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Asqardokht-Aliabadi A, Sarabi-Aghdam V, Homayouni-Rad A, Hosseinzadeh N. Postbiotics in the Bakery Products: Applications and Nutritional Values. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10327-y. [PMID: 39066881 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of postbiotics has gained significant attention due to their potential health benefits. However, their application in the bakery industry remains underutilized. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of postbiotics, specifically the metabolites of lactic acid bacteria, in bakery products. We provide a concise overview of the multifaceted benefits of postbiotics, including their role as natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and preservatives, and their potential to enhance product quality, extend shelf-life, and contribute to consumer welfare. This review combines information from various sources to provide a comprehensive update on recent advances in the role of postbiotics in bakery products, subsequently discussing the concept of sourdough as a leavening agent and its role in improving the nutritional profile of bakery products. We highlighted the positive effects of postbiotics on bakery items, such as improved texture, flavor, and shelf life, as well as their potential to contribute to overall health through their antioxidant properties and their impact on gut health. Overall, this review emphasizes the promising potential of postbiotics to revolutionize the bakery industry and promote healthier and more sustainable food options. The integration of postbiotics into bakery products represents a promising frontier and offers innovative possibilities to increase product quality, reduce food waste, and improve consumer health. Further research into refining techniques to incorporate postbiotics into bakery products is essential for advancing the health benefits and eco-friendly nature of these vital food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Asqardokht-Aliabadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Vahideh Sarabi-Aghdam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aziz Homayouni-Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Negin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Wu Y, Deng N, Liu J, Cai Y, Yi X, Tan Z. Unlocking the therapeutic potential of Huoxiang Zhengqi San in cold and high humidity-induced diarrhea: Insights into intestinal microbiota modulation and digestive enzyme activity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32789. [PMID: 38975065 PMCID: PMC11226830 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Huoxiang Zhengqi San (HXZQS), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, enjoys widespread use in Chinese medicine to treat diarrhea with cold-dampness trapped spleen syndrome (CDSS), which is induced by exposure to cold and high humidity stress. This study aimed to explore its therapeutic mechanisms in mice, particularly focusing on the intestinal microbiota. Forty male SPF-grade KM mice were allocated into two groups: the normal control group (H-Cc, n = 10) and the CDSS group (H-Mc, n = 30). After modeling, H-Mc was subdivided into H-Mc (n = 15) and HXZQS treatment (H-Tc, n = 15) groups. Intestinal samples were analyzed for enzyme activity and microbiota composition. Our findings demonstrated a notable reduction in intestinal lactase activity post-HXZQS treatment (P < 0.05). Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus murinus emerged as the main dominant species across most groups. However, in the H-Mc group, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was identified as the exclusive dominant bacteria. LEfSe analysis highlighted Clostridiales vadinBB60 group and Corynebacterium as differential bacteria in the H-Tc group, and Cyanobacteria unidentified specie in the H-Mc group. Predicted microbiota functions aligned with changes in abundance, notably in cofactors and vitamins metabolism. The collinear results of the intestinal microbiota interaction network showed that HXZQS restored cooperative interactions among rare bacteria by mitigating their mutual promotion. The HXZQS decoction effectively alleviates diarrhea with CDSS by regulating intestinal microbiota, digestive enzyme activity, and microbiota interaction. Notably, it enhances Clostridium vadinBB60 and suppresses Cyanobacteria unidentified specie, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Na Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Gajda Ł, Daszkowska-Golec A, Świątek P. Discovery and characterization of the α-amylases cDNAs from Enchytraeus albidus shed light on the evolution of "Enchytraeus-Eisenia type" Amy homologs in Annelida. Biochimie 2024; 221:38-59. [PMID: 38242278 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Although enchytraeids have gained popularity in scientific research, fundamental questions regarding their feeding ecology and biology remain largely unexplored. This study investigates α-amylases, major digestive enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing starch and similar polysaccharides into sugars, in Enchytraeus albidus. Genetic data related to α-amylases is currently lacking for the family Enchytraeidae but also for the entire Annelida. To detect and identify coding sequences of the expressed α-amylase genes in COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) of