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Jo SY, Lim SH, Lee JY, Son J, Choi JI, Park SJ. Microbial production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), from lab to the shelf: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133157. [PMID: 38901504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural biopolyesters produced by microorganisms that represent one of the most promising candidates for the replacement of conventional plastics due to their complete biodegradability and advantageous material properties which can be modulated by varying their monomer composition. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] has received particular research attention because it can be synthesized based on the same microbial platform developed for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] without much modification, with as high productivity as P(3HB). It also offers more useful mechanical and thermal properties than P(3HB), which broaden its application as a biocompatible and biodegradable polyester. However, a significant commercial disadvantage of P(3HB-co-3HV) is its rather high production cost, thus many studies have investigated the economical synthesis of P(3HB-co-3HV) from structurally related and unrelated carbon sources in both wild-type and recombinant microbial strains. A large number of metabolic engineering strategies have also been proposed to tune the monomer composition of P(3HB-co-3HV) and thus its material properties. In this review, recent metabolic engineering strategies designed for enhanced production of P(3HB-co-3HV) are discussed, along with their current status, limitations, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Amabile C, Abate T, Muñoz R, Chianese S, Musmarra D. Techno-economic assessment of biopolymer production from methane and volatile fatty acids: effect of the reactor size and biomass concentration on the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) selling price. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172599. [PMID: 38657807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) is a biobased and biodegradable polymer that could efficiently replace fossil-based plastics. However, its widespread deployment is slowed down by the high production cost. In this work, the techno-economic assessment of the process for producing poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from low-cost substrates, such as methane and valeric acid derived from the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, is proposed. Several strategies for cost abatement, such as the use of a mixed consortium and a line for reagent recycling during downstream, were adopted. Different scenarios in terms of production, from 100 to 100,000 t/y, were analysed, and, for each case, the effect of the reactor volume (small, medium and large size) on the selling price was assessed. In addition, the effect of biomass concentration was also considered. Results show that the selling price of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) is minimum for a production plant with 100,000 t/y capacity, accounting for 18.4 €/kg, and highly influenced by the biomass concentration since it can be reduced up to 8.6 €/kg by increasing the total suspended solids from 5 to 30 g/L, This adjustment aligns the breakeven point of PHBV with the reported average commercial price.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Amabile
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Teresa Abate
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raul Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Simeone Chianese
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Dino Musmarra
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy
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3
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Longo A, Fanelli F, Villano M, Montemurro M, Rizzello CG. Bioplastic Production from Agri-Food Waste through the Use of Haloferax mediterranei: A Comprehensive Initial Overview. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1038. [PMID: 38930420 PMCID: PMC11205408 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The research on bioplastics (both biobased and biodegradable) is steadily growing and discovering environmentally friendly substitutes for conventional plastic. This review highlights the significance of bioplastics, analyzing, for the first time, the state of the art concerning the use of agri-food waste as an alternative substrate for biopolymer generation using Haloferax mediterranei. H. mediterranei is a highly researched strain able to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) since it can grow and produce bioplastic in high-salinity environments without requiring sterilization. Extensive research has been conducted on the genes and pathways responsible for PHB production using H. mediterranei to find out how fermentation parameters can be regulated to enhance cell growth and increase PHB accumulation. This review focuses on the current advancements in utilizing food waste as a substitute for costly substrates to reduce feedstock expenses. Specifically, it examines the production of biomass and the recovery of PHB from agri-food waste. Furthermore, it emphasizes the characterization of PHB and the significance of hydroxyvalerate (HV) abundance in the formation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) copolymer. The downstream processing options are described, and the crucial factors associated with industrial scale-up are assessed, including substrates, bioreactors, process parameters, and bioplastic extraction and purification. Additionally, the economic implications of various options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Longo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.G.R.)
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Marianna Villano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Montemurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.L.); (C.G.R.)
