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Mazurie Z, Mayo W, Ghorayeb I. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adult patients with primary restless legs syndrome. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:639-646. [PMID: 35382650 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2057857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Comorbidity between Restless Legs Syndrome and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder remains a matter of debate. This putative association, possibly reflecting a shared brain iron homeostasis and dopaminergic dysfunction, supports the hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental component in Restless Legs Syndrome pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms prevalence in adult patients with primary Restless Legs Syndrome compared to another ill group of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome to control for the disease specific effects on psychiatric symptoms and a healthy individuals control group. Clinical data were obtained through standardized and validated self-administrated questionnaires evaluating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms frequencies in 139 outpatients with idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome, 111 patients with treated obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and 136 healthy subjects. Our findings demonstrate a higher prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms among both male and female patients with Restless Legs Syndrome, compared to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients and healthy subjects (33.3 and 43.5%, respectively, p < 0.001). Only women presented a strong relationship between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Restless Legs Syndrome severity (p < 0.001). Male and female in the three groups showed similar Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptom prevalence. These findings indicate that Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms among adult patients with Restless Legs Syndrome populations are a robust phenomenon. These data provide arguments in favor of an enlargement of the clinical neuropsychological presentation of Restless Legs Syndrome and question the role of decreased brain iron of these psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Mazurie
- CNRS, INCIA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Willy Mayo
- CNRS, INCIA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imad Ghorayeb
- CNRS, INCIA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Département de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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An T, Sun H, Yuan L, Wu X, Lu B. Associations of anxiety and depression with restless leg syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1366839. [PMID: 38562425 PMCID: PMC10982394 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1366839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The levels of anxiety and depression among patients with restless leg syndrome (RLS) are controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the levels of depression and anxiety among individuals with RLS with those of healthy controls. Methods We conducted an extensive electronic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases from their inception dates to 20 June 2023. Studies presenting data on depression and anxiety in individuals with RLS were included, and a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed. Results Twenty-one studies matched the inclusion criteria. Significantly more depressive symptoms were present in the individuals with RLS than in those without RLS, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory [mean difference (MD) = 6.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.54-7.62, p < 0.01; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.99]. Similarly, the results from the Beck Anxiety Inventory indicated that there were significantly more pronounced anxiety symptoms in the individuals with RLS than in those without RLS (MD = 9.30, 95%CI = 7.65-10.94, p < 0.01; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.92). The other anxiety and depression scales also yielded statistically significant results. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, with the primary contributing factor probably being the scoring criteria of the scales. Conclusion This meta-analysis found that the levels of depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly higher in individuals with RLS than in their healthy counterparts.Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023410364, (identifier CRD42023410364).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang An
- College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Haiyang Sun
- Cangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- College of Psychology and Mental Health of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xiuling Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Baoquan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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Aneja J, Singh J, Udey B. Prevalence and clinical correlates of restless legs syndrome in psychiatric patients: A cross-sectional study from North India. Indian J Psychiatry 2024; 66:58-66. [PMID: 38419934 PMCID: PMC10898525 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_223_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neuro-sensorimotor disorder which is scarcely researched and is commonly missed in routine psychiatry practice. Aim To evaluate the prevalence of RLS and its correlates in patients with anxiety, depression, and somatoform disorders. Methods A cross-sectional single-center study was undertaken in patients aged 18-65 years suffering from ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10th edition) diagnosis of anxiety, depressive, and somatoform disorders. RLS was evaluated by using diagnostic criteria of International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) and severity measured on IRLSSG scale. Depression and anxiety were rated on Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales respectively, insomnia severity measured by Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and quality of life measured by WHO Quality of Life-Brief version (WHO-QOL BREF) scale. Serum ferritin levels were measured for evaluating iron deficiency. Results The rate of RLS was 66.7%, 50%, and 48% in patients with depressive, anxiety, and somatoform disorders, respectively, with no significant inter-group difference. Nearly one-third of patients suffered from severe to very severe symptoms of RLS, and quality of life was poorest in those with depressive disorders. RLS was significantly higher in females (P = 0.019), who were married (P = 0.040), diagnosed with severe depression (P = 0.029), and abused benzodiazepines (P = 0.045). On binary logistic regression, female gender and presence of clinical insomnia predicted occurrence of RLS. Conclusion The prevalence of RLS is very high in patients with common psychiatric disorders which is often missed. Clinical enquiry and examination for reversible causes such as iron deficiency may assist in its diagnosis and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Aneja
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Jawahar Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bharat Udey
