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Miles SA, Nillama JA, Hunter L. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: The Diverse Roles That Fluorine Can Play within Amino Acid Side Chains. Molecules 2023; 28:6192. [PMID: 37687021 PMCID: PMC10489206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Side chain-fluorinated amino acids are useful tools in medicinal chemistry and protein science. In this review, we outline some general strategies for incorporating fluorine atom(s) into amino acid side chains and for elaborating such building blocks into more complex fluorinated peptides and proteins. We then describe the diverse benefits that fluorine can offer when located within amino acid side chains, including enabling 19F NMR and 18F PET imaging applications, enhancing pharmacokinetic properties, controlling molecular conformation, and optimizing target-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney 2052, Australia
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Liu J, Guo X, Wen L, Wang L, Liu F, Song G, Zhu H, Zhou N, Yang Z. Comparison of renal clearance of [ 18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH and [ 18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH in mice and breast cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2775-2786. [PMID: 37093312 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A novel HER2 affibody-based molecular probe, [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH, was developed for reducing renal uptake, evaluated, and compared with [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH. METHODS In preclinical studies, micro-PET/CT was performed using HER2-positive gastric cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX) model at 0.5-1 (dynamic), 2, 4, and 6 h post-injection. For blocking experiment, 0.5 mg cold affibody was co-injected with probes. Biodistribution were performed on HER2-positive PDX models at 2 h post-injection. For clinical study, PET/CT images were acquired at 2 h and 4 h after injection of 231.29 ± 17.77 MBq [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH or [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH in five breast cancer patients (4 HER2-positive and 1 HER2-low). Standardized uptake values (SUVs) were measured in tumors and source-organs for semi-quantitative analysis. The OLINDA/EXM software (version 1.2) was used to calculate the radiation doses. RESULTS [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH and [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH were stably labeled with [18F]F, with high binding specificity and affinity to HER2. Micro-PET/CT of both tracers could clearly visualize HER2-positive PDX tumors with high uptake of 16.24 ± 1.74% ID/g and 14.39 ± 2.45% ID/g at 2 h post-injection. The renal accumulation of [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH was significantly lower than that of [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH (5.16 ± 0.22% ID/g vs. 158.73 ± 5.44% ID/g at 2 h, p < 0.0001). In the clinical study, both [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH and [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH demonstrated favorable tumor targeting and image contrast. [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH showed a higher SUVmax in both primary tumor and metastases, and a significantly higher target-to-nontarget ratio in metastases than [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH. Moreover, [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH had lower renal accumulation (43.56 ± 7.88 vs. 79.81 ± 3.81 at 2 h, p < 0.0001; 33.23 ± 6.89 vs. 78.63 ± 4.00 at 4 h, p < 0.0001) as well as a significantly lower renal absorbed dose than [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH (0.4450 ± 0.1117 mGy/MBq vs. 0.8030 ± 0.1604 mGy/MBq, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH tended to provide better image contrast than [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH with a higher target-to-nontarget ratio in detection of metastases. Notably, [18F]AlF-RESCA-HER2-BCH had lower renal accumulation than [18F]AlF-NOTA-HER2-BCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wen
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Futao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guohong Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Breast Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Nina Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
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Morito T, Harada R, Iwata R, Ishikawa Y, Okamura N, Kudo Y, Furumoto S, Yanai K, Tashiro M. Evaluation of 18F labeled glial fibrillary acidic protein binding nanobody and its brain shuttle peptide fusion proteins using a neuroinflammation rat model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287047. [PMID: 37315033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis is a crucial feature of neuroinflammation and is characterized by the significant upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Hence, visualizing GFAP in the living brain of patients with damaged central nervous system using positron emission tomography (PET) is of great importance, and it is expected to depict neuroinflammation more directly than existing neuroinflammation imaging markers. However, no PET radiotracers for GFAP are currently available. Therefore, neuroimaging with antibody-like affinity proteins could be a viable strategy for visualizing imaging targets that small molecules rarely recognize, such as GFAP, while we need to overcome the challenges of slow clearance and low brain permeability. The E9 nanobody, a small-affinity protein with high affinity and selectivity for GFAP, was utilized in