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4
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Chen J, Cui Y, Zhang S, Wu B, Han J, Xiang H. Unveiling the repressive mechanism of a PPS-like regulator (PspR) in polyhydroxyalkanoates biosynthesis network. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:265. [PMID: 38498113 PMCID: PMC10948481 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a type of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) that exhibits numerous outstanding properties and is naturally synthesized and elaborately regulated in various microorganisms. However, the regulatory mechanism involving the specific regulator PhaR in Haloferax mediterranei, a major PHBV production model among Haloarchaea, is not well understood. In our previous study, we showed that deletion of the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) synthetase-like (pps-like) gene activates the cryptic phaC genes in H. mediterranei, resulting in enhanced PHBV accumulation. In this study, we demonstrated the specific function of the PPS-like protein as a negative regulator of phaR gene expression and PHBV synthesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), in situ fluorescence reporting system, and in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that the PPS-like protein can bind to the promoter region of phaRP. Computational modeling revealed a high structural similarity between the rifampin phosphotransferase (RPH) protein and the PPS-like protein, which has a conserved ATP-binding domain, a His domain, and a predicted DNA-binding domain. Key residues within this unique DNA-binding domain were subsequently validated through point mutation and functional evaluations. Based on these findings, we concluded that PPS-like protein, which we now renamed as PspR, has evolved into a repressor capable of regulating the key regulator PhaR, and thereby modulating PHBV synthesis. This regulatory network (PspR-PhaR) for PHA biosynthesis is likely widespread among haloarchaea, providing a novel approach to manipulate haloarchaea as a production platform for high-yielding PHA. KEY POINTS: • The repressive mechanism of a novel inhibitor PspR in the PHBV biosynthesis was demonstrated • PspR is widespread among the PHA accumulating haloarchaea • It is the first report of functional conversion from an enzyme to a trans-acting regulator in haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Akkoyunlu B, Gabarre C, Daly S, Casey E, Syron E. Process modelling for industrial scale polyhydroxybutyrate production using fructose, formic acid and CO 2: Assessing carbon sources and economic viability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130139. [PMID: 38040312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable polymer that has potential to replace petroleum-derived plastics. However, the commercialisation of PHB is hindered by high production costs. In this study, the material flow and economics of an industrial scale PHB production process using fructose, formic acid and carbon dioxide (CO2) as carbon sources were simulated and analysed. The lowest breakeven price of 3.64 $/kg PHB was obtained when fructose was utilized as carbon source. When formic acid and CO2 were used, the breakeven price was 10.30 and 10.24 $/kg PHB due to raw material cost, respectively. Although using formic acid and CO2 is more expensive, they meet the emerging sustainable needs for plastic production and contribute to the circular economy via CO2 fixation. This study suggests that the use of formic acid and CO2 as feedstock for PHB production has potential to become competitive in the bioplastic market with further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Akkoyunlu
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charlotte Gabarre
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; INP, ENSIACET, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Sorcha Daly
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Eoin Casey
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Eoin Syron
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Tang H, Li YQ, Wang MJ, Wang Y, Luo CB. Valorization of lignin-derived compounds into poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by engineered Halomonas sp. Y3. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126079. [PMID: 37536413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a biopolyester with great potential, but its high production cost via the propionate-dependent pathway has hindered its development. Herein, we engineer Halomonas sp. Y3 to achieve efficient conversion of various LDCs into PHBV without propionate supplement. Initially, we successfully achieve PHBV production without propionate supplement by overexpressing threonine synthesis. The resulting biopolyester exhibits a 3 HV proportion of up to 7.89 mol%, comparable to commercial PHBV (8 mol%) available from Sigma Aldrich (403105). To further enhance PHBV production, we rationally design the reconstruction of aromatic compound catabolism. The engineered strain Y3_18 efficiently assimilates all LDCs containing syringyl (S), guaiacyl (G), and p-hydroxyphenyl-type (H) units. From 1 g/L of S-, G-, and H-type LDCs, Y3_18 produces PHBV at levels of 449 mg/L, 488 mg/L, and 716 mg/L, respectively, with yields of 44.9 % (g/g), 48.8 % (g/g), and 71.6 % (g/g). Moreover, to improve PHBV yield from lignin, we integrate laccase-secretion and PHBV production modules. This integration leads to the accumulation of 425.84 mg/L of PHBV with a yield of 21.29 % (g/g) and a 3 HV proportion of 6.38 mol%. By harnessing the capabilities of Halomonas sp. Y3, we demonstrate an efficient and sustainable approach for PHBV production from a variety of LDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Yuan-Qiu Li
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Ming-Jun Wang
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China.
| | - Chao-Bing Luo
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China.
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7
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Goswami L, Kushwaha A, Napathorn SC, Kim BS. Valorization of organic wastes using bioreactors for polyhydroxyalkanoate production: Recent advancement, sustainable approaches, challenges, and future perspectives. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125743. [PMID: 37423435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are encouraging biodegradable polymers, which may ease the environmental problems caused by petroleum-derived plastics. However, there is a growing waste removal problem and the high price of pure feedstocks for PHA biosynthesis. This has directed to the forthcoming requirement to upgrade waste streams from various industries as feedstocks for PHA production. This review covers the state-of-the-art progress in utilizing low-cost carbon substrates, effective upstream and downstream processes, and waste stream recycling to sustain entire process circularity. This review also enlightens the use of various batch, fed-batch, continuous, and semi-continuous bioreactor systems with flexible results to enhance the productivity and simultaneously cost reduction. The life-cycle and techno-economic analyses, advanced tools and strategies for microbial PHA biosynthesis, and numerous factors affecting PHA commercialization were also covered. The review includes the ongoing and upcoming strategies viz. metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, morphology engineering, and automation to expand PHA diversity, diminish production costs, and improve PHA production with an objective of "zero-waste" and "circular bioeconomy" for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Goswami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Anamika Kushwaha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Beom Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Mahato RP, Kumar S, Singh P. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from renewable resources: a review on prospects, challenges and applications. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:172. [PMID: 37017747 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics replace synthetic plastics of petrochemical origin, which contributes challenge to both polymer quality and economics. Novel polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)-composite materials, with desirable product quality, could be developed, thus targeting the global plastics market, in the coming years. It is possible that PHA can be a greener substitute for their petroleum-based competitors since they are simply decomposed, which may lessen the pressure on municipal and industrial waste management systems. PHA production has proven to be the bottleneck in industrial application and commercialization because of the high price of carbon substrates and downstream processes required to achieve reliability. Bacterial PHA production by these municipal and industrial wastes, which act as a cheap, renewable carbon substrate, eliminates waste management hassles and acts as an efficient substitute for synthetic plastics. In the present review, challenges and opportunities related to the commercialization of polyhydroxyalkanoates are discussed and presented. Moreover, it discusses critical steps of their production process, feedstock evaluation, optimization strategies, and downstream processes. This information may provide us the complete utilization of bacterial PHA during possible applications in packaging, nutrition, medicine, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Prasad Mahato
- Department of Microbiology, Kanya Gurukul Campus, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, 249407, India.
