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Wakefield B, Tang J, Hutchinson JL, Kanji R, Brooks C, Grol MW, Séguin CA, Penuela S, Beier F. Pannexin 3 deletion in mice results in knee osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration after forced treadmill running. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1696-1709. [PMID: 38499500 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Pannexin 3 (Panx3) is a glycoprotein that forms mechanosensitive channels expressed in chondrocytes and annulus fibrosus cells of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Evidence suggests Panx3 plays contrasting roles in traumatic versus aging osteoarthritis (OA) and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, whether its deletion influences the response of joint tissue to forced use is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if Panx3 deletion in mice causes increased knee joint OA and IDD after forced treadmill running. Male and female wildtype (WT) and Panx3 knockout (KO) mice were randomized to either a no-exercise group (sedentary; SED) or daily forced treadmill running (forced exercise; FEX) from 24 to 30 weeks of age. Knee cartilage and IVD histopathology were evaluated by histology, while tibial secondary ossification centers were analyzed using microcomputed tomography (µCT). Both male and female Panx3 KO mice developed larger superficial defects of the tibial cartilage after forced treadmill running compared with SED WT mice. Additionally, Panx3 KO mice developed reduced bone volume, and female PANX3 KO mice had lengthening of the lateral tubercle at the intercondylar eminence. In the lower lumbar spine, both male and female Panx3 KO mice developed histopathological features of IDD after running compared to SED WT mice. These findings suggest that the combination of deleting Panx3 and forced treadmill running induces OA and causes histopathological changes associated with the degeneration of the IVDs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Wakefield
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Hutchinson
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rehanna Kanji
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew W Grol
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Penuela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Luo Y, Zheng S, Xiao W, Zhang H, Li Y. Pannexins in the musculoskeletal system: new targets for development and disease progression. Bone Res 2024; 12:26. [PMID: 38705887 PMCID: PMC11070431 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During cell differentiation, growth, and development, cells can respond to extracellular stimuli through communication channels. Pannexin (Panx) family and connexin (Cx) family are two important types of channel-forming proteins. Panx family contains three members (Panx1-3) and is expressed widely in bone, cartilage and muscle. Although there is no sequence homology between Panx family and Cx family, they exhibit similar configurations and functions. Similar to Cxs, the key roles of Panxs in the maintenance of physiological functions of the musculoskeletal system and disease progression were gradually revealed later. Here, we seek to elucidate the structure of Panxs and their roles in regulating processes such as osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and muscle growth. We also focus on the comparison between Cx and Panx. As a new key target, Panxs expression imbalance and dysfunction in muscle and the therapeutic potentials of Panxs in joint diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Shengyuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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3
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Wu YL, Yang AH, Chiu YH. Recent advances in the structure and activation mechanisms of metabolite-releasing Pannexin 1 channels. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1687-1699. [PMID: 37622532 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (PANX1) is a widely expressed large-pore ion channel located in the plasma membrane of almost all vertebrate cells. It possesses a unique ability to act as a conduit for both inorganic ions (e.g. potassium or chloride) and bioactive metabolites (e.g. ATP or glutamate), thereby activating varying signaling pathways in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Given its crucial role in cell-cell interactions, the activity of PANX1 has been implicated in maintaining homeostasis of cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems. Dysregulation of PANX1 has also been linked to numerous diseases, such as ischemic stroke, seizure, and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying different modes of PANX1 activation and its context-specific channel properties have gathered significant attention. In this review, we summarize the roles of PANX1 in various physiological processes and diseases, and analyze the accumulated lines of evidence supporting diverse molecular mechanisms associated with different PANX1 activation modalities. We focus on examining recent discoveries regarding PANX1 regulations by reversible post-translational modifications, elevated intracellular calcium concentration, and protein-protein interactions, as well as by irreversible cleavage of its C-terminal tail. Additionally, we delve into the caveats in the proposed PANX1 gating mechanisms and channel open-closed configurations by critically analyzing the structural insights derived from cryo-EM studies and the unitary properties of PANX1 channels. By doing so, we aim to identify potential research directions for a better understanding of the functions and regulations of PANX1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Hsing Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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Takács R, Kovács P, Ebeid RA, Almássy J, Fodor J, Ducza L, Barrett-Jolley R, Lewis R, Matta C. Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels in Progenitor Cells of Musculoskeletal Tissues: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076796. [PMID: 37047767 PMCID: PMC10095002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders represent one of the main causes of disability worldwide, and their prevalence is predicted to increase in the coming decades. Stem cell therapy may be a promising option for the treatment of some of the musculoskeletal diseases. Although significant progress has been made in musculoskeletal stem cell research, osteoarthritis, the most-common musculoskeletal disorder, still lacks curative treatment. To fine-tune stem-cell-based therapy, it is necessary to focus on the underlying biological mechanisms. Ion channels and the bioelectric signals they generate control the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of musculoskeletal progenitor cells. Calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (KCa) channels are key players in cell physiology in cells of the musculoskeletal system. This review article focused on the big conductance (BK) KCa channels. The regulatory function of BK channels requires interactions with diverse sets of proteins that have different functions in tissue-resident stem cells. In this narrative review article, we discuss the main ion channels of musculoskeletal stem cells, with a focus on calcium-dependent potassium channels, especially on the large conductance BK channel. We review their expression and function in progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration and highlight gaps in current knowledge on their involvement in musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rana Abdelsattar Ebeid
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Almássy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Ducza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Belonogova NM, Kirichenko AV, Freidin MB, Williams FMK, Suri P, Aulchenko YS, Axenovich TI, Tsepilov YA. Noncoding rare variants in PANX3 are associated with chronic back pain. Pain 2023; 164:864-869. [PMID: 36448979 PMCID: PMC10014492 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Back pain is the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide, yet surprisingly, little is known regarding the biology underlying this condition. The impact of genetics is known for chronic back pain: its heritability is estimated to be at least 40%. Large genome-wide association studies have shown that common variation may account for up to 35% of chronic back pain heritability; rare variants may explain a portion of the heritability not explained by common variants. In this study, we performed the first gene-based association analysis of chronic back pain using UK Biobank imputed data including rare variants with moderate imputation quality. We discovered 2 genes, SOX5 and PANX3 , influencing chronic back pain. The SOX5 gene is a well-known back pain gene. The PANX3 gene has not previously been described as having a role in chronic back pain. We showed that the association of PANX3 with chronic back pain is driven by rare noncoding intronic polymorphisms. This result was replicated in an independent sample from UK Biobank and validated using a similar phenotype, dorsalgia, from FinnGen Biobank. We also found that the PANX3 gene is associated with intervertebral disk disorders. We can speculate that a possible mechanism of action of PANX3 on back pain is due to its effect on the intervertebral disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda M. Belonogova
- Laboratory of Recombination and Segregation Analysis, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Recombination and Segregation Analysis, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Kurchatov genomics center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim B. Freidin
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frances M. K. Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Pradeep Suri
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Rehabilitation Care Services, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359612 Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Laboratory of Recombination and Segregation Analysis, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- PolyOmica, Het Vlaggeschip 61, 5237 PA ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Tatiana I. Axenovich
- Laboratory of Recombination and Segregation Analysis, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Yakov A. Tsepilov
- Laboratory of Recombination and Segregation Analysis, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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The Impact of Plasma Membrane Ion Channels on Bone Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Stress, Oxidative Imbalance, and Acidosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030689. [PMID: 36978936 PMCID: PMC10045377 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular milieu is a rich source of different stimuli and stressors. Some of them depend on the chemical–physical features of the matrix, while others may come from the ‘outer’ environment, as in the case of mechanical loading applied on the bones. In addition to these forces, a plethora of chemical signals drives cell physiology and fate, possibly leading to dysfunctions when the homeostasis is disrupted. This variety of stimuli triggers different responses among the tissues: bones represent a particular milieu in which a fragile balance between mechanical and metabolic demands should be tuned and maintained by the concerted activity of cell biomolecules located at the interface between external and internal environments. Plasma membrane ion channels can be viewed as multifunctional protein machines that act as rapid and selective dual-nature hubs, sensors, and transducers. Here we focus on some multisensory ion channels (belonging to Piezo, TRP, ASIC/EnaC, P2XR, Connexin, and Pannexin families) actually or potentially playing a significant role in bone adaptation to three main stressors, mechanical forces, oxidative stress, and acidosis, through their effects on bone cells including mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Ion channel-mediated bone remodeling occurs in physiological processes, aging, and human diseases such as osteoporosis, cancer, and traumatic events.
