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Ates G, Tamer S, Ozkok E, Yorulmaz H, Gundogan GI, Aksu A, Balkis N. Utility of melatonin on brain injury, synaptic transmission, and energy metabolism in rats with sepsis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03337-8. [PMID: 39105798 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin is a powerful endogenous antioxidant hormone. Its healing effects on energy balance and neuronal damage associated with oxidative metabolism disorders have been reported in pathologic conditions. We aimed to determinate the utility of melatonin on neuronal damage, synaptic transmission, and energy balance in the brain tissue of rats with sepsis induced with LPS. Rats was divided into four groups such as control, LPS (20 mg/kg i.p.), melatonin (10 mg/kg i.p. × 3), and LPS + Melatonin (LPS + Mel). After 6 h from the first injection, rats were decapitated, and also tissue and serum samples were taken. Lipid peroxidation and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were determined from the serum in all group. High energy compounds, creatine, and creatine phosphate are measured by HPLC methods from the homogenized tissue. Counts of living neurons are marked with NeuN (neuronal nuclei), degenerated neurons are marked with S100-ß and synaptic vesicles transmission is analyzed with synaptophysin antibodies immunoreactivities. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were used to statistical analysis. In LPS group, AMP, ATP, creatine, and creatine phosphate levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), and also ADP levels were significantly increased compared with the other groups (p < 0.01). Living neurons counts were significantly decreased in LPS (p < 0.01), melatonin, and LPS + Melatonin (p < 0.05) groups compared with control. Degenerated neurons counts were increased in LPS group compared with control (p < 0.01) and also decreased in both of melatonin and LPS + Melatonin groups (p < 0.01). Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was decreased in LPS group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). We observed that melatonin administration prevents neuronal damage, regulates energy metabolism, and protects synaptic vesicle proteins from sepsis-induced reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulten Ates
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Yilanlı Ayazma St, Cevizlibag, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Sule Tamer
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Ozkok
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Yorulmaz
- Faculty of Health Science, Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Ipek Gundogan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Aksu
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuray Balkis
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Córdoba-Moreno MO, Santos GC, Muxel SM, Dos Santos-Silva D, Quiles CL, Sousa KDS, Markus RP, Fernandes PACM. IL-10-induced STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk modulates pineal and extra-pineal melatonin synthesis. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12923. [PMID: 37990784 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Immune-pineal axis activation is part of the assembly of immune responses. Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit the pineal synthesis of melatonin while inducing it in macrophages by mechanisms dependent on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Cytokines activating the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), modulate melatonin synthesis in the pineal, bone marrow (BM), and spleen. The stimulatory effect of IFN-γ upon the pineal gland depends on STAT1/NF-κB interaction, but the mechanisms controlling IL-10 effects on melatonin synthesis remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the role of STAT3 and NF-κB activation by IL-10 upon the melatonin synthesis of rats' pineal gland, BM, spleen, and peritoneal cells. The results show that IL-10-induced interaction of (p)STAT3 with specific NF-κB dimmers leads to different cell effects. IL-10 increases the pineal's acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT), N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin content via nuclear translocation of NF-κB/STAT3. In BM, the nuclear translocation of STAT3/p65-NF-κB complexes increases ASMT expression and melatonin content. Increased pSTAT3/p65-NF-κB nuclear translocation in the spleen enhances phosphorylated serotonin N-acetyltransferase ((p)SNAT) expression and melatonin content. Conversely, in peritoneal cells, IL-10 leads to NF-κB p50/p50 inhibitory dimmer nuclear translocation, decreasing (p)SNAT expression and melatonin content. In conclusion, IL-10's effects on melatonin production depend on the NF-κB subunits interacting with (p)STAT3. Thus, variations of IL-10 levels and downstream pathways during immune responses might be critical regulatory factors adjusting pineal and extra-pineal synthesis of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra M Muxel
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kassiano D S Sousa
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina P Markus
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Muthusamy S. Quantifying Adhesion of Inflammatory Cells to the Endothelium In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2711:225-233. [PMID: 37776461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3429-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple and quantitative assay system that accurately models human endothelium by use of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in cell culture plates coated with gelatin, a matrix that mimics basal lamina, the matrix that is tightly associated with the vascular endothelium and is critical for its proper function. We describe using this system to quantitatively measure adhesion of the inflammatory cells - monocytic THP-1 cell line to the HUVEC monolayer. The THP-1 cells are fluorescently labeled which allows to quantify the number of the fluorescent THP-1 cells adhering to the endothelium under a microscope and the level of florescence - a quantitative measure of the number of adhering fluorescent THP-1 cells using a fluorescent plate reader. After optimization, we were able to detect increased adhesion of the THP-1 cells to the endothelium in response to the inflammatory cytokine TNFα in a dose-dependent manner like what has been observed in vivo.