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Padma Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Kanya Gurukul Campus, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, 249407, India
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9
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Ahmed MM, Upadhyay RK, Tiwari P. Techno economic comparison of combustor integrated steam reforming and sorption enhanced chemical looping steam reforming of methanol. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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10
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Zou Y, Yang M, Tao Q, Zhu K, Liu X, Wan C, Harder MK, Yan Q, Liang B, Ntaikou I, Antonopoulou G, Lyberatos G, Zhang Y. Recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) polymers from a mixed microbial culture through combined ultrasonic disruption and alkaline digestion. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116786. [PMID: 36410150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PHAs are a form of cellular storage polymers with diverse structural and material properties, and their biodegradable and renewable nature makes them a potential green alternative to fossil fuel-based plastics. PHAs are obtained through extraction via various mechanical, physical and chemical processes after their intracellular synthesis. Most studies have until now focused on pure cultures, while information on mixed microbial cultures (MMC) remains limited. In this study, ultrasonic (US) disruption and alkaline digestion by NaOH were applied individually and in combination to obtain PHAs products from an acclimated MMC using phenol as the carbon source. Various parameters were tested, including ultrasonic sound energy density, NaOH concentration, treatment time and temperature, and biomass density. US alone caused limited cell lysis and resulted in high energy consumption and low efficiency. NaOH of 0.05-0.2 M was more efficient in cell disruption, but led to PHAs degradation under elevated temperature and prolonged treatment. Combining US and NaOH significantly improved the overall process efficiency, which could reduce energy consumption by 2/3rds with only minimal PHAs degradation. The most significant factor was identified to be NaOH dosage and treatment time, with US sound energy density playing a minor role. Under the semi-optimized condition (0.2 M NaOH, 1300 W L-1, 10 min), over 70% recovery and 80% purity were achieved from a 3 g L-1 MMC slurry of approximately 50% PHAs fraction. The material and thermal properties of the products were analyzed, and the polymers obtained from US + NaOH treatments showed comparable or higher molecular weight to previously reported results. The products also exhibited good thermal stability and rheological properties, compared to the commercial standard. In conclusion, the combined US and NaOH method has the potential in real application as an efficient process to obtain high quality PHAs from MMC, and cost-effectiveness can be further optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyue Tao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Keliang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Marie K Harder
- Values and Sustainability Research Group, Cockcroft Building, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Qun Yan
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Adesso Advanced Materials Wuhu Co. Ltd., Bldg.6, Xinghui Science and Technology Industrial Park, Sanshan District, Wuhu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ioanna Ntaikou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Platani, Patras, GR 26504, Greece
| | | | - Gerasimos Lyberatos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Platani, Patras, GR 26504, Greece; School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Yukesh Kannah R, Dinesh Kumar M, Kavitha S, Rajesh Banu J, Kumar Tyagi V, Rajaguru P, Kumar G. Production and recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from waste streams - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128203. [PMID: 36330969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are the more attractive sustainable green plastic, and it has the potential to replace petroleum-based plastics (PBP) in the global market. Recently, most of the developed and developing countries have banned the use of traditional PBP. This increases the demand for green plastic production and positively impacts the global market. Producing green plastic from various waste streams such as whey, animal, and crude glycerol will be eco-friendly and cost-effective. However, the factors influencing the environmental sustainability of PHA production from different waste streams are still unclear. This review could be reinforced concrete to researchers to gather deep knowledge on techno-economic analysis, life-cycle assessment, environmental and ecological risks caused during PHA production from different waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yukesh Kannah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu 627007 India; Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - M Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu 627007 India; Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kavitha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu 627007 India
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu 610005, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - P Rajaguru
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu 610005, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Process Development of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production by Halophiles Valorising Food Waste. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110630. [DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is an emerging biodegradable plastic family that can replace a broad spectrum of conventional thermoplastics and is promising in the sustainable process development and valorization of organic waste. This study established a novel production system of PHA from food waste through halophilic microbial fermentation with spent medium recycling. The essential processing parameters for batch cultivation of Haloferax mediterranei were optimized for food waste substrate (a 40 g/L loading and 2.5 vvm of aeration), which achieved a yield of 0.3 g PHA/g COD consumed. A batch bioreactor system was developed, which produced 7.0 ± 0.7 g/L cell dry mass and 4.5 ± 0.2 g/L PHA with a 20% dissolved oxygen (DO) level. A DO above 50% saturation resulted in faster cell growth and similar cell mass production but 25% less PHA production. The spent saline medium, treated with H2O2 and rotary evaporation, was successfully reused for four consecutive batches and provided consistent PHA concentrations and product qualities.
