Comparative nutritional and mycochemical contents, biological activities and LC/MS screening of tuber from new recipe cultivation technique with wild type tuber of tiger's milk mushroom of species Lignosus rhinocerus

Tiger Milk Mushroom: A Comprehensive Review of Nutritional Composition, Phytochemicals, Health Benefits, and Scientific Advancements with Emphasis on Chemometrics and Multi-Omics

This article presents a comprehensive overview of tiger milk mushroom (TMM), covering its nutritional composition, phytochemicals, health benefits, and related scientific advancements. It describes various potential positive health benefits of TMM, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, respiratory function enhancement, antioxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, photoprotective, antidiabetic, wound-healing, and anti-HIV, among others. This article also underlines the importance of further research into the phytochemicals present in TMM for additional discoveries. It underscores the importance of further research into phytochemicals content of TMM for additional discoveries and emphasizes the potential applications of TMM in nutrition, health, and well-being. Sophisticated techniques, such as chemometrics and multi-omics technologies revealed latest scientific advancements of TMM. This comprehensive overview provides a foundation for future research and development in harnessing TMM's potential for human health.

How plants respond to heavy metal contamination: a narrative review of proteomic studies and phytoremediation applications

MAIN CONCLUSION

Heavy metal pollution caused by human activities is a serious threat to the environment and human health. Plants have evolved sophisticated defence systems to deal with heavy metal stress, with proteins and enzymes serving as critical intercepting agents for heavy metal toxicity reduction. Proteomics continues to be effective in identifying markers associated with stress response and metabolic processes. This review explores the complex interactions between heavy metal pollution and plant physiology, with an emphasis on proteomic and biotechnological perspectives. Over the last century, accelerated industrialization, agriculture activities, energy production, and urbanization have established a constant need for natural resources, resulting in environmental degradation. The widespread buildup of heavy metals in ecosystems as a result of human activity is especially concerning. Although some heavy metals are required by organisms in trace amounts, high concentrations pose serious risks to the ecosystem and human health. As immobile organisms, plants are directly exposed to heavy metal contamination, prompting the development of robust defence mechanisms. Proteomics has been used to understand how plants react to heavy metal stress. The development of proteomic techniques offers promising opportunities to improve plant tolerance to toxicity from heavy metals. Additionally, there is substantial scope for phytoremediation, a sustainable method that uses plants to extract, sequester, or eliminate contaminants in the context of changes in protein expression and total protein behaviour. Changes in proteins and enzymatic activities have been highlighted to illuminate the complex effects of heavy metal pollution on plant metabolism, and how proteomic research has revealed the plant's ability to mitigate heavy metal toxicity by intercepting vital nutrients, organic substances, and/or microorganisms.

Actinobacteria as Microbial Cell Factories and Biocatalysts in The Synthesis of Chiral Intermediates and Bioactive Molecules; Insights and Applications

Actinobacteria are one of the most intriguing bacterial phyla in terms of chemical diversity and bioactivities of their reported biomolecules and natural products, including various types of chiral molecules. Actinobacterial genera such as Detzia, Mycobacterium, and Streptomyces are among the microbial sources targeted for selective reactions such as asymmetric biocatalysis catalyzed by whole cells or enzymes induced in their cell niche. Remarkably, stereoselective reactions catalyzed by actinobacterial whole cells or their enzymes include stereoselective oxidation, stereoselective reduction, kinetic resolution, asymmetric hydrolysis, and selective transamination, among others. Species of actinobacteria function with high chemo-, regio-, and enantio-selectivity under benign conditions, which could help current industrial processing. Numerous selective enzymes were either isolated from actinobacteria or expressed from actinobacteria in other microbes and hence exploited in the production of pure organic compounds difficult to obtain chemically. In addition, different species of actinobacteria, especially Streptomyces species, function as natural producers of chiral molecules of therapeutic importance. Herein, we discuss some of the most outstanding contributions of actinobacteria to asymmetric biocatalysis, which are important in the organic and/or pharmaceutical industries. In addition, we highlight the role of actinobacteria as microbial cell factories for chiral natural products with insights into their various biological potentialities.