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Molecular and Physiological Functions of PACAP in Sweat Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054572. [PMID: 36902003 PMCID: PMC10002779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweat plays a critical role in human body, including thermoregulation and the maintenance of the skin environment and health. Hyperhidrosis and anhidrosis are caused by abnormalities in sweat secretion, resulting in severe skin conditions (pruritus and erythema). Bioactive peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was isolated and identified to activate adenylate cyclase in pituitary cells. Recently, it was reported that PACAP increases sweat secretion via PAC1R in mice and promotes the translocation of AQP5 to the cell membrane through increasing intracellular [Ca2+] via PAC1R in NCL-SG3 cells. However, intracellular signaling mechanisms by PACAP are poorly clarified. Here, we used PAC1R knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice to observe changes in AQP5 localization and gene expression in sweat glands by PACAP treatment. Immunohistochemistry revealed that PACAP promoted the translocation of AQP5 to the lumen side in the eccrine gland via PAC1R. Furthermore, PACAP up-regulated the expression of genes (Ptgs2, Kcnn2, Cacna1s) involved in sweat secretion in WT mice. Moreover, PACAP treatment was found to down-regulate the Chrna1 gene expression in PAC1R KO mice. These genes were found to be involved in multiple pathways related to sweating. Our data provide a solid basis for future research initiatives in order to develop new therapies to treat sweating disorders.
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Hypertensive Nephropathy: Unveiling the Possible Involvement of Hemichannels and Pannexons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415936. [PMID: 36555574 PMCID: PMC9785367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for developing chronic cardiovascular diseases, including hypertensive nephropathy. Within the glomerulus, hypertension causes damage and activation of mesangial cells (MCs), eliciting the production of large amounts of vasoactive and proinflammatory agents. Accordingly, the activation of AT1 receptors by the vasoactive molecule angiotensin II (AngII) contributes to the pathogenesis of renal damage, which is mediated mostly by the dysfunction of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) signaling. Similarly, inflammation entails complex processes, where [Ca2+]i also play crucial roles. Deregulation of this second messenger increases cell damage and promotes fibrosis, reduces renal blood flow, and impairs the glomerular filtration barrier. In vertebrates, [Ca2+]i signaling depends, in part, on the activity of two families of large-pore channels: hemichannels and pannexons. Interestingly, the opening of these channels depends on [Ca2+]i signaling. In this review, we propose that the opening of channels formed by connexins and/or pannexins mediated by AngII induces the ATP release to the extracellular media, with the subsequent activation of purinergic receptors. This process could elicit Ca2+ overload and constitute a feed-forward mechanism, leading to kidney damage.
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Wakefield B, Penuela S. Potential Implications of Exercise Training on Pannexin Expression and Function. J Vasc Res 2022; 60:114-124. [PMID: 36366809 DOI: 10.1159/000527240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexins (PANX1, 2, 3) are channel-forming glycoproteins that are expressed throughout the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system. The canonical function of these proteins is to release nucleotides that act as purinergic signalling at the cell membrane or Ca2+ channels at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. These two forms of signalling are essential for autocrine and paracrine signalling in health, and alterations in this signalling have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Many musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases are largely the result of a lack of physical activity which causes altered gene expression. Considering exercise training has been shown to alter a wide array of gene expression in musculoskeletal tissues, understanding the interaction between exercise training, gene function and expression in relevant diseases is warranted. With regards to pannexins, multiple publications have shown that exercise training can influence pannexin expression and may influence the significance of its function in certain diseases. This review further discusses the potential interaction between exercise training and pannexin biology in relevant tissues and disease models. We propose that exercise training in relevant animal and human models will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the implications of pannexin biology in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Wakefield
