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Lee SM, Ahn YM, Park SH, Shin S, Jung J. Reshaping the gut microbiome and bile acid composition by Gyejibongnyeong-hwan ameliorates western diet-induced dyslipidemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114826. [PMID: 37148862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gyejibongnyeong-hwan (GBH), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used in clinical practice to treat blood stasis in metabolic diseases. Herein, we examined the effects of GBH on dyslipidemia and investigated the underlying mechanisms by focusing on modulation of the gut microbiota-bile acid axis by GBH. We utilized a Western diet-induced dyslipidemia mouse model and divided animals into the following four groups (n = 5 each): the normal chow diet, vehicle control (WD), simvastatin (Sim, 10 mg/kg/day simvastatin; positive control), and GBH (GBH, 300 mg/kg/day) groups. The drugs were administered for 10 weeks, and morphological changes in the liver and aorta were analyzed. The mRNA expression of genes related to cholesterol metabolism, gut microbiota, and bile acid profiles were also evaluated. The GBH group showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, accumulation of lipids, and inflammatory markers in the liver and aorta of Western diet-fed mice. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the GBH group than in the WD group (P < 0.001). The expression of cholesterol excretion-associated genes such as liver X receptor alpha and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 8, as well as the bile acid synthesis gene cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, which lowers cholesterol in circulation, was increased. Furthermore, GBH inhibited the intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 15 signaling pathway through the interactions of gut microbiota with bile acids acting as FXR ligands, which included chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. Overall, GBH improved dyslipidemia induced by a Western diet by modulating the gut microbiota-bile acid axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Min Lee
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - You Mee Ahn
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Park
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Shin
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoun Jung
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou Z, Matsumoto T. A 15-Year Study on Up 4A in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1200. [PMID: 32848797 PMCID: PMC7417886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhou Z, Matsumoto T, Jankowski V, Pernow J, Mustafa SJ, Duncker DJ, Merkus D. Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate and purinergic signaling in cardiovascular system: An update. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:32-45. [PMID: 30553823 PMCID: PMC6685433 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A), biosynthesized by activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2, was initially identified as a potent endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor in perfused rat kidney. Subsequently, the effect of Up4A on vascular tone regulation was intensively investigated in arteries isolated from different vascular beds in rodents including rat pulmonary arteries, aortas, mesenteric and renal arteries as well as mouse aortas, in which Up4A produces vascular contraction. In contrast, Up4A produces vascular relaxation in porcine coronary small arteries and rat aortas. Intravenous infusion of Up4A into conscious rats or mice decreases blood pressure, and intravenous bolus injection of Up4A into anesthetized mice increases coronary blood flow, indicating an overall vasodilator influence in vivo. Although Up4A is the first dinucleotide described that contains both purine and pyrimidine moieties, its cardiovascular effects are exerted mainly through activation of purinergic receptors. These effects not only encompass regulation of vascular tone, but also endothelial angiogenesis, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and vascular calcification. Furthermore, this review discusses a potential role for Up4A in cardiovascular pathophysiology, as plasma levels of Up4A are elevated in juvenile hypertensive patients and Up4A-mediated vascular purinergic signaling changes in cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Better understanding the vascular effect of the novel dinucleotide Up4A and the purinergic signaling mechanisms mediating its effects will enhance its potential as target for treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vera Jankowski
- RWTH-Aachen, Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Jamal Mustafa
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Altered Purinergic Receptor Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction and Up₄A-Mediated Vascular Contraction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123942. [PMID: 30544633 PMCID: PMC6320923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling may be altered in diabetes accounting for endothelial dysfunction. Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A), a novel dinucleotide substance, regulates vascular function via both purinergic P1 and P2 receptors (PR). Up4A enhances vascular contraction in isolated arteries of diabetic rats likely through P2R. However, the precise involvement of PRs in endothelial dysfunction and the vasoconstrictor response to Up4A in diabetes has not been fully elucidated. We tested whether inhibition of PRs improved endothelial function and attenuated Up4A-mediated vascular contraction using both aortas and mesenteric arteries of type 2 diabetic (T2D) Goto Kakizaki (GK) rats vs. control Wistar (WT) rats. Endothelium-dependent (EDR) but not endothelium-independent relaxation was significantly impaired in both aortas and mesenteric arteries from GK vs. WT rats. Non-selective inhibition of P1R or P2R significantly improved EDR in aortas but not mesenteric arteries from GK rats. Inhibition of A1R, P2X7R, or P2Y6R significantly improved EDR in aortas. Vasoconstrictor response to Up4A was enhanced in aortas but not mesenteric arteries of GK vs. WT rats via involvement of A1R and P2X7R but not P2Y6R. Depletion of major endothelial component nitric oxide enhanced Up4A-induced aortic contraction to a similar extent between WT and GK rats. No significant differences in protein levels of A1R, P2X7R, and P2Y6R in aortas from GK and WT rats were observed. These data suggest that altered PR sensitivity accounts for endothelial dysfunction in aortas in diabetes. Modulating PRs may represent a potential therapy for improving endothelial function.
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Zhou Z, Lankhuizen IM, van Beusekom HM, Cheng C, Duncker DJ, Merkus D. Uridine Adenosine Tetraphosphate-Induced Coronary Relaxation Is Blunted in Swine With Pressure Overload: A Role for Vasoconstrictor Prostanoids. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:255. [PMID: 29632487 PMCID: PMC5879110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of the vasoactive substance uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A) are elevated in hypertensive patients and Up4A-induced vascular contraction is exacerbated in various arteries isolated from hypertensive animals, suggesting a potential role of Up4A in development of hypertension. We previously demonstrated that Up4A produced potent and partially endothelium-dependent relaxation in the porcine coronary microvasculature. Since pressure-overload is accompanied by structural abnormalities in the coronary microvasculature as well as by endothelial dysfunction, we hypothesized that pressure-overload blunts the coronary vasodilator response to Up4A, and that the involvement of purinergic receptors and endothelium-derived factors is altered. The effects of Up4A were investigated using wire-myography in isolated coronary small arteries from Sham-operated swine and swine with prolonged (8 weeks) pressure overload of the left ventricle induced by aortic banding (AoB). Expression of purinergic receptors and endothelium-derived factors was assessed in isolated coronary small arteries using real-time PCR. Up4A (10-9 to 10-5 M) failed to produce contraction in isolated coronary small arteries from either Sham or AoB swine, but produced relaxation in preconstricted arteries, which was significantly blunted in AoB compared to Sham. Blockade of purinergic P1, and P2 receptors attenuated Up4A-induced coronary relaxation more, while the effect of P2X1-blockade was similar and the effects of A2A- and P2Y1-blockade were reduced in AoB as compared to Sham. mRNA expression of neither A1, A2, A3, nor P2X1, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, nor P2Y6-receptors was altered in AoB as compared to Sham, while P2Y12 expression was higher in AoB. eNOS inhibition attenuated Up4A-induced coronary relaxation in both Sham and AoB. Additional blockade of cyclooxygenase enhanced Up4A-induced coronary relaxation in AoB but not Sham swine, suggesting the involvement of vasoconstrictor prostanoids. In endothelium-denuded coronary small arteries from normal swine, thromboxane synthase (TxS) inhibition enhanced relaxation to Up4A compared to endothelium-intact arteries, to a similar extent as P2Y12 inhibition, while the combination inhibition of P2Y12 and TxS had no additional effect. In conclusion, Up4A-induced coronary relaxation is blunted in swine with AoB, which appears to be due to the production of a vasoconstrictor prostanoid, likely thromboxane A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Inge M Lankhuizen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heleen M van Beusekom
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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