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Priya A, Hathi Z, Haque MA, Kumar S, Kumar A, Singh E, Lin CSK. Effect of levulinic acid on production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from food waste by Haloferax mediterranei. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114001. [PMID: 35934144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), especially poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is considered as the most suitable candidate to replace petrochemical plastics. However, the high production cost and the composition of the monomers in the copolymer are the major constraints in production. The 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) rich copolymers are ideal for various applications due to their lower melting points, improved elasticity, and ductility. Haloferax mediterranei is a suitable microorganism for the production of biopolymer PHBV from biowaste. Nevertheless, the potential of H. mediterranei cultivated on food waste as sustainable substrate and levulinic acid as an inducer has not been explored for PHBV production. This study aims at the valorization of food waste as low-cost substrate and evaluation of effect of levulinic acid in the production and composition of PHBV using H. mediterranei. Shake-flask fermentations using different concentrations of salt, glucose and levulinic acid were first performed to optimize the cultivation conditions. The highest growth of the halophile was observed at salt concentration of 15% and glucose of concentration 10 g/L. Under optimized growth conditions, H. mediterranei was cultivated for PHBV production in fed-batch bioreactor with pulse fed levulinic acid. The maximum biomass of 3.19 ± 0.66 g/L was achieved after 140 h of cultivation with 3 g/L of levulinic acid. A decrease in H. mediterranei growth was noticed with the increase in levulinic acid concentration in the range of 3-10 g/L. The overall yield of PHBV at 3, 5, 7 and 10 g/L of levulinic acid were 18.23%, 56.70%, 31.54%, 21.29%, respectively. The optimum concentration of 5 g/L of levulinic acid was found to produce the maximum yield of 56.70% PHBV with 18.55 mol% 3HV content. A correlation between levulinic acid concentrations and PHBV production established in this study can serve as an important reference for future large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Priya
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zubeen Hathi
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Md Ariful Haque
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Technology Development Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR - NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Technology Development Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR - NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ekta Singh
- Technology Development Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR - NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Carol S K Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Cai S, Wu Y, Liu R, Jia H, Qiu Y, Jiang M, Ma Y, Yang X, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Cai L. Study on the production of high 3HV content PHBV via an open fermentation with waste silkworm excrement as the carbon source by the haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981605. [PMID: 36060764 PMCID: PMC9432822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkworm excrement is hard to be degraded or bio-utilized by environmental microorganisms due to its high content of heavy metals and antimicrobial biomacromolecules in mulberry leaves. In traditional Chinese silk industry, the silkworm excrement results in environmental problems. In this study, the silkworm excrement after chlorophyll ethanol-extraction was researched. An open fermentation strategy was developed using the silkworm excrement as the sole or partial carbon source by haloarchaea to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates. As a haloarchaeon with strong carbon source utilization ability, Haloferax mediterranei was found to accumulate a certain amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate; PHBV) using waste silkworm excrement. The results showed that the addition of silkworm excrement into glucose based fermentation medium can significantly improve the production of PHBV. Using a mixture carbon source including the extract of silkworm excrement and glucose (with a 1:1 carbon content ratio), the yield of PHBV was 1.73 ± 0.12 g/l, which showed a 26% increase than that of fermentation without the silkworm excrement addition. When the NaCl content of medium was set to approximately 15%, fermentation without sterilization was performed using silkworm excrement as the carbon source. Moreover, the addition of the silkworm excrement extract could increase the 3-hydroxyvalerate (3 HV) content of PHBV regardless of the sterilization or non-sterilization fermentation conditions. When using silkworm excrement as the sole carbon source, the 3 HV content was as high as 16.37 ± 0.54 mol %. The real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the addition of the silkworm excrement could specifically enhance the expression of genes involved in the aspartate/2-ketobutyric acid pathway related to 3 HV synthesis in H. mediterranei, and further analysis of the amino acid of the silkworm excrement suggested that the high content of threonine in the silkworm excrement might be the reason for the increase of 3 HV content. Taken together, the success of non-sterile fermentation in hypersaline condition using haloarchaea implied a novel way to reuse the silkworm excrement, which not only reduces the production costs of PHBV, but also is conducive to environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfeng Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaran Wu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Runjie Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongzhe Jia