E. albidus, we used classical "gene fishing" and transcriptomic approaches. We also compared coding sequence variants of α-amylase retrieved from transcriptomic data related to freeze-tolerant strains. Our results reveal that E. albidus possesses two distinct α-amylase genes (Amy I and Amy II) that are homologs to earthworm Eisenia fetida Ef-Amy genes. Different strains of E. albidus possess distinctive alleles of α-amylases with unique SNP patterns specific to a particular strain. Unlike Amy II, Amy I seems to be a highly polymorphic and multicopy gene. The domain architecture of the putative Amy proteins was found the same as for classical animal α-amylases with ABC-domains. A characteristic feature of Amy II is the lack of GHGA motif in the flexible loop region, similarly to many insect amylases. We identified "Enchytraeus-Eisenia type" α-amylase homologs in other clitellates and polychaetes, indicating the ancestral origin of Amy I/II proteins in Annelida. This study provides the first insight into the endogenous non-proteolytic digestive enzyme genes in potworms, discusses the evolution of Amy α-amylases in Annelida, and explores phylogenetic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gajda
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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Yan H, Wen F, Xiang H, Wen Y, Shang D, Liu A, Niu Y, Xia Q, Wang G. Biochemical characterization and overexpression of an α-amylase (BmAmy) in silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:251-259. [PMID: 34923696 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is the only fully domesticated insect. As an economically important insect, nutrition utilization is important for its productivity. Hence, the present study investigated the expression pattern of BmAmy, an α-amylase, in B. mori. BmAmy protein purification and biochemical characterization were performed, and effects of BmAmy overexpression were assessed. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that BmAmy transcription was positively correlated with the silkworm's food intate. Moreover, enzymatic activity assay results showed that BmAmy had significant α-amylase activity of about 1 mg/min/mg protein. Furthermore, treatment with mulberry amylase inhibitors MnAI1 and MnAI2 resulted to 89.92% and 93.67% inhibition in BmAmy activity, respectively, and the interaction between BmAmy and MnAI was also confirmed by protein docking analysis. A silkworm line that specifically overexpressed BmAmy in the midgut was generated through piggyBac-based transgenic technology, and compared to those of non-transgenic silkworms, the whole cocoon and cocoon shell weights of these transgenic silkworms increased by 10.13% and 18.32%, respectively, in the female group, and by 5.83% and 6.00%, respectively, in the male group. These results suggested that BmAmy may be a suitable target for breeding better silkworm varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiying Xiang
- Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yuchan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deli Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yicheng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Gómez-Villegas P, Vigara J, Romero L, Gotor C, Raposo S, Gonçalves B, Léon R. Biochemical Characterization of the Amylase Activity from the New Haloarchaeal Strain Haloarcula sp. HS Isolated in the Odiel Marshlands. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040337. [PMID: 33923574 PMCID: PMC8073556 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-amylases are a large family of α,1-4-endo-glycosyl hydrolases distributed in all kingdoms of life. The need for poly-extremotolerant amylases encouraged their search in extreme environments, where archaea become ideal candidates to provide new enzymes that are able to work in the harsh conditions demanded in many industrial applications. In this study, a collection of haloarchaea isolated from Odiel saltern ponds in the southwest of Spain was screened for their amylase activity. The strain that exhibited the highest activity was selected and identified as Haloarcula sp. HS. We demonstrated the existence in both, cellular and extracellular extracts of the new strain, of functional α-amylase activities, which showed to be moderately thermotolerant (optimum around 60 °C), extremely halotolerant (optimum over 25% NaCl), and calcium-dependent. The tryptic digestion followed by HPLC-MS/MS analysis of the partially purified cellular and extracellular extracts allowed to identify the sequence of three alpha-amylases, which despite sharing a low sequence identity, exhibited high three-dimensional structure homology, conserving the typical domains and most of the key consensus residues of α-amylases. Moreover, we proved the potential of the extracellular α-amylase from Haloarcula sp. HS to treat bakery wastes under high salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gómez-Villegas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (P.G.-V.); (J.V.)
| | - Javier Vigara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (P.G.-V.); (J.V.)
| | - Luis Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain; (L.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Sara Raposo
- CIMA—Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.R.); (B.G.)
| | - Brígida Gonçalves
- CIMA—Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.R.); (B.G.)