this study. E9 was engineered by fusing a brain shuttle peptide that facilitates blood-brain barrier permeation via two different types of linker domains: E9-GS-ApoE (EGA) and E9-EAK-ApoE (EEA). E9, EGA and EEA were radiolabeled with fluorine-18 using cell-free protein radiosynthesis. In vitro autoradiography showed that all radiolabeled proteins exhibited a significant difference in neuroinflammation in the brain sections created from a rat model constructed by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the unilateral striatum of wildtype rats, and an excess competitor displaced their binding. However, exploratory in vivo PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies in the rat model failed to distinguish neuroinflammatory lesions within 3 h of 18F-EEA intravenous injection. This study contributes to a better understanding of the characteristics of small-affinity proteins fused with a brain shuttle peptide for further research into the use of protein molecules as PET tracers for imaging neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Morito
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Harada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ren Iwata
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ishikawa
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Manabu Tashiro
- Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Hu X, Li D, Fu Y, Zheng J, Feng Z, Cai J, Wang P. Advances in the Application of Radionuclide-Labeled HER2 Affibody for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:917439. [PMID: 35785201 PMCID: PMC9240272 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.917439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a highly expressed tumor marker in epithelial ovarian cancer, and its overexpression is considered to be a potential factor of poor prognosis. Therefore, monitoring the expression of HER2 receptor in tumor tissue provides favorable conditions for accurate localization, diagnosis, targeted therapy, and prognosis evaluation of cancer foci. Affibody has the advantages of high affinity, small molecular weight, and stable biochemical properties. The molecular probes of radionuclide-labeled HER2 affibody have recently shown broad application prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer; the aim is to introduce radionuclides into the cancer foci, display systemic lesions, and kill tumor cells through the radioactivity of the radionuclides. This process seamlessly integrates the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. Current research and development of new molecular probes of radionuclide-labeled HER2 affibody should focus on overcoming the deficiencies of non-specific uptake in the kidney, bone marrow, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, and on reducing the background of the image to improve image quality. By modifying the amino acid sequence; changing the hydrophilicity, surface charge, and lipid solubility of the affibody molecule; and using different radionuclides, chelating agents, and labeling conditions to optimize the labeling method of molecular probes, the specific uptake of molecular probes at tumor sites will be improved, while reducing radioactive retention in non-target organs and obtaining the best target/non-target value. These measures will enable the clinical use of radionuclide-labeled HER2 affibody molecular probes as soon as possible, providing a new clinical path for tumor-specific diagnosis, targeted therapy, and efficacy evaluation. The purpose of this review is to describe the application of radionuclide-labeled HER2 affibody in the imaging and treatment of ovarian cancer, including its potential clinical value and dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Zunyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Research and Development Department, Jiangsu Yuanben Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zunyi, China
| | - Jiashen Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zelong Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiong Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Jiong Cai, ; Pan Wang,
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Jiong Cai, ; Pan Wang,
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Synthesis and pharmacokinetic characterisation of a fluorine-18 labelled brain shuttle peptide fusion dimeric affibody. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2588. [PMID: 33510301 PMCID: PMC7844286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with radiolabelled proteins is an emerging concept that potentially enables visualization of unique molecular targets in the brain. However, the pharmacokinetics and protein radiolabelling methods remain challenging. Here, we report the performance of an engineered, blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable affibody molecule that exhibits rapid clearance from the brain, which was radiolabelled using a unique fluorine-18 labelling method, a cell-free protein radiosynthesis (CFPRS) system. AS69, a small (14 kDa) dimeric affibody molecule that binds to the monomeric and oligomeric states of α-synuclein, was newly designed for brain delivery with an apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-derived brain shuttle peptide as AS69-ApoE (22 kDa). The radiolabelled products 18F-AS69 and 18F-AS69-ApoE were successfully synthesised using the CFPRS system. Notably, 18F-AS69-ApoE showed higher BBB permeability than 18F-AS69 in an ex vivo study at 10 and 30 min post injection and was partially cleared from the brain at 120 min post injection. These results suggest that small, a brain shuttle peptide-fused fluorine-18 labelled protein binders can potentially be utilised for brain molecular imaging.
