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González-Castro R, Gómez-Lim MA, Plisson F. Cysteine-Rich Peptides: Hyperstable Scaffolds for Protein Engineering. Chembiochem 2020; 22:961-973. [PMID: 33095969 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) are small proteins of less than 100 amino acids in length characterized by the presence of disulfide bridges and common end-to-end macrocyclization. These properties confer hyperstability against high temperatures, salt concentration, serum presence, and protease degradation to CRPs. Moreover, their intercysteine domains (loops) are susceptible to residue hypervariability. CRPs have been successfully applied as stable scaffolds for molecular grafting, a protein engineering process in which cysteine-rich structures provide higher thermodynamic and metabolic stability to an epitope and acquire new biological function(s). This review describes the successes and limitations of seven cysteine-rich scaffolds, their bioactive epitopes, and the resulting grafted peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Castro
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México.,Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
| | - Miguel A Gómez-Lim
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
| | - Fabien Plisson
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
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2
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Targeting Tumors Using Peptides. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040808. [PMID: 32069856 PMCID: PMC7070747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To penetrate solid tumors, low molecular weight (Mw < 10 KDa) compounds have an edge over antibodies: their higher penetration because of their small size. Because of the dense stroma and high interstitial fluid pressure of solid tumors, the penetration of higher Mw compounds is unfavored and being small thus becomes an advantage. This review covers a wide range of peptidic ligands—linear, cyclic, macrocyclic and cyclotidic peptides—to target tumors: We describe the main tools to identify peptides experimentally, such as phage display, and the possible chemical modifications to enhance the properties of the identified peptides. We also review in silico identification of peptides and the most salient non-peptidic ligands in clinical stages. We later focus the attention on the current validated ligands available to target different tumor compartments: blood vessels, extracelullar matrix, and tumor associated macrophages. The clinical advances and failures of these ligands and their therapeutic conjugates will be discussed. We aim to present the reader with the state-of-the-art in targeting tumors, by using low Mw molecules, and the tools to identify new ligands.
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3
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Wei W, Ma J, Xie D, Zhou Y. Linking inhibitor motions to proteolytic stability of sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13776-13786. [PMID: 35519558 PMCID: PMC9063939 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable capability of an enzyme isn't only determined by its active site but also controlled by the environment. To unravel the environment role in catalysis, the dynamic motions as well as the static mechanism need to be studied. In this work, QM/MM MD simulations were employed to study the proteolysis process of SFTI-1 and BiKF, which revealed that a combination of static non-bonded interactions and dynamic motions along the reaction coordinate can account for the different hydrolysis rates between them. A comparison among SFTI-1 and three analogs with similar non-bonded interactions further revealed a positive correlation between the mobility of inhibitors and the hydrolysis rates. Apart from the cyclic backbone and disulfide bond, intramolecular hydrogen bonds also increase the rigidity of the backbone of inhibitors, and therefore hinder inhibitor motions to resist proteolysis. These new detailed mechanistic insights suggest the need to consider inhibitor motions in the rational design of peptide inhibitors. Besides the non-bonded interactions, inhibitor motions especially rotation of the scissile bond also influence proteolytic stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wei
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing Ma
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yanzi Zhou
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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4
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Liu C, Zou Y, Hu H, Jiang Y, Qin L. pDobz/pDobb protected diaminodiacid as a novel building block for peptide disulfide-bond mimic synthesis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:5438-5444. [PMID: 35515921 PMCID: PMC9060753 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09761e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The diaminodiacid strategy has been widely studied in the chemical synthesis of peptide disulfide bond mimics. Diaminodiacid building blocks, which are key intermediates, are currently under the spotlight. However, one technical bottleneck inherent in existing building blocks is the contamination problem caused by the heavy metal reagents during the deprotection process, which makes the peptides less suitable for pharmaceutical use. Herein, we describe the successful development of a p-dihydroxyborylbenzyloxycarbonyl pinacol ester (pDobz)- and p-dihydroxyborylbenzyl pinacol ester (pDobb)-based novel diaminodiacid building block that can be easily deprotected via mild treatment with amine oxide. Its efficiency and practicability were also confirmed by the total synthesis of contryphan-Vn disulfide bond mimic. The results suggested that this novel diaminodiacid building block has satisfactory Fmoc SPPS compatibility, yet only required a facile, rapid, and metal-free deprotection process. We believe this novel diaminodiacid building block could promote further development of the diaminodiacid strategy. The total synthesis of a contryphan-Vn disulfide bond mimic utilizing a novel pDobz/pDobb based diaminodiacid building block via the diaminodiacid strategy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- College of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yan Zou
