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Champ-Rigot L, Cornille AL, Ferchaud V, Morello R, Pellissier A, Ollitrault P, Saloux E, Moirot P, Milliez P. Usefulness of sleep apnea monitoring by pacemaker sensor in elderly patients with diastolic dysfunction. Respir Med Res 2023; 84:101025. [PMID: 37734232 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmer.2023.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automated detection of sleep apnea (SA) by pacemaker (PM) has been proposed and exhibited good agreement with polysomnography to detect severe SA. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of SA monitoring algorithm in elderly patients with diastolic dysfunction. METHODS Consecutive patients referred to the Caen University Hospital for PM implantation between May 2016 and December 2018 presenting isolated diastolic dysfunction were eligible for the study. The respiratory disturbance index (RDI) measured by the PM, and the mean monthly RDI (RDIm), were compared to the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) assessed with portable monitor for severe SA diagnosis. RESULTS During the study period, 68 patients were recruited, aged of 80.4 ± 8.2 years. 63 patients underwent polygraphy with a portable monitor: 57 presented SA (83.8%), including 16 with severe SA (23.5%). Eight were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). We found the RDI cutoff value of 22 events/h to predict severe SA, with 71.4% sensitivity and 65.2%, specificity. The RDIm cutoff value to detect severe SA was 19 events/h, with a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 66%. There was a significant reduction in RDI (p = 0.041), RDIm (p = 0.039) and AHI (p = 0.002) after CPAP. Supraventricular arrhythmias were frequent in all patients, regardless of SA severity, considering either episodes occurrence or total burden. CONCLUSION In a population of elderly patients with PM and diastolic dysfunction, the SA monitoring algorithm was able to detect severe SA, with good diagnostic performance values, but also to provide follow-up data for the patients treated with CPAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Champ-Rigot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Cardiologie, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Anne-Laure Cornille
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Cardiologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Virginie Ferchaud
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Cardiologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Rémy Morello
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Unité de biostatistique et recherche clinique, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Pellissier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Cardiologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pierre Ollitrault
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Cardiologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Eric Saloux
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Cardiologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pierre Moirot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Pneumologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Paul Milliez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Cardiologie, 14000 Caen, France
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Glos M, Triché D. Home Sleep Testing of Sleep Apnea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1384:147-157. [PMID: 36217083 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06413-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Measurement methods with graded complexity for use in the lab as well as for home sleep testing (HST) are available for the diagnosis of sleep apnea, and there are different classification systems in existence. Simplified HST measurements, which record fewer parameters than traditional four- to six-channel devices, can indicate sleep apnea and can be used as screening tool in high-prevalence patient groups. Peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) is a technique which can be suitable for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in certain cases. Different measurement methods are used, which has an influence on the significance of the results. New minimal-contact and non-contact technologies of recording and analysis of surrogate parameters are under development. If they are validated by clinical studies, it will be possible to detect sleep apnea in need of treatment more effectively. In addition, this could become a solution to monitor the effectiveness of such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Glos
- Interdisciplinary Center for Sleep Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dora Triché
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology, Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg General Hospital, Nuremberg, Germany
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Ben Messaoud R, Khouri C, Pépin JL, Cracowski JL, Tamisier R, Barbieri F, Heidbreder A, Joyeux-Faure M, Defaye P. Implantable cardiac devices in sleep apnoea diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2021; 348:76-82. [PMID: 34906614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A particularly high burden of sleep apnoea is reported in patients treated with cardiac implants such as pacemakers and defibrillators. Sleep apnoea diagnosis remains a complex procedure mainly based on sleep and respiratory indices captured by polysomnography (PSG) or respiratory polygraphy (PG). AIM We aimed to evaluate the performance of implantable cardiac devices for sleep apnoea diagnosis compared to reference methods. METHOD Systematic structured literature searches were performed in PubMed, Embase and. Cochrane Library was performed to identify relevant studies. Quantitative characteristics of the studies were summarized and a qualitative synthesis was performed by a randomized bivariate meta-analysis and completed by pre-specified sensitivity analyses for different implant types and brands. RESULTS 16 studies involving 999 patients met inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of patients were men, of mean age of 64 ± 4.6 years. Sensitivity of cardiac implants for sleep apnoea diagnosis ranged from 60 to 100%, specificity from 50 to 100% with a prevalence of sleep apnoea varying from 22 to 91%. For an apnoea-hypopnoea index threshold ≥30 events/h during polysomnography (corresponding to severe sleep apnoea), the overall performance of the implants was relevant with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 79%. Subgroup analyses on implant type and brand provided no additional information owing to the small number of studies. CONCLUSION The respiratory disturbance index provided by cardiac implants is clinically relevant and might improve access to sleep apnoea diagnosis in at-risk cardiovascular populations. PROSPERO Registration number: CRD42020181656.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoua Ben Messaoud
- HP2 Laboratory, Inserm U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.