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Olgun H, Yazar T, Çakmak BB, Arıcı YK. Assessment of Sleep Disturbances on Mental Health in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome. Neurol India 2023; 71:693-698. [PMID: 37635500 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.383850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective In our study, we aimed to evaluate the sleep disturbances of patients diagnosed with restless legs syndrome (RLS) regarding their mental health according to the severity of the disease. Materials and Methods The study included 166 patients diagnosed with RLS and 161 healthy controls in the same age interval as patients. Sleep disturbances of patients were defined with the "personal information form" (PIF) prepared by the researchers, while the mental health status of patients was defined with the "Brief Symptom Inventory" (BSI). Results All RLS patients had an increase in BSI subscale points, with a positive correlation to disease severity, and subscale points were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Those with the "frequent waking" problem had higher BSI subscale points compared to those without the problem (p<0.01 or 0.001). Those with "waking with respiratory distress," "daytime sleepiness," "very early waking," and "sleep disorder" problems had statistically significantly high BSI subscale points for all subscales, apart from hostility, compared to those without these problems (p<0.01 or 0.001). Conclusion It is considered that assessment of sleep disturbances causing disrupted quality of life and mood disorders is beneficial for the treatment of patients with RLS. Our study data appears to be related to the result that sleep disturbances and mental health disruptions might be associated with the disease severity among RLS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Olgun
- İstanbul Taksim Educational and Research Hospital, Neurology, Neurology Department, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tamer Yazar
- Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Neurology Department, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yeliz K Arıcı
- Ordu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Ordu, Turkey
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Seo Y, Jin C, Jang BH, Jeon JP, Lee YS, Yang SB, Jung WS, Moon SK, Cho KH, Kwon S. Successful treatment of restless leg syndrome with the traditional herbal medicines Dangguijakyak-san and Shihogyeji-tang: A case report (CARE-compliant). Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26800. [PMID: 34397832 PMCID: PMC8341247 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine replacement is currently the standard treatment for restless leg syndrome (RLS); however, various adverse effects are associated with long-term therapy, and the benefits disappear upon discontinuation. To overcome these limitations, interest in traditional East Asian medicine has increased. PATIENT CONCERNS A 72-year-old Asian woman originally admitted for an intracerebral hemorrhage presented with complaints of an unpleasant sensation throughout the body that appeared at night. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed with chronic persistent RLS based on the 2012 Revised International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group Diagnostic Criteria. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with extracts of the traditional herbal medicines Dangguijakyak-san (DS) and Shihogyeji-tang (ST). After 47 days of therapy, all herbal medicines were discontinued, and symptoms had not returned by the last follow-up 244 days after the initial treatment. OUTCOMES One week after initiating herbal treatment with DS and ST, the RLS symptoms began to improve, and the total hours of sleep had increased from 2 to 9 hours by day 21, with a Korean version of the international restless legs scale score of 11 points. On day 36, ST was discontinued, given the continued improvement of symptoms. On day 47, symptoms had disappeared (Korean version of the international restless legs scale score: 0), and sleep disturbances caused by RLS had completely resolved. After day 47, DS was also discontinued. There were no adverse effects associated with the administration of DS and ST, and the symptoms had not recurred by the last follow-up on day 244. LESSONS In this case, RLS related symptoms, which had been present for approximately 60 years, were improved using only the traditional herbal medicines DS and ST (without dopamine replacement), and no symptoms recurred for 244 days. This case suggests that if replacement therapy is difficult or not desired, herbal medicinal therapies may be an effective alternative. This also suggests that the effect of herbal medicine on RLS might be semi-permanent. Further investigations, including clinical trials, are needed to confirm these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Seo
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Jin
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyoung Jang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Pyeong Jeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Lee
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bo Yang
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sang Jung
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kwan Moon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Cho
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Kwon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Erdal Y, Perk S, Alnak A, Liman E, Dereci H, Emre U. Obsessive–compulsive disorder in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-021-00329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Evaluation of affective temperament profile and levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Breath 2021; 26:381-388. [PMID: 33884556 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep-related sensorimotor disorder associated with mood and anxiety disorders. Although affective temperaments are considered subclinical manifestations of mood disorders (MDs), to date, no previous research has explored the relationship between affective temperaments and RLS. We aimed to evaluate affective temperaments, depressive symptoms, and anxiety among newly diagnosed, drug-naive patients with RLS. Additionally, our study identified possible associations between clinical variables and affective temperaments, depressive symptoms, and anxiety profiles in this group. METHODS The study included 74 patients with RLS and 90 healthy volunteers. All participants performed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS Temperament, depression, and anxiety scores in patients with RLS were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (p ≤ 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that anxious temperament scores were positively related to longer disease duration (β = 0.658, p = 0.000), whereas disease severity (as measured by the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale) (β = 0.447, p = 0.006) and lower educational status (β = - 0.803, p = 0.008) correlated with the anxiety profile. CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that higher scores on the affective temperament, depression, and anxiety scales indicate subclinical MDs and psychiatric comorbidities in RLS. Therefore, exploring the predictors of mood and anxiety disorders in patients with RLS may improve treatment strategies and clinical outcomes.