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Iwata R, Terasaki K, Ishikawa Y, Harada R, Furumoto S, Yanai K, Pascali C. A concentration-based microscale method for 18F-nucleophilic substitutions and its testing on the one-pot radiosynthesis of [ 18F]FET and [ 18F]fallypride. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 166:109361. [PMID: 32877862 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When applied to a radiosynthesis, a microscale approach can help to save precursor and improve yields. Thus, a 5-10 μL microscale method based on a concentration procedure was developed and applied to the radiosynthesis of [18F]FET and [18F]fallypride. In spite of using an amount of precursor ca. 100 times smaller, radiochemical yields were comparable or even higher than those reported in literature. Because of the very low reaction volumes, the possible effects of concentrated dose of activity and carrier fluoride were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Iwata
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yoichi Ishikawa
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Harada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Claudio Pascali
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, V. Venezian, 1, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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Zhou N, Liu C, Guo X, Xu Y, Gong J, Qi C, Zhang X, Yang M, Zhu H, Shen L, Yang Z. Impact of 68Ga-NOTA-MAL-MZHER2 PET imaging in advanced gastric cancer patients and therapeutic response monitoring. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:161-175. [PMID: 32564171 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical PET imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) can noninvasively detect HER2 overexpression in lesions. A novel 68Ga-NOTA-MAL-MZHER2 (68Ga-HER2) affibody was developed for clinical PET/CT, and its safety, tissue dosimetry, ability to detect HER2-positive lesions, and utility for HER2-targeted therapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) were evaluated. METHODS Thirty-four patients with AGC (23 with HER2-positive and 11 with HER2-negative primary lesions) were included and underwent PET/CT after an injection of approximately 3.7 MBq/kg body weight 68Ga-HER2 affibody. Thirteen patients (8 HER2-positive and 5 HER2-negative patients) were scanned at 1, 2, and 3 h post-injection to determine the best imaging timepoint, and the remaining patients were scanned at the optimized timepoint. All patients underwent standard 18F-FDG PET/CT within 7 d to identify viable lesions. The SUVmax of lesions larger than 1.0 cm were analyzed. Five lesion maxima were analyzed for each organ. RESULTS (1) The 68Ga-HER2 affibody was safe and effective, and optimal image contrast was observed 2 h post-injection; the average effective absorbed dose was 0.0215 mSv/MBq. (2) The HER2-positive group had significantly higher 68Ga-HER2 affibody uptake than the HER2-negative group (SUVmax 10.7 ± 12.5 vs 3.8 ± 1.7, p = 0.005). The specificity and sensitivity were 100 and 55.4%, respectively, with a SUVmax cutoff value of 6.6. The SUVmax of the lesions ranged from 1.6 to 73.0, suggesting heterogeneity in HER2 expression. (3) 68Ga-HER2 affibody uptake showed an organ-dependent difference in patients with HER2-positive expression. Bone metastases had the highest uptake (SUVmax 40.5 ± 24.9), followed by liver metastases (SUVmax 11.9 ± 3.9) and lymph node metastases (SUVmax 5.6 ± 3.7), while the uptake in other lesions, including in the primary lesion, was relatively lower (SUVmax 7.3 ± 3.7). (4) Patients receiving therapy had a non-significantly lower lesion SUVmax than patients not receiving therapy (SUVmax 8.8 ± 4.9 vs 11.8 ± 15.2) (p = 0.253). Additionally, the 68Ga-HER2 affibody detected positive lesions in 1/11 patients with HER2-negative primary gastric cancer, which was confirmed by second generation gene sequencing. (5) Moreover, ten patients underwent baseline PET/CT followed by targeted anti-HER2 therapy. Patients with lesions showing high avidity to the 68Ga-HER2 affibody showed longer progression-free survival (PFS) than those with lesions showing low avidity (4-9 m vs 2-3 m). CONCLUSION 68Ga-HER2 affibody PET/CT is a feasible method to noninvasively detect the HER2 status in AGC patients and enable early detection with a low dose. Ongoing anti-HER2 therapy did not influence 68Ga-HER2 affibody imaging, which allowed repeated evaluations to monitor the HER2 status after anti-HER2 therapy. This method provides an in vivo understanding of AGC biology that will ultimately help oncologists improve individualized therapy plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaoyi Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Jifang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Changsong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Min Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