Biodegradation of furfuryl alcohol by indigenous Bacillus species of industrial effluent-contaminated sites: estimation, biokinetics and toxicity assessment of bio-transformed metabolites

Furfuryl alcohol (FA) and other furanic compounds have garnered considerable attention in the quest for sustainable alternatives. FA-based resins have been used in various sectors that entail the release of FA into the environment. Hence, to ensure sustainability in this scenario, devising a dependable approach to its degradation is imperative. Given the crucial role of bacterial strains in the biodegradation of various organic pollutants, this study investigates the microbial degradation of FA, using bacterial strains isolated from sites that are constantly exposed to industrial waste. Three potential isolates were identified as B. paramycoides, B. cereus, and B. tequilensis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At a concentration of 300 µg/ml, these isolates demonstrated efficient FA degradation; 60-70% (at 300 µg/ml FA) and 50-60%, (at 500 µg/ml FA). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis further supported the result that the bacterial isolates consumed FA as the carbon source. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) facilitates the detection of the major metabolic intermediate product in which FA gets transformed. The prominent peaks at 113 and 119 m/z obtained in the MS spectra of the degraded FA samples indicated the possibility of the conversion of FA into furoic acid or levulinic acid. The phytotoxicity bioassay findings revealed the non-toxic nature of the bio-transformed products as compared to pure FA. This investigation presents the initial documentation of the FA degradative potential of Bacillus strains, thereby augmenting the understanding of the prospective implementation of Bacillus species in industrial waste treatment projects.

Isolation, structural features, rheological properties and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Lignosus rhinocerotis: A review

L. rhinocerotis, an edible and medicinal mushroom, has long been utilized as folk medicine and nutritional food in Southeast Asia and southern China. Polysaccharides are the main bioactive substances of L. rhinocerotis sclerotia, and they have attracted extensive attention of researchers both at home and abroad. In the past few decades, various methods have been applied to extract polysaccharides from L. rhinocerotis (LRPs) and the structural features of LRPs are closely related to the used methods of extraction and purification. Many studies have confirmed that LRPs possess various remarkable bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, prebiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities and intestinal mucosa protective effect. As a natural polysaccharide, LRP has the potential to be a drug and functional material. This paper systematically reviews the recent studies on structural characteristics, modification, rheological properties and bioactivities of LRPs, and provides a theoretical basis for an in-depth study of the structure-activity relationship, and utilization of LRPs as therapeutic agents and functional foods. Additionally, the further research and development of LRPs are also prospected.

Label-free colorimetric apta-assay for detection of Escherichia coli based on gold nanoparticles with peroxidase-like amplification

In this work, aptamers against E. coli with better performance were obtained via cell systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (cell-SELEX) and dissociation constants (Kd) of aptamers were estimated to range from 133.87 to 199.44 nM. Furthermore, the selected aptamer was employed for label-free colorimetric detection of E. coli using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with peroxidase-like activity to catalyze the oxidation of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to produce color development. This colorimetric apta-assay started with an aptamer-bacteria binding step, and the concentration of residual aptamers after binding depended on the amount of target bacteria. Then, the amount of separated residual aptamers determined the degree of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-inhibited catalytic activity of AuNPs, which resulted in a color change from dark blue to light blue. Owing to the excellent peroxidase activity of AuNPs, they could emit strong visible color intensity in less than 1 minute to improve visual detection sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, the sensitivity of detection was 5 × 10³ CFU mL^-1 visually and 75 CFU mL^-1 using the UV-vis spectrum with a linear range from 5 × 10² to 1 × 10⁶ CFU mL^-1. And it had shown a good recovery rate in real samples of water, juice and milk compared with classical counting methods.

Comparative Analysis of the Metabolites and Biological Activity of Cultivated and Wild Lignosus rhinocerotis

In this paper, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (L. rhinocerotis) cultivated in rice medium (LRR) and in sawdust medium (LRS) was harvested. Then, in terms of the LRR, LRS, and wild L. rhinocerotis (LRW), the total flavonoid contents, total polyphenol contents, total polysaccharide contents, and metabolites were detected; antioxidants of their aqueous extracts and anti-inflammatory of their polysaccharides were performed. In addition, the possible mechanism of the polysaccharides of L. rhinocerotis inhibiting lung damage was elucidated. The results showed that 32 compounds were characterized in L. rhinocerotis, including flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, and steroids and there were 20 compounds in cultivated and wild L. rhinocerotis; LRR has the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, as well as ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity. The total polysaccharide contents and the FRAP scavenging capacity of wild L. rhinocerotis were higher than those of cultivated L. rhinocerotis. The inhibition of polysaccharides of LRW (PLRW) on LPS-induced MRC-5 damage was stronger than that of the polysaccharides from cultivated L. rhinocerotis. The PLRW may alleviate lung damage by inhibiting the NLRP3 pathway and thereby suppressing the inflammatory response. In summary, both cultivated and wild L. rhinocerotis are abundant in bioactive components and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Ethanol yield improvement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPD2 Delta FPS1 Delta ADH2 Delta DLD3 Delta mutant and molecular mechanism exploration based on the metabolic flux and transcriptomics approaches

Background

Saccharomyces cerevisiae generally consumes glucose to produce ethanol accompanied by the main by-products of glycerol, acetic acid, and lactic acid. The minimization of the formation of by-products in S. cerevisiae was an effective way to improve the economic viability of the bioethanol industry. In this study, S. cerevisiae GPD2, FPS1, ADH2, and DLD3 genes were knocked out by the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) approach. The mechanism of gene deletion affecting ethanol metabolism was further elucidated based on metabolic flux and transcriptomics approaches.