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiao Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuwen Ma
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingxu Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Cai,
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Rajendran N, Han J. Techno-economic analysis of food waste valorization for integrated production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and biofuels. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126796. [PMID: 35121100 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the techno-economic analysis of integrated polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and biofuels such as biohydrogen, bioethanol, and 2,3-butanediol production from food waste (FW). Based on previous literature studies, the integrated process was developed. The process plan produced 2.01 MT of PHAs, 0.29 MT of biohydrogen, 4.79 MT of bioethanol, and 6.79 MT of 2,3-butanediol per day, from 50 MT of FW. The process plan has a positive net present value of 4.47 M$, a 13.68% return on investment, a payback period of 7.31 yr, and an internal rate of return of 11.95%. Sensitivity analysis was used to examine the economic feasibility. The actual minimum selling price (MSP) of PHAs was 4.83 $/kg, and the lowest achievable MSP with 30% solid loading is 2.41 $/kg. The solid loading in the hydrolysis stage and the price of byproducts have a major impact on the economic factors and MSP of PHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveenkumar Rajendran
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehoon Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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A Critical Review on the Economically Feasible and Sustainable Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Production from Alkyl Alcohols. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040670. [PMID: 35215584 PMCID: PMC8876610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB-co-3HV)) is the most studied short-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with high application importance in various fields. The domination of high-cost propionate and valerate over other 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) precursors owing to their wide preference among PHA-producing bacteria has hindered the development of diverse production processes. As alkyl alcohols are mainly produced from inexpensive starting materials through oxo synthesis, they contribute a cost-effective advantage over propionate and valerate. Moreover, alkyl alcohols can be biosynthesized from natural substrates and organic wastes. Despite their great potential, their toxicity to most PHA-producing bacteria has been the major drawback for their wide implementation as 3HV precursors for decades. Although the standard PHA-producing bacteria Cupriavidus necator showed promising alcohol tolerance, the 3HV yield was discouraging. Continuous discovery of alkyl alcohols-utilizing PHA-producing bacteria has enabled broader choices in 3HV precursor selection for diverse P(3HB-co-3HV) production processes with higher economic feasibility. Besides continuous effort in searching for promising wild-type strains, genetic engineering to construct promising recombinant strains based on the understanding of the mechanisms involved in alkyl alcohols toxicity and tolerance is an alternative approach. However, more studies are required for techno-economic assessment to analyze the economic performance of alkyl alcohol-based production compared to that of organic acids.
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Haloarchaea as emerging big players in future polyhydroxyalkanoate bioproduction: Review of trends and perspectives. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Techno-Economic Analysis on an Industrial-Scale Production System of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from Cheese By-Products by Halophiles. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a family of biodegradable plastics used as an ecofriendly alternative for conventional plastics in various applications. In this study, an industrial-scale PHA production system was designed and analyzed for the material flows and economics with the use of SuperPro Designer. Haloferax mediterranei was utilized to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Byproduct streams from a local cheese plant, with an input of 168.7 metric ton/day (MT/day) lactose, were used as the feedstock. Three scenarios with different processes for the treatments of used enzyme and spent medium were investigated and the major factors that influence the overall economics were identified. The simulated system produces 9700 MT/year PHBV with a yield of 0.2 g PHBV/g lactose and an overall process efficiency of 87%. The breakeven price was found to be more sensitive to the lactose price than enzyme price. The scenario with enzyme reuse and spent medium recycling achieved the lowest breakeven price among others, which can be less than 4 $/kg PHA based on the delactosed permeate (DLP) unit price. The study suggests utilizing dairy derived feedstocks has the potential to make PHA competitive in the bioplastic market, which could be beneficial to both dairy and bioplastic industries.