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Xu Y, Wang L, Pan D, Yan J, Wang X, Yang R, Li M, Liu Y, Yang M. Synthesis of a novel 89Zr-labeled HER2 affibody and its application study in tumor PET imaging. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:58. [PMID: 32495181 PMCID: PMC7271293 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is an essential biomarker for tumor treatment. Affibody is an ideal vector for preparing HER2 specific probes because of high affinity and rapid clearance from normal tissues, etc. Zirconium-89 is a PET imaging isotope with a long half-life and suitable for monitoring biological processes for more extended periods. In this study, a novel 89Zr-labeled HER2 affibody, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-MAL-Cys-MZHER2, was synthesized, and its imaging characters were also assessed. RESULTS The precursor, DFO-MAL-Cys-MZHER2, was obtained with a yield of nearly 50%. The radiochemical yield of [89Zr]Zr -DFO-MAL-Cys-MZHER2 was 90.2 ± 1.9%, and the radiochemical purity was higher than 95%. The total synthesis time was only 30 min. The probe was stable in PBS and serum. The tracer accumulated in HER2 overexpressing human ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells. In vivo studies in mice bearing tumors showed that the probe was highly retained in SKOV-3 xenografts even for 48 h. The tumors were visualized with good contrast to normal tissues. ROI analysis revealed that the average uptake values in the tumor were greater than 5% IA/g during 48 h postinjection. On the contrary, the counterparts of MCF-7 tumors kept low levels ( ~ 1% IA/g). The outcome was consistent with the immunohistochemical analysis and ex vivo autoradiography. The probe quickly cleared from the normal organs except kidneys and mainly excreted through the urinary system. CONCLUSION The novel HER2 affibody for PET imaging was easily prepared with satisfactory labeling yield and radiochemical purity. [89Zr]Zr-DFO-MAL-Cys-MZHER2 is a potential candidate for detecting HER2 expression. It may play specific roles in clinical cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, Jiangsu, China. .,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Harada R, Morito T, Yanai K. [Radiolabeled proteins for the development of biopharmaceuticals]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:159-163. [PMID: 32378635 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.19152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technique that visualizes pathophysiology in the body using radiotracers at tracer doses (~μg). PET would provide the information regarding not only pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled compounds, but also target engagements, patient selection, and biomarkers. Previously small molecules are widely used as radiotracers, but recently biopharmaceuticals are launched, providing a novel type radiotracer. In general, antibodies are radiolabeled by long physiological half-lives radionuclides such as Cu-64 and Zr-89 because of their slow pharmacokinetics. However, shorter half-lives radiolabeled tracers (C-11 and F-18) might be suitable on the point view of radiation. Now small protein ligands such as affibodies (~7 kDa) are developed as a radiotracer. We are trying to develop a novel approach to label proteins for PET imaging, which are based on radiolabeled amino acids and cell-free protein synthesis system. In this review, we introduced the topics of protein-based PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Harada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Morito
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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Wei W, Rosenkrans ZT, Liu J, Huang G, Luo QY, Cai W. ImmunoPET: Concept, Design, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3787-3851. [PMID: 32202104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Cai J, Li X, Mao F, Wang P, Luo Y, Zheng K, Li F, Zhu Z. Non-Invasive Monitoring of HER2 Expression in Breast Cancer Patients with 99mTc-Affibody SPECT/CT. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY 2020; 17. [DOI: 10.5812/iranjradiol.96419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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Lisova K, Chen BY, Wang J, Fong KMM, Clark PM, van Dam RM. Rapid, efficient, and economical synthesis of PET tracers in a droplet microreactor: application to O-(2-[ 18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([ 18F]FET). EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 5:1. [PMID: 31893318 PMCID: PMC6938530 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional scale production of small batches of PET tracers (e.g. for preclinical imaging) is an inefficient use of resources. Using O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET), we demonstrate that simple microvolume radiosynthesis techniques can improve the efficiency of production by consuming tiny amounts of precursor, and maintaining high molar activity of the tracers even with low starting activity. PROCEDURES The synthesis was carried out in microvolume droplets manipulated on a disposable patterned silicon "chip" affixed to a heater. A droplet of [18F]fluoride containing TBAHCO3 was first deposited onto a chip and dried at 100 °C. Subsequently, a droplet containing 60 nmol of precursor was added to the chip and the fluorination reaction was performed at 90 °C for 5 min. Removal of protecting groups was accomplished