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Auvinen P, Koponen H, Kautiainen H, Korniloff K, Ahonen T, Vanhala M, Mäntyselkä P. The influence of restless legs symptoms on musculoskeletal pain in depression. Scand J Pain 2020; 20:603-610. [PMID: 32106087 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2019-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Restless legs syndrome is a sensorimotor disorder associated with mental health conditions notably depression. Restless legs symptoms and depression are commonly associated with pain. The study investigated the influence of restless legs symptoms on musculoskeletal pain in patients with depression or with increased depressive symptoms. Methods A cross-sectional study of primary care patients in the Central Finland Hospital District. The prevalence of restless legs symptoms was studied in patients with depressive symptoms (n = 695) and controls without a psychiatric diagnosis (n = 410) by using a structured questionnaire. The depressive symptoms were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory and the psychiatric diagnosis was confirmed by means of a diagnostic interview (MINI). The prevalence and intensity of musculoskeletal pain was captured with form-based questions. A single-question screen for restless legs symptoms was applied. Results There was a significant difference in the prevalence of continuous widespread musculoskeletal pain between the three study groups: the controls 4.6% (95% CI: 2.8-7.1), the patients with symptoms of depression without a diagnosis 16.0% (11.7-21.1), and the patients with diagnosed depression 22.1% (18.3-23.3) (p = 0.006 after being adjusted for age, sex, smoking, use of alcohol, education years, body mass index, use of antidepressants, and physical activity, after multiple corrections, all groups were significantly different from each other). Compared with those not having restless legs symptoms, subjects with restless legs symptoms had more often continuous widespread musculoskeletal pain in the control subjects (p = 0.001; 2.3% vs. 10.5%) and in the patients with depressive symptoms without a depression diagnosis (p = 0.024; 9.1 vs. 18.7%) but not in those with diagnosed depression (p = 0.98; 19.5 vs. 19.4%). The restless legs symptoms were associated with the intensity of pain in all groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions Restless legs symptoms were related to continuous widespread musculoskeletal pain in subjects without depressive symptoms and in patients with depressive symptoms without a depression diagnosis. Pain intensity was higher in the subjects with restless legs symptoms regardless of depressive symtoms or depression. Implications Clinical management of pain in patients with restless legs symptoms should include an increased focus on the prevention and treatment of either conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piritta Auvinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, General Practice, University of Eastern Finland, Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio, Finland, Phone: +358407063831
| | - Hannu Koponen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Korniloff
- School of Health and Social Studies, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiina Ahonen
- Primary Health Care Unit, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mauno Vanhala
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, General Practice, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, General Practice, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
Restless legs syndrome describes a curious need to stretch and move in response to an unpleasant feeling in the legs. For most people who have this, as they are drifting off to sleep there is a twitch of the toe, foot and ankle followed by another and then another. The limb movements are strikingly periodic and are described as such by frustrated bed partners. The pathophysiology remains debated but is likely to involve dopaminergic dysfunction and ascending arousal systems. Despite a prevalence of 5-10% in the general population, the variable nature of symptoms and difficulty describing the dysaesthesia often leads to delay in treatment. This article outlines the diagnostic criteria, medication and comorbidities that modify symptoms, the impact of restless legs syndrome on health, and symptomatic management. Several licensed therapies are effective but the dopamine agonists in particular can cause challenging side effects and paradoxically worsen symptoms over time. Case histories are reviewed to guide physicians.