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Mitra R, Xu T, Chen GQ, Xiang H, Han J. An updated overview on the regulatory circuits of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1446-1470. [PMID: 34473895 PMCID: PMC9049629 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a promising and sustainable alternative to the petroleum‐based synthetic plastics. Regulation of PHA synthesis is receiving considerable importance as engineering the regulatory factors might help developing strains with improved PHA‐producing abilities. PHA synthesis is dedicatedly regulated by a number of regulatory networks. They tightly control the PHA content, granule size and their distribution in cells. Most PHA‐accumulating microorganisms have multiple regulatory networks that impart a combined effect on PHA metabolism. Among them, several factors ranging from global to specific regulators, have been identified and characterized till now. This review is an attempt to categorically summarize the diverse regulatory circuits that operate in some important PHA‐producing microorganisms. However, in several organisms, the detailed mechanisms involved in the regulation of PHA synthesis is not well‐explored and hence further research is needed. The information presented in this review might help researcher to identify the prevailing research gaps in PHA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Mitra
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Obulisamy PK, Mehariya S. Polyhydroxyalkanoates from extremophiles: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 325:124653. [PMID: 33465644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are group monomers/heteropolymers that are biodegradable and widely used in biomedical applications. They are considered as alternatives to fossil derived polymers and accumulated by microbes including extremophilic archaea as energy storage inclusions under nutrient limitations. The use of extremophilic archaea for PHA production is an economically viable option for conventional aerobic processes, but less is known about their pathways and PHA accumulation capacities. This review summarized: (a) specific adaptive mechanisms towards extreme environments by extremophiles and specific role of PHAs; (b) understanding of PHA synthesis/metabolism in archaea and specific functional genes; (c) genetic engineering and process engineering approaches required for high-rate PHA production using extremophilic archaea. To conclude, the future studies are suggested to understand the membrane lipids and PHAs accumulation to explain the adaptation mechanism of extremophiles and exploiting it for commercial production of PHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjeet Mehariya
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Real Casa dell'Annunziata, Italy
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21
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Kalia VC, Singh Patel SK, Shanmugam R, Lee JK. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Trends and advances toward biotechnological applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 326:124737. [PMID: 33515915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are an integral part of most of the daily requirements. Indiscriminate usage and disposal have led to the accumulation of massive quantities of waste. Their non-biodegradable nature makes it increasingly difficult to manage and dispose them. To counter this impending disaster, biodegradable polymers, especially polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHAs), have been envisaged as potential alternatives. Owing to their unique physicochemical characteristics, PHAs are gaining importance for versatile applications in the agricultural and medical sectors. Applications in the medical sector are more promising because of their commercial viability and sustainability. Despite such potential, their production and commercialization are significant challenges. The major limitations are their poor mechanical strength, production in small quantities, costly feed, and lack of facilities for industrial production. This article provides an overview of the contemporary progress in the field, to attract researchers and stakeholders to further exploit these renewable resources to produce biodegradable plastics on a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ramasamy Shanmugam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Haloarchaea as Cell Factories to Produce Bioplastics. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030159. [PMID: 33803653 PMCID: PMC8003077 DOI: 10.3390/md19030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a worldwide concern causing the death of animals (mainly aquatic fauna) and environmental deterioration. Plastic recycling is, in most cases, difficult or even impossible. For this reason, new research lines are emerging to identify highly biodegradable bioplastics or plastic formulations that are more environmentally friendly than current ones. In this context, microbes, capable of synthesizing bioplastics, were revealed to be good models to design strategies in which microorganisms can be used as cell factories. Recently, special interest has been paid to haloarchaea due to the capability of some species to produce significant concentrations of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) when growing under a specific nutritional status. The growth of those microorganisms at the pilot or industrial scale offers several advantages compared to that of other microbes that are bioplastic producers. This review summarizes the state of the art of bioplastic production and the most recent findings regarding the production of bioplastics by halophilic microorganisms with special emphasis on haloarchaea. Some protocols to produce/analyze bioplastics are highlighted here to shed light on the potential use of haloarchaea at the industrial scale to produce valuable products, thus minimizing environmental pollution by plastics made from petroleum.
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Kasirajan L, Maupin-Furlow JA. Halophilic archaea and their potential to generate renewable fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1066-1090. [PMID: 33241850 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biofuels and chemicals have great potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate air pollution by cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions. Chemical, thermal, and enzymatic processes are used to release the sugars from the lignocellulosic biomass for conversion to biofuels. These processes often operate at extreme pH conditions, high salt concentrations, and/or high temperature. These harsh treatments add to the cost of the biofuels, as most known biocatalysts do not operate under these conditions. To increase the economic feasibility of biofuel production, microorganisms that thrive in extreme conditions are considered as ideal resources to generate biofuels and value-added products. Halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are isolated from hypersaline ecosystems with high salt concentrations approaching saturation (1.5-5 M salt concentration) including environments with extremes in pH and/or temperature. The unique traits of haloarchaea and their enzymes that enable them to sustain catalytic activity in these environments make them attractive resources for use in bioconversion processes that must occur across a wide range of industrial conditions. Biocatalysts (enzymes) derived from haloarchaea occupy a unique niche in organic solvent, salt-based, and detergent industries. This review focuses on the use of haloarchaea and their enzymes to develop and improve biofuel production. The review also highlights how haloarchaea produce value-added products, such as antibiotics, carotenoids, and bioplastic precursors, and can do so using feedstocks considered "too salty" for most microbial processes including wastes from the olive-mill, shell fish, and biodiesel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kasirajan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Pfeifer K, Ergal İ, Koller M, Basen M, Schuster B, Rittmann SKMR. Archaea Biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 47:107668. [PMID: 33271237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Archaea are a domain of prokaryotic organisms with intriguing physiological characteristics and ecological importance. In Microbial Biotechnology, archaea are historically overshadowed by bacteria and eukaryotes in terms of public awareness, industrial application, and scientific studies, although their biochemical and physiological properties show a vast potential for a wide range of biotechnological applications. Today, the majority of microbial cell factories utilized for the production of value-added and high value compounds on an industrial scale are bacterial, fungal or algae based. Nevertheless, archaea are becoming ever more relevant for biotechnology as their cultivation and genetic systems improve. Some of the main advantages of archaeal cell factories are the ability to cultivate many of these often extremophilic organisms under non-sterile conditions, and to utilize inexpensive feedstocks often toxic to other microorganisms, thus drastically reducing cultivation costs. Currently, the only commercially available products of archaeal cell factories are bacterioruberin, squalene, bacteriorhodopsin and diether-/tetraether-lipids, all of which are produced utilizing halophiles. Other archaeal products, such as carotenoids and biohydrogen, as well as polyhydroxyalkanoates and methane are in early to advanced development stages, respectively. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of Archaea Biotechnology by describing the actual state of research and development as well as the industrial utilization of archaeal cell factories, their role and their potential in the future of sustainable bioprocessing, and to illustrate their physiological and biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pfeifer
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria; Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria
| | - İpek Ergal
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Koller
- Office of Research Management and Service, c/o Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Mirko Basen
- Microbial Physiology Group, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Wien, Austria
| | - Simon K-M R Rittmann
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria.
