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Nigam S, Gjelaj E, Wang R, Wei G, Wang P. Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications in Magnetic Particle Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2025; 61:42-51. [PMID: 38358090 PMCID: PMC11324856 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has emerged as a promising imaging technique depicting high sensitivity and spatial resolution. It originated in the early 2000s where it proposed a new approach to challenge the low spatial resolution achieved by using relaxometry in order to measure the magnetic fields. MPI presents 2D and 3D images with high temporal resolution, non-ionizing radiation, and optimal visual contrast due to its lack of background tissue signal. Traditionally, the images were reconstructed by the conversion of signal from the induced voltage by generating system matrix and X-space based methods. Because image reconstruction and analyses play an integral role in obtaining precise information from MPI signals, newer artificial intelligence-based methods are continuously being researched and developed upon. In this work, we summarize and review the significance and employment of machine learning and deep learning models for applications with MPI and the potential they hold for the future. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Nigam
- Precision Health ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Elvira Gjelaj
- Precision Health ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Lyman Briggs CollegeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Mathematics, College of Natural ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Guo‐Wei Wei
- Department of Mathematics, College of Natural ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Ping Wang
- Precision Health ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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Xue R, Liu Z, Liu L, Sun S, Gong Z. Ultrasound Imaging of Macrophages Intracellularly Labelled with Biosynthetic Gas Vesicles. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:761-767. [PMID: 39198330 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-024-01946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to develop a novel method for real-time imaging to track macrophages and to make it possible to visually track their dynamic features. PROCEDURES The archaeon Halobacterium NRC-1 was cultured in an ATCC medium. Buoyant cells were allowed to produce biosynthetic gas vesicles (GVs), and isolated GVs were collected after lysis. Gas vesicle-labelled macrophages (GV@RAWs) were obtained by incubating macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells with GVs. The ability of GV@RAWs to track macrophages in real-time for a long term was assessed using a high-frequency ultrasound imaging system. RESULTS We successfully synthesised and isolated GV@RAWs by co-incubating them with RAW 264.7. The results showed that GV@RAW produced significant ultrasound signals without affecting cell survival and could achieve real-time imaging for up to 3 days in vitro. CONCLUSION This research provides a new way to achieve long-term real-time imaging of macrophages, opening up new possibilities for immune response research, clinical diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xue
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410061, China
| | - Zhixi Liu
- Department of Social Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410061, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410061, China
| | - Shufen Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410061, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The People's Hospital of Shiqian County, Tongren, Guizhou, 555100, China
| | - Zheli Gong
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410061, China.
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Yan X, Li S, Yan H, Yu C, Liu F. IONPs-Based Medical Imaging in Cancer Care: Moving Beyond Traditional Diagnosis and Therapeutic Assessment. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1741-1763. [PMID: 37034271 PMCID: PMC10075272 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s399047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related burden of morbidity and mortality is rapidly rising worldwide. Medical imaging plays an important role in every phase of cancer management, including diagnosis, staging, treatment planning and evaluation. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) could serve as contrast agents or labeling agents to enhance the identification and visualization of pathological tissues as well as target cells. Multimodal or multifunctional imaging can be easily acquired by modifying IONPs with other imaging agents or functional groups, allowing the accessibility of combined imaging techniques and providing more comprehensive information for cancer care. To date, IONPs-enhanced medical imaging has gained intensive application in early diagnosis, monitoring treatment as well as guiding radio-frequency ablation, sentinel lymph node dissection, radiotherapy and hyperthermia therapy. Besides, IONPs mediated imaging is also capable of promoting the development of anti-cancer nanomedicines through identifying patients potentially sensitive to nanotherapeutics. Based on versatile imaging modes and application fields, this review highlights and summarizes recent research advances of IONPs-based medical imaging in cancer management. Besides, currently existing challenges are also discussed to provide perspectives and advices for the future development of IONPs-based imaging in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyin Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chungang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxi Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Fengxi Liu, Tel +86 0531-89269594, Email
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Oberländer J, Ayerbe R, Cabellos J, da Costa Marques R, Li B, Günday-Türeli N, Türeli AE, Ofir R, Shalom EI, Mailänder V. Higher Loading of Gold Nanoparticles in PAD Mesenchymal-like Stromal Cells Leads to a Decreased Exocytosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152323. [PMID: 35954168 PMCID: PMC9367297 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is an important new method in medicine and is being used for the treatment of an increasing number of diseases. The challenge here is the precise tracking of cells in the body and their visualization. One method to visualize cells more easily with current methods is their labeling with nanoparticles before injection. However, for a safe and sufficient cell labeling, the nanoparticles need to remain in the cell and not be exocytosed. Here, we test a glucose-PEG-coated gold nanoparticle for the use of such a cell labeling. To this end, we investigated the nanoparticle exocytosis behavior from PLX-PAD cells, a cell type currently in clinical trials as a potential therapeutic agent. We showed that the amount of exocytosed gold from the cells was influenced by the uptake time and loading amount. This observation will facilitate the safe labeling of cells with nanoparticles in the future and contribute to stem cell therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Oberländer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (J.O.); (R.d.C.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafael Ayerbe
- LEITAT Technological Center, c/Innovació, 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain; (R.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Joan Cabellos
- LEITAT Technological Center, c/Innovació, 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain; (R.A.); (J.C.)
| | - Richard da Costa Marques
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (J.O.); (R.d.C.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bin Li
- MyBiotech GmbH, Industriestraße 1 B, 66802 Überherrn, Germany; (B.L.); (N.G.-T.); (A.E.T.)
| | - Nazende Günday-Türeli
- MyBiotech GmbH, Industriestraße 1 B, 66802 Überherrn, Germany; (B.L.); (N.G.-T.); (A.E.T.)
| | - Akif Emre Türeli
- MyBiotech GmbH, Industriestraße 1 B, 66802 Überherrn, Germany; (B.L.); (N.G.-T.); (A.E.T.)
| | - Racheli Ofir
- Pluristem Therapeutics Inc., Matam Park, Building 05, Haifa 3508409, Israel; (R.O.); (E.I.S.)
| | - Eliran Ish Shalom
- Pluristem Therapeutics Inc., Matam Park, Building 05, Haifa 3508409, Israel; (R.O.); (E.I.S.)
