasonal patterns for microbial prevalence in lettuce and an overall high level of bacterial contamination on raw vegetables sold in Cambodian informal markets. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Desiree
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5910-4195 [K.D.]
| | - Carla L Schwan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.]
| | - Visoth Ly
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lyda Hok
- Faculty of Agronomy and Center of Excellence on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Nutrition, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2175-1412 [L.H.])
| | - Nora M Bello
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Londa Nwadike
- Research and Extension, Kansas State University and University of Missouri, Olathe, Kansas 66061, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-0224 [L.N.])
| | - Randall K Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-9751 [R.K.P.]
| | - Jessie L Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2918-1058 [J.L.V.]
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Masachessi G, Prez VE, Michelena JF, Lizasoain A, Ferreyra LJ, Martínez LC, Giordano MO, Barril PA, Paván JV, Pisano MB, Farías AA, Isa MB, Ré VE, Colina R, Nates SV. Proposal of a pathway for enteric virus groups detection as indicators of faecal contamination to enhance the evaluation of microbiological quality in freshwater in Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143400. [PMID: 33199001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An environmental survey was conducted in order to assess the frequency of detection of picobirnavirus (PBV), human adenovirus (HAdV) and infective enterovirus (iEV) as indicators of faecal contamination in freshwater, and to determine their potential as reporters of the presence of other enteric viruses, such as group A rotavirus (RVA). The study was carried out over a three-year period (2013-2015) in the San Roque Dam, Córdoba, Argentina. The overall frequency detection was 62.9% for PBV, 64.2% for HAdV and 70.4% for iEV. No significant differences were observed in the rates of detection for any of these viruses through the years studied, and a seasonal pattern was not present. Whenever there was RVA detection in the samples analyzed, there was also detection of iEV and/or HAdV and/or PBV. At least one of the viral groups analyzed was demonstrated in the 100% of the samples with faecal coliforms values within the guideline limits. In this setting, especially in those samples which reveal faecal indicator bacteria within the guideline limit, we propose to carry out a pathway, involving PBV, HAdV and iEV detection in order to enhance the evaluation of microbiological quality in freshwater in Argentina. The proposed methodological strategy could report faecal contamination in water, mainly of human origin, and the condition of the matrix to maintain viral viability. In addition, the viral groups selected could report the presence of RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Masachessi
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina.
| | - V E Prez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | - J F Michelena
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular-Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte-Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - L J Ferreyra
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L C Martínez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M O Giordano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P A Barril
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI A.C.), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, CP 8309 Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - J V Paván
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M B Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | - A A Farías
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M B Isa
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, Argentina
| | - R Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular-Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Norte-Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - S V Nates
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Schwan CL, Desiree K, Bello NM, Bastos L, Hok L, Phebus RK, Gragg S, Kastner J, Vipham JL. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Food Contact and Nonfood Contact Surfaces in Cambodian Informal Markets. J Food Prot 2021; 84:73-79. [PMID: 33393619 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The lack of hygiene and sanitation practices and insufficient infrastructure in Cambodian informal markets may increase the risk of food contamination, specifically raw vegetables, which in turn may increase the chances of contracting a foodborne disease. The aims of this study in informal markets in Cambodia were (i) to quantify the prevalence of Salmonella enterica based upon differences in season of the year (rainy versus dry), surface types (food contact surfaces versus nonfood contact surfaces), and location of vendors within the market (inside versus outside) and (ii) to characterize S. enterica serotype prevalence. A total of 310 samples were screened for S. enterica prevalence following the U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines, and results were confirmed by PCR assay. Whole genome sequencing was used to determine the serotype for each isolate in silico using SeqSero 1.0 on draft genomes. A total of 78 samples were confirmed positive for S. enterica. During the dry season, S. enterica was more prevalent on food contact surfaces than on nonfood contact surfaces (estimated probability of detection [confidence interval]: 0.41 [0.25, 0.59] and 0.17 [0.08, 0.32], respectively; P = 0.002), but no differences were apparent in the rainy season. No differences in S. enterica prevalence were found based on location within the market (P = 0.61). Sixteen S. enterica serotypes were detected across multiple surfaces. The most common S. enterica serotypes were Rissen (18 isolates), Hvittingfoss (11), Corvallis (10), Krefeld (8), Weltevreden (6), and Altona (6). Accurate data on the prevalence of S. enterica in informal markets are crucial for the development of effective surveillance and implementation of suitable intervention strategies at the domestic level, thus preventing foodborne illness. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Schwan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