- College of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Honggang Hu
- College of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | | | - Luping Qin
- College of Pharmacy
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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5
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Roesch S, Lindner T, Sauter M, Loktev A, Flechsig P, Müller M, Mier W, Warta R, Dyckhoff G, Herold-Mende C, Haberkorn U, Altmann A. Comparison of the RGD Motif–Containing αvβ6 Integrin–Binding Peptides SFLAP3 and SFITGv6 for Diagnostic Application in HNSCC. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1679-1685. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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6
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Designing macrocyclic disulfide-rich peptides for biotechnological applications. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:417-427. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Gitlin-Domagalska A, Dębowski D, Łęgowska A, Stirnberg M, Okońska J, Gütschow M, Rolka K. Design and chemical syntheses of potent matriptase-2 inhibitors based on trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1 isolated from sunflower seeds. Biopolymers 2017; 108. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gitlin-Domagalska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63; Gdansk 80-308 Poland
| | - Dawid Dębowski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63; Gdansk 80-308 Poland
| | - Anna Łęgowska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63; Gdansk 80-308 Poland
| | - Marit Stirnberg
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4; Bonn 53121 Germany
| | - Joanna Okońska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63; Gdansk 80-308 Poland
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4; Bonn 53121 Germany
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63; Gdansk 80-308 Poland
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8
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Altmann A, Sauter M, Roesch S, Mier W, Warta R, Debus J, Dyckhoff G, Herold-Mende C, Haberkorn U. Identification of a Novel ITGα vβ 6-Binding Peptide Using Protein Separation and Phage Display. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4170-4180. [PMID: 28468949 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Targeted therapies are regarded as promising approaches to increase 5-year survival rate of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients.Experimental design: For the selection of carcinoma-specific peptides membrane proteome of HNO97 tumor cells fractionated by the ProteomeLab PF2D system and corresponding HNO97 cells were deployed for an alternating biopanning using a sunflower trypsin inhibitor1-based phage display (SFTI8Ph) library. Stability, binding properties and affinity of novel candidates were assessed in vitro using radio-HPLC, binding experiments and surface plasmon resonance assay (SPR), respectively. Subsequently, the affinity of the peptide was verified in situ by using peptide histochemistry, in vitro using flow cytometry, and in vivo by positron emissions tomography (PET/CT).Results: We identified a novel ITGαvβ6 binding peptide (SFITGv6) containing the amino acid sequence FRGDLMQL. SFITGv6 provides stability over a period of 24 hours and demonstrates high affinity (KD = 14.8 nmol/L) for ITGαvβ6 In HNO97 cells, a maximal uptake and internalization of up to 37.3% and 37.5%, respectively, was measured. Small-animal PET imaging and biodistribution studies of HNO97 xenografted Balb/c nu/nu mice showed tumor-specific accumulation of 68Ga- and 177Lu-labeled DOTA-SFITGv6, respectively, 30 to 60 minutes after injection. Moreover, peptide histochemistry revealed a strong and homogenous binding of biotin-labeled SFITGv6 to HNSCC tumors and breast- and lung cancer-derived brain metastases. Finally, first PET/CT scans of HNSCC and NSCLC patients displayed SFITGv6 accumulation specifically in tumors, but not in inflammatory lesions.Conclusions: Thus, SFITGv6 represents a novel powerful tracer for imaging and possibly for endoradiotherapy of ITGαvβ6-positive carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4170-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Altmann
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Sauter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saskia Roesch
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Warta
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dyckhoff
