Oral administration of recombinant outer membrane protein A-based nanovaccine affords protection against Aeromonas hydrophila in zebrafish

Annona squamosa seeds capped calcium oxide nano particles - anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer analysis

Calcium Oxide (CaO) is the best replica of logically plentiful earth metal oxides. CaO nanoparticles include sphere-shaped or faceted elevated surface area and magnetic nanostructured particles. The current study give the information regarding booming synthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles using calcium chloride as precursor and Annona squamosa seed extract as capping agent. The main goal of using a biological approach to synthesize CaO NPs is to reduce the use of dangerous chemicals in the process, which will be more economical and environmentally friendly. This is the initial time seeds have been utilised for green nanoparticle deposition. The synthesized powder was golden yellow colour. The obtained CaO NPs have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, ultra violet visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red, dynamic light scattering studies. The synthesized samples are applied for phytochemical screening, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antioxidant and anti-ulcer applications.

Bacterial diseases in Siniperca chuatsi: status and therapeutic strategies

Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) is a prominent freshwater species with significant economic value in China, while disease poses a major hindrance to the advancement of mandarin fish aquaculture. To date, the understanding of the prevention and management of bacterial disease in mandarin fish remains incomplete. Therefore, there is a need for more comprehensive insights into the preventive and curative strategies to address these bacterial infections. In this review, we summarize the information pertaining to the predominant bacterial pathogens such as Aeromonas spp., Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus uberis and Vibrio cholerae in the mandarin fish aquaculture, and point out the current strategies for diagnosis and combating these bacterial pathogens, as well as deliberate on the prospective alternative treatments such as vaccines, herbal remedies, and phage therapy for the prevention and control of these bacterial diseases. Furthermore, we also highlights the importance to implement an integrated bacterial disease management (IBDM) approach for the prevention and control of these pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture.

Advances in Vaccine Adjuvants for Teleost Fish: Implications for Aquatic Welfare and the Potential of Nanoparticle-Based Formulations

Vaccine adjuvants are crucial for reinforcing the immunogenicity of vaccines. Therefore, they are widely used in the aquaculture sector as vaccine components, facilitating the efficient prevention of infectious diseases and promoting sustainable teleost fish growth. Despite their benefits, there has been a growing concern about the potential adverse effects of vaccine adjuvants in teleost fish, connoting a valid impact on their overall health and welfare. Among the adjuvants used in aquaculture vaccinology, nanoparticle-based formulations have given rise to a promising new alternative to traditional options, such as oil-based emulsions and aluminum compounds, offering the benefit of minimizing relevant side effects. The aim of this paper was to review the current status of the adjuvants used in aquaculture, provide a description and an evaluation of their mode of action and side effects, and explore the potential use of nanoparticle formulations as adjuvants to improve the efficacy of aquaculture vaccines. By demonstrating and assessing the equilibrium between teleost fish welfare and immunological efficacy, this review presents a collective perspective that will assist in establishing a framework for the utilization of effective species-specific practices around adjuvant use in aquaculture, while also addressing the challenges of welfare-friendly immunization.

Nanospheres as the delivery vehicle: novel application of Toxoplasma gondii ribosomal protein S2 in PLGA and chitosan nanospheres against acute toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic disease that poses great harm to humans and animals. So far, no effective T. gondii vaccine has been developed to provide fully protection against such parasites. Recently, numerous researches have focused on the use of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and chitosan (CS) for the vaccines against T. gondii infections. In this study, we employed PLGA and CS as the vehicles for T. gondii ribosome protein (TgRPS2) delivery. TgRPS2-PLGA and TgRPS2-CS nanospheres were synthesized by double emulsion solvent evaporation and ionic gelation technique as the nano vaccines. Before immunization in animals, the release efficacy and toxicity of the synthesized nanospheres were evaluated in vitro. Then, ICR mice were immunized intramuscularly, and immune protections of the synthesized nanospheres were assessed. The results showed that TgRPS2-PLGA and TgRPS2-CS nanospheres could induce higher levels of IgG and cytokines, activate dendritic cells, and promote the expression of histocompatibility complexes. The splenic lymphocyte proliferation and the enhancement in the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were also observed in immunized animals. In addition, two types of nanospheres could significantly inhabit the replications of T. gondii in cardiac muscles and spleen tissues. All these obtained results in this study demonstrated that the TgRPS2 protein delivered by PLGA or CS nanospheres provided satisfactory immunoprotective effects in resisting T. gondii, and such formulations illustrated potential as prospective preventive agents for toxoplasmosis.