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Byun JI, Kim JS, Shin YY, Hwang KJ, Jung YJ, Shin WC. Difference in Psychological Distress between Patients with Periodic Limb Movement Disorder and Restless Legs Syndrome. SLEEP MEDICINE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.17241/smr.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ghorayeb I, Gamas A, Mazurie Z, Mayo W. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Adult Patients With Primary Restless Legs Syndrome: Different Phenotypes of the Same Disease? Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17:246-253. [PMID: 28557538 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2017.1326919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in adult patients with primary restless legs syndrome (RLS) and to determine the iron biological correlates of these comorbidities. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We obtained demographic and clinical data from consecutive 105 outpatients with idiopathic RLS who answered validated questionnaires designed to assess the presence of ADHD and OCD symptoms. In these patients, iron blood parameters were routinely checked. RESULTS Of the total sample, 42.86% of the patients with RLS showed symptoms reminiscent either of ADHD or OCD. Prevalence of ADHD and OCD symptoms was 27.62% and 7.62%, respectively. Compared to other groups, a significantly higher percentage of RLS patients with ADHD symptoms was on antidepressant (p = 0.012); and women with ADHD symptoms, either alone or combined with OCD symptoms, showed significant reduced ferritin concentrations compared to men with either isolated ADHD symptoms or with combined ADHD and OCD symptoms (p = 0.028 and p = 0.025, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the high prevalence of ADHD and OCD symptoms in adult patients with primary RLS and independently of serum iron stores decrease, except for women with ADHD symptoms either alone or in combination with OCD symptoms. This may suggest an overlapping neurobiological dopaminergic and serotoninergic dysfunction in ADHD, OCD, and RLS, and question the expression of different RLS phenotypes. The efficacy of dopamine agonists in these groups of patients should be questioned in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ghorayeb
- a Département de Neurophysiologie Clinique , Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques , CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux , France.,b Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,c CNRS , Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine , Bordeaux , France
| | - Ashley Gamas
- b Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,c CNRS , Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine , Bordeaux , France
| | - Zoé Mazurie
- b Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,c CNRS , Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine , Bordeaux , France
| | - Willy Mayo
- b Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France.,c CNRS , Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine , Bordeaux , France
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Yilmaz O, Şengül Y, Şengül HS, Parlakkaya FB, Öztürk A. Investigation of alexithymia and levels of anxiety and depression among patients with restless legs syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2207-2214. [PMID: 30214210 PMCID: PMC6120575 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s174552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine alexithymia among restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients, compare with healthy controls, and argue the clinical inferences of this relationship. We searched for anxiety and depression and their clinical outcomes among patients and searched whether the results are similar to previous studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-seven RLS patients and 88 age, gender, and educationally matched healthy controls were assessed in Bezmialem Foundation University Hospital. RLS patients and healthy controls were assessed with the Sociodemographic Data Form constructed for the present study, 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS). The patient group was also assessed with the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) RLS Severity Scale. RESULTS RLS patients were found to have greater TAS-20, BDI, and BAS scores compared with the control group (P < 0.05). RLS severity score was positively correlated with the scores of anxiety and depression scales. However, no significant relationship was found between scores of IRLSSG RLS scale and TAS-20 total and subscale scores. CONCLUSION RLS patients were found to be more alexithymic than healthy controls, whereas no significant relationship was found between RLS severity and levels of alexithymia. Still, alexithymia might be a predictor for early diagnosis and may be considered in the treatment and follow-up of RLS. RLS patients have higher depression and anxiety scores than healthy individuals. Thus, depression and anxiety should be taken into consideration throughout the RLS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Yilmaz
- Bezmialem Foundation University Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Yildizhan Şengül
- Bezmialem Foundation University Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, IIstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Serdar Şengül
- Gaziosmanpaşa Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Büşra Parlakkaya
- Bezmialem Foundation University Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Ahmet Öztürk
- Bezmialem Foundation University Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey,
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Min YS. Diagnosis and Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.12786/bn.2016.9.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sun Min
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Korea
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Daytime cerebral electrical activity in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-015-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jung KY, Kim SM, Song JY, Lee BU, Lee C, Lee SK, Koo YS, Cho YW, Choi JW, Kim KH. Sternberg working memory performance following treatment with pramipexole in patients with moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2015; 16:703-8. [PMID: 25934537 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently reported that the P300 amplitude related to the Sternberg working memory (WM) task was significantly lower in drug-naïve severe restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients than controls. Here, we evaluated the effects of pramipexole on the Sternberg WM task performance by event-related potential (ERP) study. METHODS Thirteen drug-naïve RLS patients (52.0 ± 9.48 years) were enrolled in the study. Pramipexole was administered over a period of 12 weeks every night 1 h before bedtime. Two ERP studies were carried out: the first was performed just before giving the first dose of pramipexole and the second was conducted at 12-16 weeks after commencement of pramipexole administration. P300 amplitudes and reaction times were compared before and after treatment considering brain regions and memory load as within-subject factors. Clinical and sleep-related variables were correlated with P300 amplitude. RESULTS After treatment with pramipexole, the International RLS Severity Scale (IRLS) score was significantly decreased. Sleep quality and depression were also significantly improved. Omission error was significantly reduced without significant change of commission error. Reaction time was significantly shortened, regardless of memory load size, following treatment with pramipexole. Parietal P300 amplitude was significantly increased after treatment with pramipexole for all memory load sizes. Increase of frontal P300 amplitude was significantly correlated with improvement of sleep duration, IRLS, Insomnia Severity Index, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that pramipexole improves WM performance in patients with RLS in addition to improving RLS symptoms, sleep disturbance, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Jung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Medical Center Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Song
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Medical Center Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong Uk Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chany Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Seo Koo
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Medical Center Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Won Cho
- Department of Neurology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
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16
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Working memory deficit in patients with restless legs syndrome: an event-related potential study. Sleep Med 2014; 15:808-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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