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25
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Deletion of the pps-like gene activates the cryptic phaC genes in Haloferax mediterranei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9759-9771. [PMID: 32918583 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Haloferax mediterranei, a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) producing haloarchaeon, possesses four PHA synthase encoding genes, phaC, phaC1, phaC2, and phaC3. In the wild-type strain, except phaC, the other three genes are cryptic and not transcribed under PHA-accumulating conditions. The PhaC protein together with PhaE subunit forms the active PHA synthase and catalyzes PHBV polymerization. Previously, it was observed that the deletion of a gene named pps-like significantly enhanced PHBV accumulation probably resulted from the upregulation of pha cluster genes (phaR-phaP-phaE-phaC). The present study demonstrated the influence of pps-like gene deletion on the cryptic phaC genes. As revealed by qRT-PCR, the expression level of the three cryptic genes was upregulated in the ΔEPSΔpps-like geneΔphaC mutant. Sequential knockout of the cryptic phaC genes and fermentation experiments showed that PhaC1 followed by PhaC3 had the ability to synthesize PHBV in ΔEPSΔpps-like geneΔphaC mutant. Both PhaC1 and PhaC3 could complex with PhaE to form functionally active PHA synthase. However, the expression of phaC2 did not lead to PHBV synthesis. Moreover, PhaC, PhaC1, and PhaC3 exhibited distinct substrate specificity as the 3HV content in PHBV copolymers was different. The EMSA result showed that PPS-like protein might be a negative regulator of phaC1 gene by binding to its promoter region. Taken together, PhaC1 had the most pronounced effect on PHBV synthesis in ΔEPSΔpps-like geneΔphaC mutant and deletion of pps-like gene released the negative effect from phaC1 expression and thereby restored PHBV accumulating ability in ΔphaC mutant. KEY POINTS: • Cryptic phaC genes were activated by pps-like gene deletion. • PPS-like protein probably regulated phaC1 expression by binding to its promoter. • Both PhaC1 and PhaC3 formed active PHA synthase with PhaE.
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Mahansaria R, Bhowmik S, Dhara A, Saha A, Mandal MK, Ghosh R, Mukherjee J. Production enhancement of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in Halogeometricum borinquense, characterization of the bioplastic and desalination of the bioreactor effluent. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mitra R, Xu T, Xiang H, Han J. Current developments on polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis by using halophiles as a promising cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:86. [PMID: 32264891 PMCID: PMC7137286 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a severe threat to our environment which necessitates implementation of bioplastics to realize sustainable development for a green world. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) represent one of the potential candidates for these bioplastics. However, a major challenge faced by PHA is the high production cost which limits its commercial application. Halophiles are considered to be a promising cell factory for PHA synthesis due to its several unique characteristics including high salinity requirement preventing microbial contamination, high intracellular osmotic pressure allowing easy cell lysis for PHA recovery, and capability to utilize wide spectrum of low-cost substrates. Optimization of fermentation parameters has made it plausible to achieve large-scale production at low cost by using halophiles. Further deeper insights into halophiles have revealed the existence of diversified and even novel PHA synthetic pathways within different halophilic species that greatly affects PHA type. Thus, precise metabolic engineering of halophiles with the help of advanced tools and strategies have led to more efficient microbial cell factory for PHA production. This review is an endeavour to summarize the various research achievements in these areas which will help the readers to understand the current developments as well as the future efforts in PHA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Mitra
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Yadav B, Pandey A, Kumar LR, Tyagi RD. Bioconversion of waste (water)/residues to bioplastics- A circular bioeconomy approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122584. [PMID: 31862396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research insight into the technical challenges of bioplastics production has revealed their confoundedness in their niche markets and struggles to enter the mainstream. There is an increasing problem of waste disposal and high cost of pure substrates in polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production. This has led to the future need of upgrading the waste streams from different industries into the role of feedstocks for production of PHA. The review covers the latest developments in using wastes and surplus materials for PHA production. In addition to inexpensive carbon sources, efficient upstream and downstream processes and recycling of waste streams within the process are required to maintain the circularity in the entire process. A view on the link between circular bioeconomy and PHA production process covering the techno-economic, life cycle assessment and environmental aspects has also been provided. Furthermore, the future perspectives related to the topic have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika Yadav
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Aishwarya Pandey
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Lalit R Kumar
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R D Tyagi
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
