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Almeida RA, Fajgenblat M, Lemmens P, De Meester L. Pesticide exposure enhances dominance patterns in a zooplankton community. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2900. [PMID: 37335538 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides can profoundly alter community dynamics. It is expected that dominance patterns will be enhanced or reduced depending on whether the dominant species is less or more sensitive to the pesticide than the subdominant species. Community dynamics are, however, also determined by processes linked to population growth as well as competition at carrying capacity. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to quantify the effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on the population dynamics of four cladoceran species (Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulicaria, Daphnia galeata and Scapholeberis mucronata) in mixed cultures, testing for direct effects of chlorpyrifos and indirect effects mediated by interactions with other species on the timing of population growth and dominance at carrying capacity. We also quantified whether the pesticide-induced changes in community dynamics affected top-down control of phytoplankton. By adding a treatment in which we used different genotype combinations of each species, we also tested to what extent genetic composition affects community responses to pesticide exposure. Immobilization tests showed that D. magna is the least sensitive to chlorpyrifos of the tested species. Chlorpyrifos exposure first leads to a reduction in the abundance of D. galeata to the benefit of D. pulicaria, and subsequently to a reduction in densities of D. pulicaria to the benefit of D. magna. This resulted in D. magna being more dominant in the pesticide than in the control treatment by the end of the experiment. There was no effect of genotypic differences on community patterns, and top-down control of phytoplankton was high in all treatments. Our results suggest that in this community dominance patterns are enhanced in line with the observed among-species differences in sensitivity to the pesticide. Our results also show that the development of the community in pesticide treatment is a complex interaction between direct and indirect effects of the pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela A Almeida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maxime Fajgenblat
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Data Science Institute (DSI), Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Pieter Lemmens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institute für Gewasserökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institute für Gewasserökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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Westerhoff BM, Fairbairn DJ, Ferrey ML, Matilla A, Kunkel J, Elliott SM, Kiesling RL, Woodruff D, Schoenfuss HL. Effects of urban stormwater and iron-enhanced sand filtration on Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2645-2659. [PMID: 29978500 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is an important but incompletely characterized contributor to surface-water toxicity. The present study used 5 bioassays of 2 model organisms (Daphnia magna and fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas) to investigate stormwater toxicity and mitigation by full-scale iron-enhanced sand filters (IESFs). Stormwater samples were collected from major stormwater conveyances and full-scale IESFs during 4 seasonal events (winter snowmelt and spring, early summer, and late summer rainfalls) and analyzed for a diverse range of contaminants of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial chemicals, and pesticides. Concurrently, stormwater samples were collected for toxicity testing. Seasonality appeared more influential and consistent than site type for most bioassays. Typically, biological consequences were least in early summer and greatest in late summer and winter. In contrast with the unimproved and occasionally reduced biological outcomes in IESF-treated and late summer samples, water chemistry indicated that numbers and total concentrations of detected organic chemicals, metals, and nutrients were reduced in late summer and in IESF-treated stormwater samples. Some potent toxicants showed more specific seasonality (e.g., high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and industrial compounds in winter, pesticides in early summer and spring, flame retardants in late summer), which may have influenced outcomes. Potential explanations for insignificant or unexpected stormwater treatment outcomes include confounding effects of complex stormwater matrices, IESF nutrient removal, and, less likely, unmonitored toxicants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2645-2659. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Westerhoff
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Mark L Ferrey
- Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adriana Matilla
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jordan Kunkel
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Dustin Woodruff
- Mid-continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Heiko L Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, USA
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Tosi S, Nieh JC, Sgolastra F, Cabbri R, Medrzycki P. Neonicotinoid pesticides and nutritional stress synergistically reduce survival in honey bees. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20171711. [PMID: 29263280 PMCID: PMC5745400 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The honey bee is a major pollinator whose health is of global concern. Declines in bee health are related to multiple factors, including resource quality and pesticide contamination. Intensive agricultural areas with crop monocultures potentially reduce the quality and quantity of available nutrients and expose bee foragers to pesticides. However, there is, to date, no evidence for synergistic effects between pesticides and nutritional stress in animals. The neonicotinoids clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (TMX) are common systemic pesticides that are used worldwide and found in nectar and pollen. We therefore tested if nutritional stress (limited access to nectar and access to nectar with low-sugar concentrations) and sublethal, field-realistic acute exposures to two neonicotinoids (CLO and TMX at 1/5 and 1/25 of LD50) could alter bee survival, food consumption and haemolymph sugar levels. Bee survival was synergistically reduced by the combination of poor nutrition and pesticide exposure (-50%). Nutritional and pesticide stressors reduced also food consumption (-48%) and haemolymph levels of glucose (-60%) and trehalose (-27%). Our results provide the first demonstration that field-realistic nutritional stress and pesticide exposure can synergistically interact and cause significant harm to animal survival. These findings have implications for current pesticide risk assessment and pollinator protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Tosi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0116, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - James C Nieh
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0116, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Fabio Sgolastra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cabbri
- Agriculture and Environment Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Piotr Medrzycki
- Agriculture and Environment Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy
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Gottardi M, Birch MR, Dalhoff K, Cedergreen N. The effects of epoxiconazole and α-cypermethrin on Daphnia magna growth, reproduction, and offspring size. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2155-2166. [PMID: 28145595 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two of the main classes of pesticides commonly used in agriculture are azole fungicides and pyrethroid insecticides. Because azoles have been shown to synergize the effect of pyrethroids, the effect of their mixture is of concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sublethal concentrations of epoxiconazole and α-cypermethrin and their mixture on growth, reproduction, and in vivo cytochrome P450 activity of the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna over 42 d. Continuous exposure to nonlethal concentrations of α-cypermethrin at 20 ng/L negatively affected adult growth and number and size of neonates within the first 14 d of exposure. Exposure to epoxiconazole at 25 μg/L increased protein content of adults within 1 to 3 d after initiating exposure and increased cumulative number of offspring at exposure times >31 d. Epoxiconazole enhanced the negative effect of α-cypermethrin up to 3-fold leading to decreased growth, cytochrome P450 activity, and reproduction of D. magna within the first 14 d of exposure. After 14 d, the synergistic interactions disappeared. The reported effects, although lacking direct negative consequence in the long term, might have cumulative toxicity with other stressors such as food scarcity, predation, and pathogens, posing an additional hazard for the organisms at the beginning of their life cycle. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2155-2166. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gottardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michala Rosa Birch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Dalhoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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