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Filipowicz M, Ptaszyńska N, Olkiewicz K, Dębowski D, Ćwikłowska K, Burster T, Pikuła M, Krzystyniak A, Łęgowska A, Rolka K. Spliced analogues of trypsin inhibitor SFTI‐1 and their application for tracing proteolysis and delivery of cargos inside the cells. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2017; 108. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Timo Burster
- Department of NeurosurgeryUlm University Medical CenterUlm Germany
| | - Michał Pikuła
- Department of Clinical Immunology and TransplantologyMedical University of GdanskGdansk Poland
| | | | - Anna Łęgowska
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of GdanskGdansk Poland
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10
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Qiu Y, Taichi M, Wei N, Yang H, Luo KQ, Tam JP. An Orally Active Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonist Engineered as a Bifunctional Chimera of Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2016; 60:504-510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Qiu
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Misako Taichi
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Na Wei
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
| | - Huan Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, P. R. China
| | - James P. Tam
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637551, Singapore
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11
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Cereda V, Formica V, Menghi A, Pellicori S, Roselli M. Kallikrein-related peptidases targeted therapies in prostate cancer: perspectives and challenges. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:929-47. [PMID: 25858813 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1035708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the emergence of several new effective treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, disease progression inevitably occurs, leading scientific community to carefully look for novel therapeutic targets of prostate cancer. Kallikrein (KLK)-related peptidases have been demonstrated to facilitate prostate tumorigenesis and disease progression through the development of an oncogenic microenvironment for prostate cells. AREAS COVERED This review first summarizes the large amount of preclinical data showing the involvement of KLKs in prostate cancer pathobiology. In the second part, the authors assess the current status and future directions for KLK-targeted therapy and briefly describe the advances and challenges implicated in the design of effective manufactured drugs. The authors then focus on the preclinical data and on Phase I/II studies of the most promising KLK-targeted agents in prostate cancer. The drugs discussed here are divided on the basis of their mechanism of action: KLK-engineered inhibitors; KLK-activated pro-drugs; KLK-targeted microRNAs and small interfering RNAs(-/)small hairpin RNAs; KLK vaccines and antibodies. EXPERT OPINION Targeting KLK expression and/or activity could be a promising direction in prostate cancer treatment. Future human clinical trials will help us to evaluate the real benefits, toxicities and the consequent optimal use of KLK-targeted drugs, as mono-therapy or in combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittore Cereda
- 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Tor Vergata University Clinical Center, Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology , Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome , Italy +39 0620908190 ; +39 0620903504 ;
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12
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Dorn J, Beaufort N, Schmitt M, Diamandis EP, Goettig P, Magdolen V. Function and clinical relevance of kallikrein-related peptidases and other serine proteases in gynecological cancers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:63-84. [PMID: 24490956 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.865701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gynecological cancers, including malignant tumors of the ovaries, the endometrium and the cervix, account for approximately 10% of tumor-associated deaths in women of the Western world. For screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy response prediction, the group of enzymes known as serine (Ser-)proteases show great promise as biomarkers. In the present review, following a summary of the clinical facts regarding malignant tumors of the ovaries, the endometrium and the cervix, and characterization of the most important Ser-proteases, we thoroughly review the current state of knowledge relating to the use of proteases as biomarkers of the most frequent gynecological cancers. Within the Ser-protease group, the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family, which encompasses a subgroup of 15 members, holds particular promise, with some acting via a tumor-promoting mechanism and others behaving as protective factors. Further, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) seem to play an unfavorable role in gynecological tumors, while down-regulation of high-temperature requirement proteins A 1, 2 and 3 (HtrA1,2,3) is associated with malignant disease and cancer progression. Expression/activity levels of other Ser-proteases, including the type II transmembrane Ser-proteases (TTSPs) matriptase, hepsin (TMPRSS1), and the hepsin-related protease (TMPRSS3), as well as the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored Ser-proteases prostasin and testisin, may be of clinical relevance in gynecological cancers. In conclusion, proteases are a rich source of biomarkers of gynecological cancer, though the enzymes' exact roles and functions merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dorn