Results

The engineered S. cerevisiae with gene deletion of GPD2, FPS1, ADH2, and DLD3 was constructed by the CRISPR-Cas9 approach. The ethanol content of engineered S. cerevisiae GPD2 Delta FPS1 Delta ADH2 Delta DLD3 Delta increased by 18.58% with the decrease of glycerol, acetic acid, and lactic acid contents by 22.32, 8.87, and 16.82%, respectively. The metabolic flux analysis indicated that the carbon flux r_ethanol in engineered strain increased from 60.969 to 63.379. The sequencing-based RNA-Seq transcriptomics represented 472 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified in engineered S. cerevisiae, in which 195 and 277 genes were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. The enriched pathways of up-regulated genes were mainly involved in the energy metabolism of carbohydrates, while the down-regulated genes were mainly enriched in acid metabolic pathways.

Conclusions

The yield of ethanol in engineered S. cerevisiae increased with the decrease of the by-products including glycerol, acetic acid, and lactic acid. The deletion of genes GPD2, FPS1, ADH2, and DLD3 resulted in the redirection of carbon flux.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01885-3.

Metagenomic psychrohalophilic xylanase from camel rumen investigated for bioethanol production from wheat bran using Bacillus subtilis AP

Bioethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass is regarded as a clean and sustainable energy source. The recalcitrant structure of lignocellulose is a major drawback to affordable bioethanol production from plant biomass. In this study, a novel endo-1,4-xylanase, named Xyn-2, from the camel rumen metagenome, was characterized and evaluated for hydrolysis of agricultural wastes. The enzyme was identified as a psychrohalophilic xylanase with maximum activity at 20 °C, keeping 58% of the activity at 0 °C, and exhibiting twice as much activity in 0.5–4 M NaCl concentrations. Xyn-2 was able to hydrolyze wheat bran (100%), sunflower-seed shell (70%), wheat straw (56%), rice straw (56%), and rice bran (41%), in the relative order of efficiency. Besides, the ethanologenic B. subtilis AP was evaluated without and with Xyn-2 for bioethanol production from wheat bran. The strain was able to produce 5.5 g/L ethanol with a yield of 22.6% in consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). The contribution of Xyn-2 to ethanol production of B. subtilis AP was studied in an SSF system (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) giving rise to a significant increase in ethanol production (p ≤ 0.001) to a final concentration of 7.3 g/L with a yield of 26.8%. The results revealed that the camel rumen metagenome might be an invaluable source of novel xylanolytic enzymes with potential application in lignocellulosic biomass valorization. At the same time, the results suggest that B. subtilis with a diverse carbon-source preference and sophisticated systems for production and secretion of enzymes might be a promising candidate for strain development for bioethanol production from plant biomass. It might be assumed that the fortification of B. subtilis enzymatic arsenal with select xylanolytic enzymes from camel rumen metagenome may have a great impact on bioethanol production.

Expression, purification, and characterization of glutamate decarboxylase from human gut-originated Lactococcus garvieae MJF010

Human gut-originated lactic acid bacteria were cultivated, and high γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing Lactococcus garvieae MJF010 was identified. To date, despite the importance of GABA, no studies have investigated GABA-producing Lactococcus species, except for Lc. lactis. A recombinant glutamate decarboxylase of the strain MJF010 (rLgGad) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) with a size of 53.9 kDa. rLgGad could produce GABA, which was verified using the silylation-derivative fragment ions of GABA. The purified rLgGad showed the highest GABA-producing activity at 35 °C and pH 5. rLgGad showed a melting temperature of 43.84 °C. At 30 °C, more than 80% of the activity was maintained even after 7 h; however, it rapidly decreased at 50 °C. The kinetic parameters, K_m, V_max, and k_cat, of rLgGad were 2.94 mM, 0.023 mM/min, and 12.3 min^- 1, respectively. The metal reagents of CaCl₂, MgCl₂, and ZnCl₂ significantly had positive effects on rLgGad activity. However, most coenzymes including pyridoxal 5'-phosphate showed no significant effects on enzyme activity. In conclusion, this is the first report of Gad from Lc. garvieae species and provides important enzymatic information related to GABA biosynthesis in the Lactococcus genus.

Mycopharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals: Promising Agents to Improve Human Well-Being and Life Quality

Fungi, especially edible mushrooms, are considered as high-quality food with nutritive and functional values. They are of considerable interest and have been used in the synthesis of nutraceutical supplements due to their medicinal properties and economic significance. Specific fungal groups, including predominantly filamentous endophytic fungi from Ascomycete phylum and several Basidiomycetes, produce secondary metabolites (SMs) with bioactive properties that are involved in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These beneficial fungi, while high in protein and important fat contents, are also a great source of several minerals and vitamins, in particular B vitamins that play important roles in carbohydrate and fat metabolism and the maintenance of the nervous system. This review article will summarize and discuss the abilities of fungi to produce antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, and antidiabetic molecules while also reviewing the evidence from the last decade on the importance of research in fungi related products with direct and indirect impact on human health.

Extracts of the Tiger Milk Mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) Enhance Stress Resistance and Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans via the DAF-16/FoxO Signaling Pathway

The tiger milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus (LR), exhibits antioxidant properties, as shown in a few in vitro experiments. The aim of this research was to study whether three LR extracts exhibit antioxidant activities in Caenorhabditis elegans. In wild-type N2 nematodes, we determined the survival rate under oxidative stress caused by increased intracellular ROS concentrations. Transgenic strains, including TJ356, TJ375, CF1553, CL2166, and LD1, were used to detect the expression of DAF-16, HSP-16.2, SOD-3, GST-4, and SKN-1, respectively. Lifespan, lipofuscin, and pharyngeal pumping rates were assessed. Three LR extracts (ethanol, and cold and hot water) protected the worms from oxidative stress and decreased intracellular ROS. The extracts exhibited antioxidant properties through the DAF-16/FOXO pathway, leading to SOD-3 and HSP-16.2 modification. However, the expression of SKN-1 and GST-4 was not changed. All the extracts extended the lifespan. They also reduced lipofuscin (a marker for aging) and influenced the pharyngeal pumping rate (another marker for aging). The extracts did not cause dietary restriction. This novel study provides evidence of the functional antioxidant and anti-aging properties of LR. Further studies must confirm that they are suitable for use as antioxidant supplements.

Neuroprotective Effects of Extracts from Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus Against Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in HT22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cells and Neurodegenerative Diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans

Despite the Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus (LR) having been used as a traditional medicine, little is known about the neuroprotective effects of LR extracts. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of three extracts of LR against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal (HT22) cells as well as to determine their effect in Caenorhabditis elegans. In vitro, we assessed the toxicity of three LR extracts (ethanol extract (LRE), cold-water extract (LRC) and hot-water extract (LRH)) and their protective activity by MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and intracellular ROS accumulation. Furthermore, we determined the expression of antioxidant genes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) by qRT-PCR. In vivo, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of LRE, not only against an Aβ-induced deficit in chemotaxis behavior (Alzheimer model) but also against PolyQ40 formation (model for Morbus Huntington) in transgenic C. elegans. Only LRE significantly reduced both apoptosis and intracellular ROS levels and significantly increased the expression of antioxidant genes after glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. In addition, LRE significantly improved the Chemotaxis Index (CI) in C. elegans and significantly decreased PolyQ40 aggregation. Altogether, the LRE exhibited neuroprotective properties both in vitro and in vivo.

Cytotoxicity and Anticancer Activity of Donkioporiella mellea on MRC5 (Normal Human Lung) and A549 (Human Lung Carcinoma) Cells Lines

Polypores are mushrooms which are rich in bioactivities and for generations, they have been widely used as herbal remedies. Despite their significant importance in treatments of various health issues, only a few local species have been reported for their pharmacological potentials. The present study was carried out to establish cytotoxicity potentials of Donkioporiella mellea, a local polypore species collected from forested areas in Malaysia at cellular levels on normal human lung (MRC5) and human lung carcinoma (A549) cell lines. Survival and inhibition rates were analyzed by 3-(4, 5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y-l)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) while monitoring changes on cellular shapes by inverted phase contrast microscopy. Survival rates of MRC5 cells were observed to be significantly higher than A549 after treatments with various concentrations of polypore extracts. MRC5 cells showed excellence in survival performance when treated with hot and cold aqueous extracts. Cold aqueous extract showed higher cytotoxicity activities compared to hot aqueous extract (p < 0.0001) with inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 414.29 μg/ml and >1000 μg/ml, respectively. Treatments with tamoxifen as a control exhibited necrotic features in both cell lines. The results suggest that D. mellea possesses pharmacological potentials that can be utilized for human consumption as a new bioresource alternative, thus encouraging research advancement in mycological and nutraceutical studies.