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Cardoso TC, Rocha MA, Monteiro MMLV, Alves VS, Savio LEB, Silva CLM. The blockage of downstream P2Y 2 receptor signaling inhibits the prostate cancer cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Life Sci 2022; 306:120793. [PMID: 35850244 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prostate cancer is the second most frequently malignancy in men worldwide. Most deaths are caused by metastasis, and tumor cell dissemination involves the interaction with endothelial cells. However, the endothelial cell signaling involved in such interaction is not entirely understood. The tumor microenvironment contains extracellular ATP, an endogenous agonist of the purinergic P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R). P2Y2R signaling changes endothelial cell phenotype, which may be relevant to cancer pathophysiology. Therefore, we hypothesized that P2Y2R activation could favor the metastatic prostate cancer cells adhesion to endothelial cells. MAIN METHODS For adhesion assays, confluent endothelial cells EA.hy926 were treated with P2Y2R agonists before adding and imaging stained DU-145 cells. Alternatively, fluorescent probes and antibodies were used to determine intracellular endothelial Ca2+, nitric oxide (NO), and flow cytometry assays. KEY FINDINGS Endothelial P2Y2R activation with ATP, UTP, or the selective agonist 2-thio-UTP increased DU-145 cell adhesion to EA.hy926 cells. This effect required endothelial cell Ca2+ mobilization and relied on the endothelial expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Conversely, inhibiting this proadhesive endothelial phenotype could impair DU-145 cell adhesion. To evaluate this, we chose atorvastatin based on its notable improvement of endothelial cell dysfunction. Atorvastatin blocked UTP-induced DU-145 cell adhesion to endothelial cell monolayer in a NO-dependent manner, unveiling a P2Y2R and NO signaling crosstalk. SIGNIFICANCE Endothelial P2Y2R signaling contributes to the adhesion of metastatic prostate cancer cells suggesting that the downstream signaling blockade by statins could be a putative mechanism to reduce prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassya Cataldi Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marianna Araujo Rocha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus M L V Monteiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Santos Alves
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lucia Martins Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Tecson KM, McCullough PA. Role of endothelial cell receptors in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19). Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2021; 34:262-268. [PMID: 33664552 PMCID: PMC7852287 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2021.1874231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction contributes to COVID-19-associated vascular inflammation and coagulopathy, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor plays a role in EC dysfunction in COVID-19. To expand the understanding of the role of the ACE2 receptor relative to EC dysfunction, this review addresses (1) tissue distribution of the ACE2 protein and its mRNA expression in humans, (2) susceptibility of the capillary ECs to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and (3) the role of EC dysfunction relevant to ACE2 and nuclear factor-κB in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kristen M Tecson
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter A McCullough
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Texas
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Sriram K, Insel PA. Inflammation and thrombosis in COVID-19 pathophysiology: proteinase-activated and purinergic receptors as drivers and candidate therapeutic targets. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:545-567. [PMID: 33124941 PMCID: PMC8238137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolving information has identified disease mechanisms and dysregulation of host biology that might be targeted therapeutically in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thrombosis and coagulopathy, associated with pulmonary injury and inflammation, are emerging clinical features of COVID-19. We present a framework for mechanisms of thrombosis in COVID-19 that initially derive from interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2, resulting in dysregulation of angiotensin signaling and subsequent inflammation and tissue injury. These responses result in increased signaling by thrombin (proteinase-activated) and purinergic receptors, which promote platelet activation and exert pathological effects on other cell types (e.g., endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts), further enhancing inflammation and injury. Inhibitors of thrombin and purinergic receptors may, thus, have therapeutic effects by blunting platelet-mediated thromboinflammation and dysfunction in other cell types. Such inhibitors include agents (e.g., anti-platelet drugs) approved for other indications, and that could be repurposed to treat, and potentially improve the outcome of, COVID-19 patients. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, drives dysregulation of angiotensin signaling, which, in turn, increases thrombin-mediated and purinergic-mediated activation of platelets and increase in inflammation. This thromboinflammation impacts the lungs and can also have systemic effects. Inhibitors of receptors that drive platelet activation or inhibitors of the coagulation cascade provide opportunities to treat COVID-19 thromboinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Wang J, Toan S, Li R, Zhou H. Melatonin fine-tunes intracellular calcium signals and eliminates myocardial damage through the IP3R/MCU pathways in cardiorenal syndrome type 3. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113832. [PMID: 32006470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome type-3 (CRS-3) is characterized by acute cardiac injury induced by acute kidney injury. Here, we investigated the causes of CRS-3 by analyzing cardiac function after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) using echocardiography and evaluation of pro-inflammatory markers, calcium balance, mitochondrial function, and cardiomyocyte death. Our results show that renal IRI reduces cardiac diastolic function associated with cardiomyocyte death and inflammatory responses. Renal IRI also disrupts cardiomyocyte energy metabolism, induces calcium overload, and impairs mitochondrial function, as evidenced by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial fission. Further, renal IRI induces phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and expression of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), resulting in cytoplasmic calcium overload and mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Pretreatment with melatonin attenuates renal IRI-mediated cardiac damage by maintaining myocardial diastolic function and reducing cardiomyocyte death. Melatonin also inhibits IP3R phosphorylation and MCU expression, thereby alleviating cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium overload. Blockade of IP3R has similar cardioprotective effects, whereas MCU activation abrogates the melatonin-mediated cardioprotection. These results show that the negative effects of renal IRI on myocardial viability and cardiac function are caused by induced IP3R phosphorylation, MCU upregulation, and calcium overload. Melatonin protects cardiac function against CRS-3 by suppressing IP3R-MCU signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Ruibing Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
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8
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Akhtari M, Zargar SJ, Vojdanian M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Javinani A, Hamzeh E, Rezaiemanesh A, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. P2 receptors mRNA expression profiles in macrophages from ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy individuals. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 23:350-357. [PMID: 31884692 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a multifactorial rheumatic disease which mainly involves the axial skeleton. Macrophages and extracellular nucleotides have been shown to contribute to the inflammation process in autoimmune diseases. Membrane-bound purinergic P2 receptors might be involved in the modulation of immune cells in AS. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of P2 receptors in the macrophages of AS patients and healthy controls. METHODS Twenty-three AS patients and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in our study. Whole blood-separated monocytes of study participants were stimulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor for 7 days and differentiated to macrophages. Monocyte and macrophage markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. SYBR green real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the relative expression levels of P2RX1 , P2RX2 , P2RX3 , P2RX4 , P2RX5 , P2RX6 , P2RX7 , P2RY1 , P2RY2 , P2RY4 , P2RY6 , P2RY11 , P2RY12 , P2RY13 , P2RY14 , and PANX1 genes. RESULTS P2RY13 and P2RY6 genes had the highest expression levels in macrophages among P2RY genes. P2RY1 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated (-1.75 fold) and P2RY14 was up-regulated (2.6 fold) in macrophages of AS patients compared to healthy individuals. P2RX4 gene had the highest expression in monocyte-derived macrophages, followed by P2RX7 and P2RX1 genes. There was no significant difference in P2X receptor mRNA expression level between macrophages of AS patients and healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AS patients show altered expression levels of P2 receptor genes. Moreover, these changes might be associated with disease activity and patients' status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akhtari
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Zargar
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Vojdanian
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Javinani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Hamzeh
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Markus RP, Fernandes PA, Kinker GS, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Marçola M. Immune-pineal axis - acute inflammatory responses coordinate melatonin synthesis by pinealocytes and phagocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:3239-3250. [PMID: 29105727 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is well known for its circadian production by the pineal gland, and there is a growing body of data showing that it is also produced by many other cells and organs, including immune cells. The chronobiotic role of pineal melatonin, as well as its protective effects in vitro and in vivo, have been extensively explored. However, the interaction between the chronobiotic and defence functions of endogenous melatonin has been little investigated. This review details the current knowledge regarding the coordinated shift in melatonin synthesis from the pineal gland (circadian and monitoring roles) to the regulation of acute immune responses via immune cell production and autocrine effects, producing systemic interactions termed the immune-pineal axis. An acute inflammatory response drives the transcription factor, NFκB, to switch melatonin synthesis from pinealocytes to macrophages/microglia and, upon acute inflammatory resolution, back to pinealocytes. The potential pathophysiological relevance of immune-pineal axis dysregulation is highlighted, with both research and clinical implications, across several medical conditions, including host/parasite interaction, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina P Markus
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Kinker
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Marçola
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation - Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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