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik der Technischen Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich , Germany
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13
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Lesner A, Karna N, Psurski M, Łęgowska A, Wysocka M, Guzow K, Sieradzan A, Sieńczyk M, Trzonkowski P, Pikuła M, Zieliński M, Kosikowska P, Łukajtis R, Łęgowska M, Dębowski D, Wiczk W, Rolka K. Fluorescent analogs of trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1 isolated from sunflower seeds-synthesis and applications. Biopolymers 2014; 102:124-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Natalia Karna
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Department of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Technology; Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
- Department of Experimental Oncology; Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences; R. Weigla St. 12 Wroclaw 53-114 Poland
| | - Anna Łęgowska
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guzow
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Adam Sieradzan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Department of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Technology; Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology; Gdansk Medical University; Sklodowskiej Curie 3A 80-210 Gdansk Poland
| | - Michał Pikuła
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology; Gdansk Medical University; Sklodowskiej Curie 3A 80-210 Gdansk Poland
| | - Maciej Zieliński
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology; Gdansk Medical University; Sklodowskiej Curie 3A 80-210 Gdansk Poland
| | - Paulina Kosikowska
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Rałał Łukajtis
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Monika Łęgowska
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Dawid Dębowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Wiesław Wiczk
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University; Wita Stwosza 63 80-952 Gdansk Poland
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14
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Askoxylakis V, Marr A, Altmann A, Markert A, Mier W, Debus J, Huber PE, Haberkorn U. Peptide-based targeting of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:212-21. [PMID: 22791264 PMCID: PMC3591530 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this work is to identify new ligands targeting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ). Procedures Biopanning was carried out with a 12-amino-acid phage display library against the recombinant extracellular domain of PDGFRβ. The identified peptide PDGFR-P1 was chemically synthesized and labeled with 125I or 131I. In vitro studies were performed on the PDGFRβ-expressing cell lines BxPC3 and MCF7 and on PDGFRβ-transfected HEK cells in comparison to negative control wtHEK293 and CaIX-transfected HEK cells. Biodistribution experiments were performed in Balb/c nude mice, carrying subcutaneously BxPC3 tumors. Results In vitro studies demonstrated a higher binding to BxPC3, MCF7, and PDGFRβ-tr-HEK cells in comparison to negative control cell lines. Binding was inhibited up to 90% by the unlabeled PDGFR-P1 peptide. Organ distribution studies revealed a higher accumulation in BxPC3 tumors than in most organs. Conclusions PDGFR-P1 is a promising candidate for targeting human PDGFRβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Askoxylakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Rana S, Nissen F, Lindner T, Altmann A, Mier W, Debus J, Haberkorn U, Askoxylakis V. Screening of a Novel Peptide Targeting the Proteoglycan-Like Region of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Mol Imaging 2013; 12. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2013.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Rana
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Nissen
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindner
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Altmann
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Debus
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vasileios Askoxylakis
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
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Glotzbach B, Reinwarth M, Weber N, Fabritz S, Tomaszowski M, Fittler H, Christmann A, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Combinatorial optimization of cystine-knot peptides towards high-affinity inhibitors of human matriptase-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76956. [PMID: 24146945 PMCID: PMC3795654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystine-knot miniproteins define a class of bioactive molecules with several thousand natural members. Their eponymous motif comprises a rigid structured core formed by six disulfide-connected cysteine residues, which accounts for its exceptional stability towards thermic or proteolytic degradation. Since they display a remarkable sequence tolerance within their disulfide-connected loops, these molecules are considered promising frameworks for peptide-based pharmaceuticals. Natural open-chain cystine-knot trypsin inhibitors of the MCoTI (Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor) and SOTI (Spinacia oleracea trypsin inhibitor) families served as starting points for the