| | - Karina Desiree
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
| | - Nora M Bello
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Leonardo Bastos
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Lyda Hok
- Faculty of Agronomy and Center of Excellence on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Nutrition, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Randall K Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
| | - Sara Gragg
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
| | - Justin Kastner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Jessie L Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
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Microbial Contamination, an Increasing Threat to the Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Today's World. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:3029295. [PMID: 32565813 PMCID: PMC7269610 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3029295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes are found all over the globe with some few exceptions, including sterilized surfaces. They include normal flora that is nonpathogenic, which contribute to the larger percentage, and pathogenic species which are few. Hence, the activities of humans cannot be completely separated from microbes. Thus, many pathogenic microbes have found their way into fresh fruits and vegetables which are a great source of a healthy diet for humans. The growing demand for fresh fruits and vegetables has necessitated larger production. The larger production of vegetables within the shortest possible time to meet the growing demand has placed them at a higher risk of contamination with the pathogenic microbes, making the safety of consumers uncertain. Study of sources of contamination and type of pathogenic etiological agents isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables includes Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, E. coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella, Staphylococcus, and Vibrio cholera. Several measures have proven to be effective in controlling contamination of microbes and they include the establishment of surveillance systems to monitor the production chain and thoroughly washing vegetables with vinegar water. Saltwater and other washing techniques are effective but caution should be taken to make sure one does not use one cycle of water for washing all vegetables. The consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is still encouraged by this review but significant measures must be taken to check the safety of these products before consumption.
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Thomes MW, Vaezzadeh V, Zakaria MP, Bong CW. Use of sterols and linear alkylbenzenes as molecular markers of sewage pollution in Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31555-31580. [PMID: 31440968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asia has undergone rapid developments in terms of urbanization, economic and population growth. The progress in sewerage treatment infrastructure has not kept pace with such developments. The inadequacy and inefficiency of sewerage systems has prompted the release of untreated sewage into the aquatic environment of Southeast Asia causing many waterborne illnesses since surface water is utilized for recreational, agricultural and aquaculture purposes and, above all, as a source of water intake in Southeast Asia. This paper will review the current data on molecular markers of sewage pollution including sterols and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) in Southeast Asian aquatic environment to clarify the state of sewage pollution and the competence of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in this area. Despite the importance of sewage pollution research in the region, the number of studies using molecular markers to trace the sources of sewage pollution is limited. So far, indicators of sewage pollution have been investigated in aquatic environments of Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia and Brunei among Southeast Asian countries. The concentrations and diagnostic ratios of faecal sterols and LABs show the release of untreated and primary treated urban waste into water bodies of these countries. Further studies are required to fill the data gaps in Southeast Asia and come to a better understanding of the trends of sewage pollution in this part of the world. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret William Thomes
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vahab Vaezzadeh
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chui Wei Bong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Singhal N, Singh NS, Maurya AK, Virdi JS. Virulence-associated traits and in vitro biofilm-forming ability of Escherichia coli isolated from a major river traversing Northern India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21304-21311. [PMID: 31124069 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several strains of Escherichia coli harbor virulence traits, resulting in E. coli-related intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. Various studies have reported that extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains were prevalent in nonhuman reservoirs, including environmental waterways. It is therefore important to identify the pathogenic potential and/or ExPEC status of E. coli strains inhabiting the aquatic environments associated with anthropogenic activities. Besides virulence-associated genes, biofilm production also helps in the survival of E. coli in environmental waterbodies. Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess the virulence potential, ExPEC status, and biofilm-producing capability of E. coli isolated from the River Yamuna, a major river traversing the National Capital Region of Delhi, India. We also tried to discern a co-relation, if any, between virulence, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance in these strains. Our results indicated that virulence-associated genes were scarce and none of the strain qualified the molecular criteria essential for ExPEC. This suggested that E. coli strains which can presumably cause human extra-intestinal infections were not prominent in the River Yamuna. However, the fact that more than 80% of the aquatic E. coli isolates were moderate and strong biofilm producers suggests that E. coli in these environments might serve as opportunistic pathogens. Also, no unequivocal association was observed between biofilm production, virulence, and β-lactamase genes in E. coli strains. As per the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where the relationship between virulence, biofilms, and antimicrobials has been examined in E. coli, isolated from an Indian urban aquatic waterbody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelja Singhal
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Nambram Somendro Singh
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Anay Kumar Maurya
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Chuah CJ, Ziegler AD. Temporal Variability of Faecal Contamination from On-Site Sanitation Systems in the Groundwater of Northern Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 61:939-953. [PMID: 29508021 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the impacts of on-site sanitation systems to local groundwater. In this year-long study, we monitored the response of faecal contamination levels to hydroclimatological factors including rainfall and groundwater table. Concentration of faecal indicators-E. coli (ESC), Enterococcus (ENT), nitrate-in thirteen pairs of shallow and deep wells were determined every 7-14 days. All samples from shallow wells were tested positive for faecal contamination (ESC and ENT > 1 MPN/100 mL) but concentration varies. A maximum of 24,000 MPN/100 mL were recorded in some shallow wells. Water from deep wells showed lower susceptibility to contamination with only 4 and 23% of samples tested positive for ESC and ENT, respectively. Concentrations of ESC and ENT were lower too, with a maximum of 5 MPN/100 mL and 28 MPN/100 mL, respectively. Fluctuation in contamination among the wells was described by four archetypal responses to hydroclimatological forcing: (i) flushing during the onset of wet season, (ii) dilution over the course of the wet season, (iii) concentration during the dry season, and (iv) synoptic response to storms. Previous studies attempting to link the prevalence of faecal/waterborne diseases and temporal factors (e.g., dry vs wet season) have produced differing outcomes. Our study may help explain the relevant hydrological mechanisms leading to these varying observations. Presently, most communities in Thailand have access to 'improved' sanitation systems. However, due to the unsustainable implementation of these systems, the otherwise viable drinking-water resources in the form of the abundant local groundwater has become a genuine health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joon Chuah
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, AS2, #03-01, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, 117570, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Water Policy, National University of Singapore, 469A Bukit Timah Rd, 259772, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Alan D Ziegler
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, AS2, #03-01, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, 117570, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Nshimyimana JP, Cruz MC, Thompson RJ, Wuertz S. Bacteroidales markers for microbial source tracking in Southeast Asia. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 118:239-248. [PMID: 28433694 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The island city country of Singapore served as a model to validate the use of host-associated Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene marker assays for identifying sources of fecal pollution in the urban tropical environment of Southeast Asia. A total of 295 samples were collected from sewage, humans, domesticated animals (cats, dogs, rabbits and chicken), and wild animals (birds, monkeys and wild boars). Samples were analyzed by real time PCR using five human-associated assays (HF183-SYBR Green, HF183, BacHum, BacH and B. thetaiotaomicron α-1-6, mannanase (B. theta), one canine-associated assay (BacCan), and a total Bacteroidales assay (BacUni). The best performing human-associated assay was B. theta with a diagnostic sensitivity of 69% and 100% in human stool and sewage, respectively, and a specificity of 98%. BacHum achieved the second highest sensitivity and specificity for human stool at 65% and 91%, respectively. The canine-associated Bacteroidales assay (BacCan) had a sensitivity and specificity above 80% and was validated for tracking fecal pollution from dogs. BacUni demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for mammals, thus BacUni was confirmed for total Bacteroidales detection in the region. We showed for the first time that rabbit fecal samples cross-react with human-associated assays (HF183-SYBR Green, HF183, BacHum and BacH) and with BacCan. Our findings regarding the best performing human-associated assays differ from those reported in Bangladesh and India, which are geographically close to Southeast Asia, and where HF183 and BacHum were the preferred assays, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Nshimyimana
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, NTU, 60 Nanyang Dr., Singapore, 637551, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Mercedes C Cruz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, NTU, 60 Nanyang Dr., Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - R Janelle Thompson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, NTU, 60 Nanyang Dr., Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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13