| | - Rosa Léon
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (P.G.-V.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-959-219-951
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Barretto DA, Gadwala M, Vootla SK. The silkworm gut microbiota: A potential source for biotechnological applications. J Microbiol Methods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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In silico Approach to Elucidate Factors Associated with GH1 β-Glucosidase Thermostability. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.4.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Xie S, Lan Y, Sun C, Shao Y. Insect microbial symbionts as a novel source for biotechnology. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:25. [PMID: 30666424 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insecta is the most diverse and largest class of animals on Earth, appearing together with the emergence of the first terrestrial ecosystem. Owing to this great diversity and long-term coexistence, an amazing variety of symbiotic microorganisms have adapted specifically to insects as hosts. Insect symbionts not only participate in many relationships with the hosts but also represent a novel resource for biotechnological applications. The exploitation of mutualistic symbiosis represents a promising area to search for bioactive compounds and new enzymes for potential clinical, industrial or environmental applications. Moreover, the manipulation of parasitic symbiosis has particular potential to solve practical problems for the control of agricultural pests and disease vectors. Although the study of microbial symbionts has been impaired by the unculturability of most symbionts, the rapidly growing catalogue of microbial genomes and the application of modern genetic techniques provide an alternative approach to using these microbes. This minireview presents examples of microbial symbionts isolated from insects for emerging biotechnological use and illuminates new ways for discovering microorganisms of applied value from a particularly promising source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xie
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahua Lan
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Knock out Amylase in Acinar Cells Decreases Pancreatitis-Induced Autophagy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8719397. [PMID: 29888283 PMCID: PMC5985122 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8719397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm that originates from acinar cells. Acinar cells get reprogrammed to become duct cells, resulting in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatitis is an acinar cell inflammation, leading to "impaired autophagy flux". Pancreatitis promotes acinar-to-ductal transdifferentiation. Expression of amylase gets eliminated during the progression of pancreatic cancer. Amylase is considered as an acinar cell marker; however, its function in cells is not known. Thus, we investigated whether amylase affects the acinar cell autophagy and whether it plays any role in development of pancreatitis. Here, we knocked out ATG12 in a pancreatic cancer cells and acinar cells using CRISPR/Cas9. Autophagy inhibition led to an increase in the expression of duct cell markers and a simultaneous decrease in that of acinar cell markers. It also caused an increase in cell viability and changes in mitochondrial morphology. Next, we knocked out amylase in acinar cells. Amylase deficiency decreased autophagy induced by pancreatitis. Our results suggest that amylase controls pancreatitis-induced autophagy. We found that eliminating amylase expression contributes to pancreatic cancer etiology by decreasing autophagy. Furthermore, our results indicate that amylase plays a role in selective pancreatitis-induced autophagy of pancreatic enzyme vesicles.
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Evaluation of commercial α-amylase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits for wheat. Cereal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Fernández CI, Wiley AS. Rethinking the starch digestion hypothesis forAMY1copy number variation in humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:645-657. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina I. Fernández
- Indiana University Bloomington; 701 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405-7100
| | - Andrea S. Wiley
- Indiana University Bloomington; 701 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405-7100
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Siddiqui A, Kamal M, Ayatollahi SA, Ali M, Ahmed M. Single Step Purification of Novel Thermostable and Chelator Resistant Amylase from BacillusLicheniformis RM44 by Affinity Chromatography. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2017; 16:1141-1146. [PMID: 29201100 PMCID: PMC5610767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis RM44 was isolated from hot spring near Karachi and screened for the production of extracellular amylase Amy RM44. Amy RM44 was purified to homogeneity on a single step by affinity chromatography using insoluble corn starch. The molecular weight of Amy RM44 was estimated to be 66 kDa by SDS-PAGE and zymographic analysis. Nine fold purification was achieved with the specific activity of 870 U/mg that provides the total yield of the enzyme up to 31%. Studies on purified AmyRM44 characterization revealed that the optimum temperature of enzyme was 100 ºC. Amy RM44 was proved to be highly thermostable as it retained 50% activity after 2 h at 100 ºC. Amy RM44 was stable over wide range of pH with optimum activity at pH 5. Enzyme activity was not significantly inhibited by SDS and EDTA. Amy RM44 also exhibited its activity towards various carbohydrates such as dextrin, pullulan, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| | - Mustafa Kamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Mohsin Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| | - Mansoor Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
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