generation of inhibitors of matriptase-1, a type II transmembrane serine protease with possible clinical relevance in cancer and arthritic therapy. Yeast surface-displayed libraries of miniproteins were used to select unique and potent matriptase-1 inhibitors. To this end, a knowledge-based library design was applied that makes use of detailed information on binding and folding behavior of cystine-knot peptides. Five inhibitor variants, four of the MCoTI family and one of the SOTI family, were identified, chemically synthesized and oxidatively folded towards the bioactive conformation. Enzyme assays revealed inhibition constants in the low nanomolar range for all candidates. One subnanomolar binder (Ki = 0.83 nM) with an inverted selectivity towards trypsin and matriptase-1 was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Glotzbach
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Reinwarth
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Niklas Weber
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Michael Tomaszowski
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heiko Fittler
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Christmann
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Fittler H, Avrutina O, Glotzbach B, Empting M, Kolmar H. Combinatorial tuning of peptidic drug candidates: high-affinity matriptase inhibitors through incremental structure-guided optimization. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1848-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Reinwarth M, Glotzbach B, Tomaszowski M, Fabritz S, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Oxidative folding of peptides with cystine-knot architectures: kinetic studies and optimization of folding conditions. Chembiochem 2012; 14:137-46. [PMID: 23229141 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides often contain several disulfide bonds that provide the main contribution to conformational rigidity and structural, thermal, or biological stability. Among them, cystine-knot peptides-commonly named "knottins"-make up a subclass with several thousand natural members. Hence, they are considered promising frameworks for peptide-based pharmaceuticals. Although cystine-knot peptides are available through chemical and recombinant synthetic routes, oxidative folding to afford the bioactive isomers still remains a crucial step. We therefore investigated the oxidative folding of ten protease-inhibiting peptides from two knottin families, as well as that of an HIV entry inhibitor and of aprotinin, under two conventional sets of folding conditions and by a newly developed procedure. Kinetic studies identified folding conditions that resulted in correctly folded miniproteins with high rates of conversion even for highly hydrophobic and aggregation-prone peptides in concentrated solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reinwarth
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Combination of Phage Display and Molecular Grafting Generates Highly Specific Tumor-Targeting Miniproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:13136-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zoller F, Markert A, Barthe P, Zhao W, Weichert W, Askoxylakis V, Altmann A, Mier W, Haberkorn U. Combination of Phage Display and Molecular Grafting Generates Highly Specific Tumor-Targeting Miniproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Making Ends Meet: Microwave-Accelerated Synthesis of Cyclic and Disulfide Rich Proteins Via In Situ Thioesterification and Native Chemical Ligation. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012; 19:43-54. [PMID: 23504256 PMCID: PMC3597280 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-012-9331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of synthetic methodologies for cyclic peptides is driven by the discovery of cyclic peptide drug scaffolds such as the plant-derived cyclotides, sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1 (SFTI-1) and the development of cyclized conotoxins. Currently, the native chemical ligation reaction between an N-terminal cysteine and C-terminal thioester group remains the most robust method to obtain a head-to-tail cyclized peptide. Peptidyl thioesters are effectively generated by Boc SPPS. However, their generation is challenging using Fmoc SPPS because thioester linkers are not stable to repeated piperidine exposure during deprotection. Herein we describe a Fmoc-based protocol for synthesizing cyclic peptides adapted for microwave assisted solid phase peptide synthesis. The protocol relies on the linker Di-Fmoc-3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, and we demonstrate the use of Gly, Ser, Arg and Ile as C-terminal amino acids (using HBTU and HATU as coupling reagents). Following synthesis, an N-acylurea moiety is generated at the C-terminal of the peptide; the resin bound acylurea peptide is then deprotected and cleaved from the resin. The fully deprotected peptide undergoes thiolysis in aqueous buffer, generating the thioester in situ. Ultimately, the head-to-tail cyclized peptide is obtained via native chemical ligation. Two naturally occurring cyclic peptides, the prototypical Möbius cyclotide kalata B1 and SFTI-1 were synthesized efficiently, avoiding potential branching at the diamino linker, using the optimized protocol. In addition, we demonstrate the possibility to use the approach for the synthesis of long and synthetically challenging linear sequences, by the ligation of two truncated fragments of a 50-residue long plant defensin.