with a droplet of HCl heated at 90 °C for 3 min. Finally, the crude product was collected in a methanol-water mixture, purified via analytical-scale radio-HPLC and formulated in saline. As a demonstration, using [18F]FET produced on the chip, we prepared aliquots with different molar activities to explore the impact on preclinical PET imaging of tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS The microdroplet synthesis exhibited an overall decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 55 ± 7% (n = 4) after purification and formulation. When automated, the synthesis could be completed in 35 min. Starting with < 370 MBq of activity, ~ 150 MBq of [18F]FET could be produced, sufficient for multiple in vivo experiments, with high molar activities (48-119 GBq/μmol). The demonstration imaging study revealed the uptake of [18F]FET in subcutaneous tumors, but no significant differences in tumor uptake as a result of molar activity differences (ranging 0.37-48 GBq/μmol) were observed. CONCLUSIONS A microdroplet synthesis of [18F]FET was developed demonstrating low reagent consumption, high yield, and high molar activity. The approach can be expanded to tracers other than [18F]FET, and adapted to produce higher quantities of the tracer sufficient for clinical PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Lisova
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bao Ying Chen
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Mun-Ming Fong
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Clark
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Physics in Biology and Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Xu Y, Wang L, Pan D, Yu C, Mi B, Huang Q, Sheng J, Yan J, Wang X, Yang R, Yang M. PET imaging of a 68Ga labeled modified HER2 affibody in breast cancers: from xenografts to patients. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190425. [PMID: 31593482 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in breast cancers provides promising opportunities for imaging and targeted therapy. Developing HER2 targeted positron emission tomography (PET) probes might be benefit for management of the disease. Small high-affinity scaffold proteins, affibodies, are ideal vectors for imaging HER2 overexpressed tumors. Despite of the initial success on development of 18F labeled ZHER2:342 affibody, the tedious synthesis producers, low yields and unfavorable pharmacokinetics may hinder the clinical use. 68Ga is an attractive positron emitter for PET imaging. A simple preparation of 68Ga labeled ZHER2:342 analog, 68Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys-MZHER2:342, was reported in the study. The in vivo performances of the tracer for assessing HER2 status in breast cancers were also evaluated. METHODS NOTA-MAL conjugated Cys-MZHER2:342 was radiolabeled with 68Ga. The probe was evaluated by in vitro tests including stability and cell binding studies in breast cancer cells with different HER2 levels. In vivo evaluation was performed in mice bearing tumors using microPET imaging and biodistribution experiments. A PET/CT imaging study was initially performed in patients with breast cancers. RESULTS The tracer was synthesized in a straightforward chelation method with satisfactory non-decay corrected yield (81±5%) and radiochemical purity (>95%). In vivo micro-PET imaging showed that HER2 high levels expressed BT474 xenografts were more clear visualized than HER2 low levels expressed MCF-7 tumors (16.12 ± 2.69 ID%/g vs 1.32 ± 0.19 ID%/g at 1 h post-injection). The outcome was consistent with the immunohistochemical analysis. No significant radioactivity was accumulated in healthy tissues (less than 2% ID/g) except kidneys. In a preliminary clinical study, 68Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys-MZHER2:342 PET imaging allowed more high-contrast detection of HER2 positive primary tumors (maximum standardized uptake value = 2.16±0.27) than those in HER2 negative primary focus (maximum standardized uptake value = 0.32±0.05). No detectable side-effects were found. CONCLUSION In summary, this study indicates the significant efficiency of the 68Ga labeled HER2 affibody. Preclinical and clinical studies support the possibility of monitoring HER2 levels in breast cancers using 68Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys-MZHER2:342. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The research investigated the feasibility of a 68Ga labeled HER2 affibody modified with a hydrophilic linker for breast cancer PET imaging. Favorable outcomes showed that the probe might be valuable for determining HER2 status of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China.,Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Chunjing Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi No. 4 People's Hospital, Wuxi, 214062, China
| | - Baoming Mi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi No. 4 People's Hospital, Wuxi, 214062, China
| | - Qianhuan Huang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Runlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China.,Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
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