1
|
Esfahani SA, Ma H, Krishna S, Shuvaev S, Sabbagh M, Deffler C, Rotile N, Weigand-Whittier J, Zhou IY, Catana C, Catalano OA, Ting DT, Heidari P, Abston E, Lanuti M, Boland GM, Pathak P, Roberts H, Tanabe KK, Qadan M, Castillo CFD, Shih A, Parikh AR, Weekes CD, Hong TS, Caravan P. Collagen type I PET/MRI enables evaluation of treatment response in pancreatic cancer in pre-clinical and first-in-human translational studies. Theranostics 2024; 14:5745-5761. [PMID: 39346545 PMCID: PMC11426233 DOI: 10.7150/thno.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an invasive and rapidly progressive malignancy. A major challenge in patient management is the lack of a reliable imaging tool to monitor tumor response to treatment. Tumor-associated fibrosis characterized by high type I collagen is a hallmark of PDAC, and fibrosis further increases in response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). We hypothesized that molecular positron emission tomography (PET) using a type I collagen-specific imaging probe, 68Ga-CBP8 can detect and measure changes in tumor fibrosis in response to standard treatment in mouse models and patients with PDAC. Methods: We evaluated the specificity of 68Ga-CBP8 PET to tumor collagen and its ability to differentiate responders from non-responders based on the dynamic changes of fibrosis in nude mouse models of human PDAC including FOLFIRNOX-sensitive (PANC-1 and PDAC6) and FOLFIRINOX-resistant (SU.86.86). Next, we demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of 68Ga-CBP8 to the deposited collagen in resected human PDAC and pancreas tissues. Eight male participant (49-65 y) with newly diagnosed PDAC underwent dynamic 68Ga-CBP8 PET/MRI, and five underwent follow up 68Ga-CBP8 PET/MRI after completing standard CRT. PET parameters were correlated with tumor collagen content and markers of response on histology. Results: 68Ga-CBP8 showed specific binding to PDAC compared to non-binding 68Ga-CNBP probe in two mouse models of PDAC using PET imaging and to resected human PDAC using autoradiography (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). 68Ga-CBP8 PET showed 2-fold higher tumor signal in mouse models following FOLFIRINOX treatment in PANC-1 and PDAC6 models (P < 0.01), but no significant increase after treatment in FOLFIRINOX resistant SU.86.86 model. 68Ga-CBP8 binding to resected human PDAC was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in treated versus untreated tissue. PET/MRI of PDAC patients prior to CRT showed significantly higher 68Ga-CBP8 uptake in tumor compared to pancreas (SUVmean: 2.35 ± 0.36 vs. 1.99 ± 0.25, P = 0.036, n = 8). PET tumor values significantly increased following CRT compared to untreated tumors (SUVmean: 2.83 ± 0.30 vs. 2.25 ± 0.41, P = 0.01, n = 5). Collagen deposition significantly increased in response to CRT (59 ± 9% vs. 30 ± 9%, P=0.0005 in treated vs. untreated tumors). Tumor and pancreas collagen content showed a positive direct correlation with SUVmean (R2 = 0.54, P = 0.0007). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the specificity of 68Ga-CBP8 PET to tumor type I collagen and its ability to differentiate responders from non-responders based on the dynamic changes of fibrosis in PDAC. The results highlight the potential use of collagen PET as a non-invasive tool for monitoring response to treatment in patients with PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi A Esfahani
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hua Ma
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Shriya Krishna
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sergey Shuvaev
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mark Sabbagh
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Deffler
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jonah Weigand-Whittier
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Iris Y Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ciprian Catana
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Onofrio A Catalano
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David T Ting
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Abston
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Genevieve M Boland
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Priyanka Pathak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah Roberts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Motaz Qadan
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Del Castillo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Shih
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aparna R Parikh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colin D Weekes
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chaumeil MM, Bankson JA, Brindle KM, Epstein S, Gallagher FA, Grashei M, Guglielmetti C, Kaggie JD, Keshari KR, Knecht S, Laustsen C, Schmidt AB, Vigneron D, Yen YF, Schilling F. New Horizons in Hyperpolarized 13C MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:222-232. [PMID: 38147265 PMCID: PMC10972948 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization techniques significantly enhance the sensitivity of magnetic resonance (MR) and thus present fascinating new directions for research and applications with in vivo MR imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/S). Hyperpolarized 13C MRI/S, in particular, enables real-time non-invasive assessment of metabolic processes and holds great promise for a diverse range of clinical applications spanning fields like oncology, neurology, and cardiology, with a potential for improving early diagnosis of disease, patient stratification, and therapy response assessment. Despite its potential, technical challenges remain for achieving clinical translation. This paper provides an overview of the discussions that took place at the international workshop "New Horizons in Hyperpolarized 13C MRI," in March 2023 at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich, Germany. The workshop covered new developments, as well as future directions, in topics including polarization techniques (particularly focusing on parahydrogen-based methods), novel probes, considerations related to data acquisition and analysis, and emerging clinical applications in oncology and other fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - James A Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Grashei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas B Schmidt
- Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5a, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Daniel Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma G, Enriquez JS, Armijo R, Wang M, Bhattacharya P, Pudakalakatti S. Enhancing Cancer Diagnosis with Real-Time Feedback: Tumor Metabolism through Hyperpolarized 1- 13C Pyruvate MRSI. Metabolites 2023; 13:606. [PMID: 37233647 PMCID: PMC10224418 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article discusses the potential of hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) as a noninvasive technique for identifying altered metabolism in various cancer types. Hyperpolarization significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio for the identification of 13C-labeled metabolites, enabling dynamic and real-time imaging of the conversion of [1-13C] pyruvate to [1-13C] lactate and/or [1-13C] alanine. The technique has shown promise in identifying upregulated glycolysis in most cancers, as compared to normal cells, and detecting successful treatment responses at an earlier stage than multiparametric MRI in breast and prostate cancer patients. The review provides a concise overview of the applications of HP [1-13C] pyruvate MRSI in various cancer systems, highlighting its potential for use in preclinical and clinical investigations, precision medicine, and long-term studies of therapeutic response. The article also discusses emerging frontiers in the field, such as combining multiple metabolic imaging techniques with HP MRSI for a more comprehensive view of cancer metabolism, and leveraging artificial intelligence to develop real-time, actionable biomarkers for early detection, assessing aggressiveness, and interrogating the early efficacy of therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - José S. Enriquez
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Armijo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Muxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pratip Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 75390, USA; (J.S.E.); (R.A.); (M.W.); (P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Esfahani SA, de Aguiar Ferreira C, Rotile NJ, Ataeinia B, Krishna S, Catalano OA, Caravan P, Yen YF, Heidari P, Mahmood U. HER3 PET Imaging Predicts Response to Pan Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Therapy in Gastric Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:353-362. [PMID: 35962301 PMCID: PMC10024929 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New generation of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) have shown to improve survival in many solid tumors. However, an imaging biomarker is needed for patient selection and prediction of treatment response. This study evaluates the use of quantitative changes of HER3 on 68 Ga-NOTA-HER3P1 PET/MRI for prediction of early response to pan-RTKIs in gastric cancer (GCa). PROCEDURES GCa cell lines were evaluated for expression of RTKs, and downstream signaling pathways (AKT and MAPK). Cell viability was assessed following 24-72 h of treatment with 0.01-1 µmol/L of afatinib, a pan-RTKI. HER3-expressing afatinib-sensitive (NCI-N87) and resistant cells (SNU16) were selected for evaluation of changes in RTKs expression and downstream pathways, with 24-72 h of 0.1 µmol/L afatinib treatment. 68 Ga-NOTA-HER3P1 PET/MRI was performed in subcutaneous NCI-N87 and SNU16 xenografts (nu:nu, n = 12/group) at baseline and 4 days after afatinib treatment (10 mg/kg, PO, daily). Temporal changes in PET measures were correlated to HER3 expression in tumors, tumor growth rate, and treatment response. RESULTS With afatinib therapy, NCI-N87 cells showed increased total HER3 expression, and reduction of other RTKs and downstream nodes within 72 h, while SNU16 cells showed no significant change in total HER3 and downstream nodes. 68 Ga-HER3P1 PET/MRI showed increased uptake in NCI-N87 and no significant change in SNU16 tumors (day 4 vs. baseline SUVmean: 3.8 ± 0.7 vs. 1.6 ± 0.6, p < 0.05 in NCI-N87, and 1.5 ± 0.7 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7, p > 0.05 in SNU16). These findings were in concordance with HER3 expression in histopathological analyses and tumor growth over 3 weeks of treatment (mean tumor volume in treated vs. control: 11 ± 17 mm3 vs. 293 ± 79 mm3, p < 0.001 in NCI-N87, and 238 ± 91 mm3 vs. 282 ± 35 mm3, p > 0.05 in SNU16). CONCLUSIONS Quantitative changes in HER3 PET could be used to predict response to pan-RTKI within few days after initiation of treatment and can help with personalizing GCa management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi A Esfahani
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA. .,Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Carolina de Aguiar Ferreira
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shriya Krishna
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Onofrio A Catalano
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meng Y, Sun J, Zhang G, Yu T, Piao H. Imaging glucose metabolism to reveal tumor progression. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1103354. [PMID: 36818450 PMCID: PMC9932271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1103354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze and review the progress of glucose metabolism-based molecular imaging in detecting tumors to guide clinicians for new management strategies. Summary: When metabolic abnormalities occur, termed the Warburg effect, it simultaneously enables excessive cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis. Molecular imaging technology combines molecular biology and cell probe technology to visualize, characterize, and quantify processes at cellular and subcellular levels in vivo. Modern instruments, including molecular biochemistry, data processing, nanotechnology, and image processing, use molecular probes to perform real-time, non-invasive imaging of molecular and cellular events in living organisms. Conclusion: Molecular imaging is a non-invasive method for live detection, dynamic observation, and quantitative assessment of tumor glucose metabolism. It enables in-depth examination of the connection between the tumor microenvironment and tumor growth, providing a reliable assessment technique for scientific and clinical research. This new technique will facilitate the translation of fundamental research into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Meng
- Central Laboratory, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Central Laboratory, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Medical Image, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Tao Yu, ; Haozhe Piao,
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Tao Yu, ; Haozhe Piao,
| |
Collapse
|