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Rana S, Nissen F, Marr A, Markert A, Altmann A, Mier W, Debus J, Haberkorn U, Askoxylakis V. Optimization of a novel peptide ligand targeting human carbonic anhydrase IX. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38279. [PMID: 22693612 PMCID: PMC3365038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-regulated transmembrane protein over-expressed in various types of human cancer. Recently, a new peptide with affinity for human carbonic anhydrase IX (CaIX-P1) was identified using the phage display technology. Aim of the present study is to characterize the binding site in the sequence of CaIX-P1, in order to optimize the binding and metabolic properties and use it for targeting purposes. Methodology/Principal Findings Various fragments of CaIX-P1 were synthesized on solid support using Fmoc chemistry. Alanine scanning was performed for identification of the amino acids crucial for target binding. Derivatives with increased binding affinity were radiolabeled and in vitro studies were carried out on the CA IX positive human renal cell carcinoma cell line SKRC 52 and the CA IX negative human pancreatic carcinoma cell line BxPC3. Metabolic stability was investigated in cell culture medium and human serum. Organ distribution and planar scintigraphy studies were performed in Balb/c nu/nu mice carrying subcutaneously transplanted SKRC 52 tumors. The results of our studies clearly identified amino acids that are important for target binding. Among various fragments and derivatives the ligand CaIX-P1-4-10 (NHVPLSPy) was found to possess increased binding potential in SKRC 52 cells, whereas no binding capacity for BxPC3 cells was observed. Binding of radiolabeled CaIX-P1-4-10 on CA IX positive cells could be inhibited by both the unlabeled and the native CaIX-P1 peptide but not by control peptides. Stability experiments indicated the degradation site in the sequence of CaIX-P1-4-10. Biodistribution studies showed a higher in vivo accumulation in the tumor than in most healthy tissues. Conclusions Our data reveal modifications in the sequence of the CA IX affine ligand CaIX-P1 that might be favorable for improvement of target affinity and metabolic stability, which are necessary prior to the use of the ligand in clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Rana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Nissen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annabell Marr
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Markert
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Altmann
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vasileios Askoxylakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Empting M, Avrutina O, Meusinger R, Fabritz S, Reinwarth M, Biesalski M, Voigt S, Buntkowsky G, Kolmar H. "Triazole bridge": disulfide-bond replacement by ruthenium-catalyzed formation of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5207-11. [PMID: 21544910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Empting
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Empting M, Avrutina O, Meusinger R, Fabritz S, Reinwarth M, Biesalski M, Voigt S, Buntkowsky G, Kolmar H. “Triazolbrücke”: ein Disulfidbrückenersatz durch Ruthenium- katalysierte Bildung von 1,5-disubstituierten 1,2,3-Triazolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Zoller F, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Miniproteins as phage display-scaffolds for clinical applications. Molecules 2011; 16:2467-85. [PMID: 21407148 PMCID: PMC6259850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16032467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniproteins are currently developed as alternative, non-immunoglobin proteins for the generation of novel binding motifs. Miniproteins are rigid scaffolds that are stabilised by alpha-helices, beta-sheets and disulfide-constrained secondary structural elements. They are tolerant to multiple amino acid substitutions, which allow for the integration of a randomised affinity function into the stably folded framework. These properties classify miniprotein scaffolds as promising tools for lead structure generation using phage display technologies. Owing to their high enzymatic resistance and structural stability, miniproteins are ideal templates to display binding epitopes for medical applications in vivo. This review summarises the characteristics and the engineering of miniproteins as a novel class of scaffolds to generate of alternative binding agents using phage display screening. Moreover, recent developments for therapeutic and especially diagnostic applications of miniproteins are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Zoller
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; E-Mails: (F.Z.); (U.H.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; E-Mails: (F.Z.); (U.H.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-7720; Fax: +49-6221-56-5473