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Effects of the Organic Loading Rate on Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Sugarcane Stillage by Mixed Microbial Cultures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:1039-1055. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Koller M. Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis at the Edge of Water Activitiy-Haloarchaea as Biopolyester Factories. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6020034. [PMID: 30995811 PMCID: PMC6631277 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloarchaea, the extremely halophilic branch of the Archaea domain, encompass a steadily increasing number of genera and associated species which accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolyesters in their cytoplasm. Such ancient organisms, which thrive in highly challenging, often hostile habitats characterized by salinities between 100 and 300 g/L NaCl, have the potential to outperform established polyhydroxyalkanoate production strains. As detailed in the review, this optimization presents due to multifarious reasons, including: cultivation setups at extreme salinities can be performed at minimized sterility precautions by excluding the growth of microbial contaminants; the high inner-osmotic pressure in haloarchaea cells facilitates the recovery of intracellular biopolyester granules by cell disintegration in hypo-osmotic media; many haloarchaea utilize carbon-rich waste streams as main substrates for growth and polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis, which allows coupling polyhydroxyalkanoate production with bio-economic waste management; finally, in many cases, haloarchaea are reported to produce copolyesters from structurally unrelated inexpensive substrates, and polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis often occurs in parallel to the production of additional marketable bio-products like pigments or polysaccharides. This review summarizes the current knowledge about polyhydroxyalkanoate production by diverse haloarchaea; this covers the detection of new haloarchaea producing polyhydroxyalkanoates, understanding the genetic and enzymatic particularities of such organisms, kinetic aspects, material characterization, upscaling and techno-economic and life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koller
- University of Graz, Office of Research Management and Service, c/o Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- ARENA-Association for Resource Efficient and Sustainable Technologies, Inffeldgasse 21b, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Mahansaria R, Dhara A, Saha A, Haldar S, Mukherjee J. Production enhancement and characterization of the polyhydroxyalkanoate produced by Natrinema ajinwuensis (as synonym) ≡ Natrinema altunense strain RM-G10. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:1480-1490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ferre-Guell A, Winterburn J. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates with Controlled Composition and Microstructure. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:996-1005. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferre-Guell
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The Mill, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - James Winterburn
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The Mill, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Cui YW, Shi YP, Gong XY. Effects of C/N in the substrate on the simultaneous production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and extracellular polymeric substances by Haloferax mediterranei via kinetic model analysis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02131c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of the effect of extracellular carbon source distribution on polyhydroxyalkanoates and extracellular polymeric substances byHaloferax mediterranei viakinetic model analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Wei Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Yun-Peng Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Xiao-Yu Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
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Pleissner D, Qi Q, Gao C, Rivero CP, Webb C, Lin CSK, Venus J. Valorization of organic residues for the production of added value chemicals: A contribution to the bio-based economy. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Liu CC, Zhang LL, An J, Chen B, Yang H. Recent strategies for efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by micro-organisms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 62:9-15. [PMID: 26482840 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.-C. Liu
- Translational Medicine Center; Hong-Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Xi'an China
| | - L.-L. Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center; Hong-Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Xi'an China
| | - J. An
- Translational Medicine Center; Hong-Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Xi'an China
| | - B. Chen
- Translational Medicine Center; Hong-Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Xi'an China
| | - H. Yang
- Translational Medicine Center; Hong-Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Xi'an China
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Pinto LH, D'Alincourt Carvalho-Assef AP, Vieira RP, Clementino MM, Albano RM. Complete genome sequence of Haloferax gibbonsii strain ARA6, a potential producer of polyhydroxyalkanoates and halocins isolated from Araruama, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. J Biotechnol 2015; 212:69-70. [PMID: 26299206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Haloferax gibbonsii strain ARA6 is a haloarchaea isolated from saline saltern samples from Vermelha lake, located in Araruama region, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Its genome displays 66,2% G+C content and is composed by one circular chromosome of 2,945,391 bp and four circular plasmids comprising 993,063 bp. This genomic information shows H. gibbonsii's potential for biotechnological applications and can also contribute to assign evolutionary traits in the genus Haloferax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo H Pinto
- Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo P Vieira
- Laboratório de Microrganismos de Referência, INCQS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maysa M Clementino
- Laboratório de Microrganismos de Referência, INCQS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho M Albano
- Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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