Isolation, expression, and biochemical characterization: nitrite reductase from Bacillus cereus LJ01

Biological remediation of toxic oxygen-containing anions such as nitrate that are common in the environment is of great significance. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the specific role of nitrate and nitrite reductase in the bioremediation process. Bacillus cereus LJ01, which was isolated from traditional Chinese soybean paste, effectively degraded nitrite (such as NaNO₂) at 0–15 mmol L⁻¹ in LB medium. Moreover, the nitrite-degrading active substance (ASDN) was isolated and purified from B. cereus LJ01. The nitrite-degrading activity of nitrite reductase (named LJ01-NiR) was 4004.89 U mg⁻¹. The gene encoding the assimilation of nitrite reductase in B. cereus LJ01 was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. The purified recombinant LJ01-NiR has a wide range of activities under temperature (20–60 °C), pH (6.5–8.0) and metal ions (Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Al³⁺). Kinetic parameters of LJ01-NiR, including the values of K_m and V_max were 1.38 mM and 2.00 μmol g⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively. The results showed that LJ01-NiR could degrade nitrite with or without an electron donor. In addition, sequence analysis revealed that LJ01-NiR was a ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase given the presence of conserved [Fe4–S4] cluster and heme-binding domain. The nitrite ion binds to the LJ01-NiR active site by forming three hydrogen bonds with the residues ASN72, ALA133 and ASN140. Due to its high nitrite-degrading activity, LJ01-NiR could potentially be used for environmental pollution treatment.

Biological remediation of toxic oxygen-containing anions such as nitrite in the environment is of great significance. Bacillus cereus LJ01 showed the activity of degradation for nitrite. the enzyme NiR from LJ01 can degrade the nitrite in vitro.

Shigella flexneri: an emerging pathogen

Shigella flexneri is a leading etiologic agent of diarrhea in low socioeconomic countries. Notably, various serotypes in S. flexneri are reported from different regions of the world. The precise approximations of illness and death owing to shigellosis are missing in low socioeconomic countries, although it is widespread in different regions. The inadequate statistics available reveal S. flexneri to be a significant food and waterborne pathogen. All over the world, different antibiotic-resistant strains of S. flexneri serotypes have been emerged especially multidrug-resistant strains. Recently, increased resistance was observed in cephalosporins (3rd generation), azithromycin, and fluoroquinolones. There is a need for a continuous surveillance study on antibiotic resistance that will be helpful in the update of the antibiogram. The shigellosis burden can be reduced by adopting preventive measures like delivery of safe drinking water, suitable sanitation, and development of an effective and inexpensive multivalent vaccine. This review attempts to provide the recent findings of S. flexneri related to epidemiology and the emergence of multidrug resistance.

Manganese affects the growth and metabolism of Ganoderma lucidum based on LC-MS analysis

Background

As a metal-enriched edible fungus, Ganoderma lucidum is capable of adsorbing manganese effectively. And the manganese ion is demonstrated to play an important role in the synthesis of manganese peroxidase (Mnp) and other physiological activities during G. lucidum growth. Recently, the influence of manganese on the metabolites of G. lucidum fruiting bodies can be revealed through metabonomics technique.

Methods

In this study, we uncovered the changes between the control and 200 mg/kg Mn-treated fruiting bodies with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Results

The mycelial growth rate, dry yield, Mnp activity , total polysaccharide content, triterpenoid content, and total manganese content in the mature fruiting bodies of G. lucidum changed between the control and different Mn-treated groups. Based on LC-MS method, a total of 16 significantly different metabolites were obtained and identified, among which, five presented significantly down-regulated and 11 up-regulated in Mn-treated samples. The metabolites chavicol and palmitoylethanolamide were particularly significantly up-regulated, and were found the strong promotion relationship. Dependent on the MetPA database, four KEGG pathways were detected and glycerophospholipid metabolism was most impacted, in which, choline was involved in.

Discussion

The added manganese ion in the substrate enhanced Mnp activities, and consequently promoted the mycelial growth, yield , metabolites in the fruiting bodies including triterpenoids, total manganese, chavicol, etc. Our finding can provide a theoretical reference to regulation of manganese on the physiological metabolism of G. lucidum.