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Kimura RH, Jones DS, Jiang L, Miao Z, Cheng Z, Cochran JR. Functional mutation of multiple solvent-exposed loops in the Ecballium elaterium trypsin inhibitor-II cystine knot miniprotein. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16112. [PMID: 21364742 PMCID: PMC3041754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ecballium elaterium trypsin inhibitor (EETI-II), a 28-amino acid member of the knottin family of peptides, contains three interwoven disulfide bonds that form multiple solvent-exposed loops. Previously, the trypsin binding loop of EETI-II has been engineered to confer binding to several alternative molecular targets. Here, EETI-II was further explored as a molecular scaffold for polypeptide engineering by evaluating the ability to mutate two of its structurally adjacent loops. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Yeast surface display was used to engineer an EETI-II mutant containing two separate integrin binding epitopes. The resulting knottin peptide was comprised of 38 amino acids, and contained 11- and 10-residue loops compared to wild-type EETI-II, which naturally contains 6- and 5-residue loops, respectively. This knottin peptide bound to α(v)β(3) and α(v)β(5) integrins with affinities in the low nanomolar range, but bound weakly to the related integrins α(5)β(1) and α(iib)β(3). In addition, the engineered knottin peptide inhibited tumor cell adhesion to vitronectin, an extracellular matrix protein that binds to α(v)β(3) and α(v)β(5) integrins. A (64)Cu radiolabeled version of this knottin peptide demonstrated moderate serum stability and excellent tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-blood ratios by positron emission tomography imaging in human tumor xenograft models. Tumor uptake was ∼3-5% injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at one hour post injection, with rapid clearance of probe through the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated that multiple loops of EETI-II can be mutated to bind with high affinity to tumor-associated integrin receptors. The resulting knottin peptide contained 21 (>50%) non-native amino acids within two mutated loops, indicating that extended loop lengths and sequence diversity were well tolerated within the EETI-II scaffold. A radiolabeled version of this knottin peptide showed promise for non-invasive imaging of integrin expression in living subjects. However, reduced serum and metabolic stability were observed compared to an engineered integrin-binding EETI-II knottin peptide containing only one mutated loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Kimura
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Cancer Center, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Center, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Cancer Center, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zheng Miao
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Cancer Center, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Cancer Center, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Center, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Challenges in optimizing a prostate carcinoma binding peptide, identified through the phage display technology. Molecules 2011; 16:1559-78. [PMID: 21321528 PMCID: PMC6259618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16021559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of peptides identified through the phage display technology to clinical applications is difficult. Major drawbacks are the metabolic degradation and label instability. The aim of our work is the optimization of DUP-1, a peptide which was identified by phage display to specifically target human prostate carcinoma. To investigate the influence of chelate conjugation, DOTA was coupled to DUP-1 and labeling was performed with ¹¹¹In. To improve serum stability cyclization of DUP-1 and targeted D-amino acid substitution were carried out. Alanine scanning was performed for identification of the binding site and based on the results peptide fragments were chemically synthesized. The properties of modified ligands were investigated in in vitro binding and competition assays. In vivo biodistribution studies were carried out in mice, carrying human prostate tumors subcutaneously. DOTA conjugation resulted in different cellular binding kinetics, rapid in vivo renal clearance and increased tumor-to-organ ratios. Cyclization and D-amino acid substitution increased the metabolic stability but led to binding affinity decrease. Fragment investigation indicated that the sequence NRAQDY might be significant for target-binding. Our results demonstrate challenges in optimizing peptides, identified through phage display libraries, and show that careful investigation of modified derivatives is necessary in order to improve their characteristics.
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Askoxylakis V, Garcia-Boy R, Rana S, Krämer S, Hebling U, Mier W, Altmann A, Markert A, Debus J, Haberkorn U. A new peptide ligand for targeting human carbonic anhydrase IX, identified through the phage display technology. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15962. [PMID: 21209841 PMCID: PMC3013143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane enzyme found to be overexpressed in various tumors and associated with tumor hypoxia. Ligands binding this target may be used to visualize hypoxia, tumor manifestation or treat tumors by endoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Askoxylakis
- Department of Radiooncology and Radiation Therapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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