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (J.O.); (R.d.C.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The authors define molecular imaging, according to the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, as the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems. Although practiced for many years clinically in nuclear medicine, expansion to other imaging modalities began roughly 25 years ago and has accelerated since. That acceleration derives from the continual appearance of new and highly relevant animal models of human disease, increasingly sensitive imaging devices, high-throughput methods to discover and optimize affinity agents to key cellular targets, new ways to manipulate genetic material, and expanded use of cloud computing. Greater interest by scientists in allied fields, such as chemistry, biomedical engineering, and immunology, as well as increased attention by the pharmaceutical industry, have likewise contributed to the boom in activity in recent years. Whereas researchers and clinicians have applied molecular imaging to a variety of physiologic processes and disease states, here, the authors focus on oncology, arguably where it has made its greatest impact. The main purpose of imaging in oncology is early detection to enable interception if not prevention of full-blown disease, such as the appearance of metastases. Because biochemical changes occur before changes in anatomy, molecular imaging-particularly when combined with liquid biopsy for screening purposes-promises especially early localization of disease for optimum management. Here, the authors introduce the ways and indications in which molecular imaging can be undertaken, the tools used and under development, and near-term challenges and opportunities in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Rowe
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Congestive Heart Failure. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yang X, Tian DC, He W, Lv W, Fan J, Li H, Jin WN, Meng X. Cellular and molecular imaging for stem cell tracking in neurological diseases. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 6:121-127. [PMID: 33122254 PMCID: PMC8005893 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are cells with strong proliferation ability, multilineage differentiation potential and self-renewal capacity. SC transplantation represents an important therapeutic advancement for the treatment strategy of neurological diseases, both in the preclinical experimental and clinical settings. Innovative and breakthrough SC labelling and tracking technologies are widely used to monitor the distribution and viability of transplanted cells non-invasively and longitudinally. Here we summarised the research progress of the main tracers, labelling methods and imaging technologies involved in current SC tracking technologies for various neurological diseases. Finally, the applications, challenges and unresolved problems of current SC tracing technologies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - De-Cai Tian
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyan He
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lv
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junwan Fan
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Na Jin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Meng
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
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Schäfer R, Schwab M, Siegel G, von Ameln-Mayerhofer A, Buadze M, Lourhmati A, Wendel HP, Kluba T, Krueger MA, Calaminus C, Scheer E, Dominici M, Grisendi G, Doeppner TR, Schlechter J, Finzel AK, Gross D, Klaffschenkel R, Gehring FK, Spohn G, Kretschmer A, Bieback K, Krämer-Albers EM, Barth K, Eckert A, Elser S, Schmehl J, Claussen CD, Seifried E, Hermann DM, Northoff H, Danielyan L. Modulating endothelial adhesion and migration impacts stem cell therapies efficacy. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102987. [PMID: 32942121 PMCID: PMC7498853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited knowledge of stem cell therapies` mechanisms of action hampers their sustainable implementation into the clinic. Specifically, the interactions of transplanted stem cells with the host vasculature and its implications for their therapeutic efficacy are not elucidated. We tested whether adhesion receptors and chemokine receptors on stem cells can be functionally modulated, and consequently if such modulation may substantially affect therapeutically relevant stem cell interactions with the host endothelium. METHODS We investigated the effects of cationic molecule polyethylenimine (PEI) treatment with or without nanoparticles on the functions of adhesion receptors and chemokine receptors of human bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC). Analyses included MSC functions in vitro, as well as homing and therapeutic efficacy in rodent models of central nervous system´s pathologies in vivo. FINDINGS PEI treatment did not affect viability, immunomodulation or differentiation potential of MSC, but increased the CCR4 expression and functionally blocked their adhesion receptors, thus decreasing their adhesion capacity in vitro. Intravenously applied in a rat model of brain injury, the homing rate of PEI-MSC in the brain was highly increased with decreased numbers of adherent PEI-MSC in the lung vasculature. Moreover, in comparison to untreated MSC, PEI-MSC featured increased tumour directed migration in a mouse glioblastoma model, and superior therapeutic efficacy in a murine model of stroke. INTERPRETATION Balanced stem cell adhesion and migration in different parts of the vasculature and tissues together with the local microenvironment impacts their therapeutic efficacy. FUNDING Robert Bosch Stiftung, IZEPHA grant, EU grant 7 FP Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schäfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen gGmbH, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neuroscience Laboratory and Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Georg Siegel
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Marine Buadze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali Lourhmati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Wendel
- Departments of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Kluba
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel A Krueger
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Calaminus
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva Scheer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jana Schlechter
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Kathrin Finzel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominic Gross
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Klaffschenkel
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank K Gehring
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; 3T GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Spohn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen gGmbH, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Kretschmer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen gGmbH, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen gGmbH, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
- Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Barth
- Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Elser
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joerg Schmehl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claus D Claussen
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen gGmbH, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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