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Nshimyimana JP, Freedman AJE, Shanahan P, Chua LCH, Thompson JR. Variation of Bacterial Communities with Water Quality in an Urban Tropical Catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5591-5601. [PMID: 28414467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for assessment of water quality in tropical environments is the natural occurrence and potential growth of Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB). To gain a better understanding of the relationship between measured levels of FIB and the distribution of sewage-associated bacteria, including potential pathogens, in the tropics this study compared the abundance of FIB (Total coliforms and E. coli) and the Bacteroidales (HF183 marker) with bacterial community structure determined by next-generation amplicon sequencing. Water was sampled twice over 6 months from 18 sites within a tropical urban catchment and reservoir, followed by extraction of DNA from microorganisms, and sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that bacterial community composition (BCC) varied between reservoir and catchment, within catchment land-uses, and with E. coli concentration. Beta-regression indicated that the proportion of sequences from sewage-associated taxa (SAT) or pathogen-like sequences (PLS) were predicted most significantly by measured levels of E. coli(log MPN/100 mL) (χ2 > 8.7; p < 0.003). In addition, SAT were significantly predicted by log HF183 levels (χ2=13.1; p = 0.0003) while PLS were not. Our study suggests that measurements of E. coli concentration could be useful in predicting samples enriched in sewage-associated and pathogen-like bacteria in tropical environments despite the potential for nonconservative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Nshimyimana
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modeling (CENSAM), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) , 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Singapore Center on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), NTU , 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Adam Joshua Ehrich Freedman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modeling (CENSAM), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) , 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Peter Shanahan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modeling (CENSAM), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) , 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lloyd C H Chua
- School of Engineering, Deakin University , Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Janelle R Thompson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modeling (CENSAM), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) , 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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14
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Vital PG, Van Ha NT, Tuyet LTH, Widmer KW. Application of quantitative real-time PCR compared to filtration methods for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in surface waters within Vietnam. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:155-162. [PMID: 28151448 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface water samples in Vietnam were collected from the Saigon River, rural and suburban canals, and urban runoff canals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and were processed to enumerate Escherichia coli. Quantification was done through membrane filtration and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mean log colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 ml E. coli counts in the dry season for river/suburban canals and urban canals were log 2.8 and 3.7, respectively, using a membrane filtration method, while using Taqman quantitative real-time PCR they were log 2.4 and 2.8 for river/suburban canals and urban canals, respectively. For the wet season, data determined by the membrane filtration method in river/suburban canals and urban canals samples had mean counts of log 3.7 and 4.1, respectively. While mean log CFU/100 ml counts in the wet season using quantitative PCR were log 3 and 2, respectively. Additionally, the urban canal samples were significantly lower than those determined by conventional culture methods for the wet season. These results show that while quantitative real-time PCR can be used to determine levels of fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters, there are some limitations to its application and it may be impacted by sources of runoff based on surveyed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierangeli G Vital
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Nguyen Thi Van Ha
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ho Chi Minh City University for Natural Resources and Environment, 236B Le Van Sy Street, Ward 1, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Hong Tuyet
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ho Chi Minh City University for Natural Resources and Environment, 236B Le Van Sy Street, Ward 1, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kenneth W Widmer
- International Environmental Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Bukgu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea E-mail:
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15
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Prez VE, Gil PI, Temprana CF, Cuadrado PR, Martínez LC, Giordano MO, Masachessi G, Isa MB, Ré VE, Paván JV, Nates SV, Barril PA. Quantification of human infection risk caused by rotavirus in surface waters from Córdoba, Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:220-9. [PMID: 26311578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fecal contamination of water is a worrying problem because it is associated with the transmission of enteric pathogenic microorganisms that can cause many infectious diseases. In this study, an environmental survey was conducted to assess the level of viral contamination by viable enterovirus and rotavirus genome in two recreational rivers (Suquía and Xanaes) of Córdoba, Argentina. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was calculated to estimate the risk of rotavirus infection. Water sampling was carried out during a one-year period, the presence of total and fecal coliforms was determined and water samples were then concentrated for viral determination. Cell culture and indirect immunofluorescence were applied for enterovirus detection and RT-qPCR for rotavirus quantification. Coliform bacteria levels found in Suquía River often far exceeded the guideline limits for recreational waters. The Xanaes exhibited a lower level of bacterial contamination, frequently within the guideline limits. Enterovirus and rotavirus were frequently detected in the monitoring rivers (percentage of positive samples in Suquía: 78.6% enterovirus, 100% rotavirus; in Xanaes: 87.5% enterovirus, 18.7% rotavirus). Rotavirus was detected at a media concentration of 5.7×10(5) genome copies/L (gc/L) in the Suquía and 8.5×10(0)gc/L in the Xanaes. QMRA revealed high risk of rotavirus infection in the Suquía, at sampling points with acceptable and non-acceptable bacteria numbers. The Xanaes showed significantly lower health risk of rotavirus infection but it proved to be a public health hazard. The viral occurrence was not readily explained by the levels of bacteria indicators, thus viral monitoring should be included to determine microbiological water quality. These findings provide the first data of QMRA for recreational waters in Argentina and reveal the need for public awareness of the health implications of the use of the river waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Prez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P I Gil
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C F Temprana
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P R Cuadrado
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L C Martínez
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M O Giordano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Masachessi
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M B Isa
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J V Paván
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S V Nates
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P A Barril
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
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Gomi R, Matsuda T, Fujimori Y, Harada H, Matsui Y, Yoneda M. Characterization of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in River Water by Simultaneous Detection and Sequencing of 14 Virulence Genes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6800-6807. [PMID: 25919763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli in environmental waters increases the risk of waterborne disease. In this study, 14 virulence genes in 669 E. coli isolates (549 isolates from the Yamato River in Japan, and 30 isolates from each of the following hosts: humans, cows, pigs, and chickens) were simultaneously quantified by multiplex PCR and dual index sequencing to determine the prevalence of potentially pathogenic E. coli. Among the 549 environmental isolates, 64 (12%) were classified as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) while eight (1.5%) were classified as intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC). Only ExPEC-associated genes were detected in human isolates and pig isolates, and 11 (37%) and five (17%) isolates were classified as ExPEC, respectively. A high proportion (63%) of cow isolates possessed Shiga-toxin genes (stx1 or stx2) and they were classified as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Among the chicken isolates, 14 (47%) possessed iutA, which is an ExPEC-associated gene. This method can determine the sequences as well as the presence/absence of virulence genes. By comparing the sequences of virulence genes, we determined that sequences of iutA were different among sources and may be useful for discriminating isolates, although further studies including larger numbers of isolates are needed. Results indicate that humans are a likely source of ExPEC strains in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Gomi
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- ‡Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, 520-0811, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujimori
- §Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Harada
- §Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuto Matsui
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
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Garcia BCB, Dimasupil MAZ, Vital PG, Widmer KW, Rivera WL. Fecal contamination in irrigation water and microbial quality of vegetable primary production in urban farms of Metro Manila, Philippines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:734-743. [PMID: 26273758 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1048107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination of fresh produce can present a severe risk to public health. By conducting a rigorous survey of irrigation waters, the impacts of fecal contamination on the quality of produce could be assessed. In this study, surface waters were observed to be contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and somatic coliphages. Culture methods show that out of 373 irrigation water, soil, and vegetable samples collected for a 1-year period, 232 (62.20%) were found positive for E. coli, 213 (57.26%) for somatic coliphages, and 2 (0.53%) for Salmonella spp. Out of 190 water samples, 167 (87.9%) were found to have E.coli, 174 (91.6%) have somatic coliphages, and 1 (0.5%) with Salmonella spp. In soil samples, 36 of 91 (39.6%) have E. coli, 31 (34.0%) have somatic coliphages, and none with Salmonella spp. Lastly, out of 92 vegetable samples, 29 (31.5%), 8 (8.7%), and 1 (1.1%) were found to have E. coli, somatic coliphages, and Salmonella spp., respectively. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of bacterial contaminants. Seasonal weather conditions were noted to have an effect on the presence and number of these fecal indicator organisms. The observed data suggest that contaminated irrigation water may greatly affect the quality of fresh produce from these agricultural operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Clarise B Garcia
- a Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines , Diliman , Quezon City , Philippines
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