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Penuela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western's Bone and Joint Institute, The Dr. Sandy Kirkley Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Division of Experimental Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Roterman I, Stapor K, Fabian P, Konieczny L. Connexins and Pannexins—Similarities and Differences According to the FOD-M Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071504. [PMID: 35884807 PMCID: PMC9313468 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins and pannexins are the transmembrane proteins of highly distinguished biological activity in the form of transport of molecules and electrical signals. Their common role is to connect the external environment with the cytoplasm of the cell, while connexin is also able to link two cells together allowing the transport from one to another. The analysis presented here aims to identify the similarities and differences between connexin and pannexin. As a comparative criterion, the hydrophobicity distribution in the structure of the discussed proteins was used. The comparative analysis is carried out with the use of a mathematical model, the FOD-M model (fuzzy oil drop model in its Modified version) expressing the specificity of the membrane’s external field, which in the case of the discussed proteins is significantly different from the external field for globular proteins in the polar environment of water. The characteristics of the external force field influence the structure of protein allowing the activity in a different environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Roterman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University—Medical College, Medyczna 7, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Stapor
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Automatic, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Piotr Fabian
- Department of Algorithmics and Software, Faculty of Automatic, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Leszek Konieczny
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry—Jagiellonian University—Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland;
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11
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Harcha PA, López-López T, Palacios AG, Sáez PJ. Pannexin Channel Regulation of Cell Migration: Focus on Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:750480. [PMID: 34975840 PMCID: PMC8716617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Pannexin (PANX) channels during collective and single cell migration is increasingly recognized. Amongst many functions that are relevant to cell migration, here we focus on the role of PANX-mediated adenine nucleotide release and associated autocrine and paracrine signaling. We also summarize the contribution of PANXs with the cytoskeleton, which is also key regulator of cell migration. PANXs, as mechanosensitive ATP releasing channels, provide a unique link between cell migration and purinergic communication. The functional association with several purinergic receptors, together with a plethora of signals that modulate their opening, allows PANX channels to integrate physical and chemical cues during inflammation. Ubiquitously expressed in almost all immune cells, PANX1 opening has been reported in different immunological contexts. Immune activation is the epitome coordination between cell communication and migration, as leukocytes (i.e., T cells, dendritic cells) exchange information while migrating towards the injury site. In the current review, we summarized the contribution of PANX channels during immune cell migration and recruitment; although we also compile the available evidence for non-immune cells (including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, astrocytes, and cancer cells). Finally, we discuss the current evidence of PANX1 and PANX3 channels as a both positive and/or negative regulator in different inflammatory conditions, proposing a general mechanism of these channels contribution during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma A Harcha
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tamara López-López
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrián G Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Cell Communication and Migration Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Duan M, Liu Y, Guo D, Kan S, Niu Z, Pu X, Bai M, Zhang D, Du W, Xie J. TGF-β2 increases cell-cell communication in chondrocytes via p-Smad3 signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119175. [PMID: 34863793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43)-mediated gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a crucial role in the pathology and physiology of joint tissues. Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), one of the potent regulatory factors in chondrocytes, plays a key role in the regulation of cell cycle and development of joint diseases. However, it is still unknown how TGF-β2 mediates GJIC in chondrocytes. The aim of this study was to explore the potential mechanism by which TGF-β2 regulates GJIC in chondrocytes. CCK-8 assays and scratch assays were performed to define the role of TGF-β2 on cell proliferation and migration. The scrape loading/dye transfer assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to verify the effect of TGF-β2 on GJIC between chondrocytes. qPCR was performed to analyse the expression of genes in the gap junction protein family in chondrocytes. The expression of the Cx43 protein and phosphorylated Smad3 (p-Smad3) was evaluated by western blot assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to explore p-Smad3 signalling pathway activation and Cx43 distribution. From these experiments, we found that the Cx43 protein was the most highly expressed member of the gap junction protein family in chondrocytes. We also found that TGF-β2 facilitated cell-to-cell communication in chondrocytes by upregulating Cx43 expression in chondrocytes. Finally, we found that TGF-β2 activated Smad3 signalling and promoted the nuclear aggregation of p-Smad3. Inhibition experiments by SIS3 also confirmed that TGF-β2-mediated GJIC through p-Smad3 signalling. For the first time, this study confirmed that TGF-β2 could regulate the formation of Cx43-mediated GJIC in chondrocytes via the canonical p-Smad3 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyi Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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