| | - Charles Khouri
- HP2 Laboratory, Inserm U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
| | - Jean Louis Pépin
- HP2 Laboratory, Inserm U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; EFCR Laboratory, Thorax and Vessels division, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
| | - Jean Luc Cracowski
- HP2 Laboratory, Inserm U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; Regional Pharmacovigilance Center, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
| | - Renaud Tamisier
- HP2 Laboratory, Inserm U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; EFCR Laboratory, Thorax and Vessels division, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
| | - Fabian Barbieri
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Marie Joyeux-Faure
- HP2 Laboratory, Inserm U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France; EFCR Laboratory, Thorax and Vessels division, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
| | - Pascal Defaye
- Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
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Batista E, Moncusi MA, López-Aguilar P, Martínez-Ballesté A, Solanas A. Sensors for Context-Aware Smart Healthcare: A Security Perspective. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6886. [PMID: 34696099 PMCID: PMC8537585 DOI: 10.3390/s21206886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The advances in the miniaturisation of electronic devices and the deployment of cheaper and faster data networks have propelled environments augmented with contextual and real-time information, such as smart homes and smart cities. These context-aware environments have opened the door to numerous opportunities for providing added-value, accurate and personalised services to citizens. In particular, smart healthcare, regarded as the natural evolution of electronic health and mobile health, contributes to enhance medical services and people's welfare, while shortening waiting times and decreasing healthcare expenditure. However, the large number, variety and complexity of devices and systems involved in smart health systems involve a number of challenging considerations to be considered, particularly from security and privacy perspectives. To this aim, this article provides a thorough technical review on the deployment of secure smart health services, ranging from the very collection of sensors data (either related to the medical conditions of individuals or to their immediate context), the transmission of these data through wireless communication networks, to the final storage and analysis of such information in the appropriate health information systems. As a result, we provide practitioners with a comprehensive overview of the existing vulnerabilities and solutions in the technical side of smart healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Batista
- Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.-B.)
- SIMPPLE S.L., C. Joan Maragall 1A, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M. Angels Moncusi
- Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.-B.)
| | - Pablo López-Aguilar
- Anti-Phishing Working Group EU, Av. Diagonal 621–629, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Antoni Martínez-Ballesté
- Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.-B.)
| | - Agusti Solanas
- Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.-B.)
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Respiration Monitoring via Forcecardiography Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21123996. [PMID: 34207899 PMCID: PMC8228286 DOI: 10.3390/s21123996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, a number of wearable systems for respiration monitoring that help to significantly reduce patients’ discomfort and improve the reliability of measurements have been presented. A recent research trend in biosignal acquisition is focusing on the development of monolithic sensors for monitoring multiple vital signs, which could improve the simultaneous recording of different physiological data. This study presents a performance analysis of respiration monitoring performed via forcecardiography (FCG) sensors, as compared to ECG-derived respiration (EDR) and electroresistive respiration band (ERB), which was assumed as the reference. FCG is a novel technique that records the cardiac-induced vibrations of the chest wall via specific force sensors, which provide seismocardiogram-like information, along with a novel component that seems to be related to the ventricular volume variations. Simultaneous acquisitions were obtained from seven healthy subjects at rest, during both quiet breathing and forced respiration at higher and lower rates. The raw FCG sensor signals featured a large, low-frequency, respiratory component (R-FCG), in addition to the common FCG signal. Statistical analyses of R-FCG, EDR and ERB signals showed that FCG sensors ensure a more sensitive and precise detection of respiratory acts than EDR (sensitivity: 100% vs. 95.8%, positive predictive value: 98.9% vs. 92.5%), as well as a superior accuracy and precision in interbreath interval measurement (linear regression slopes and intercepts: 0.99, 0.026 s (R2 = 0.98) vs. 0.98, 0.11 s (R2 = 0.88), Bland–Altman limits of agreement: ±0.61 s vs. ±1.5 s). This study represents a first proof of concept for the simultaneous recording of respiration signals and forcecardiograms with a single, local, small, unobtrusive, cheap sensor. This would extend the scope of FCG to monitoring multiple vital signs, as well as to the analysis of cardiorespiratory interactions, also paving the way for the continuous, long-term monitoring of patients with heart and pulmonary diseases.
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The variability and burden of severe sleep apnea and the relationship with atrial fibrillation occurrence: analysis of pacemaker-detected sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2021; 26:307-313. [PMID: 34028644 PMCID: PMC8857144 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Study objectives This was a pilot study to evaluate the long-term variability and burden of respiratory disturbance index (RDI) detected by pacemaker and to investigate the relationship between RDI and atrial fibrillation (AF) event in patients with pacemakers. Methods This was a prospective study enrolling patients implanted with a pacemaker that could calculate the night-to-night RDI. The mean follow-up was 348 ± 34 days. The RDI variability was defined as the standard deviation of RDI (RDI-SD). RDI burden was referred to as the percentage of nights with RDI ≥ 26. The patient with RDI ≥ 26 in more than 75% nights was considered to have a high sleep apnea (SA) burden. An AF event was defined as a daily AF duration > 6 h. Results Among 30 patients, the mean RDI of the whole follow-up period was 24.5 ± 8.6. Nine (30%) patients were diagnosed with high SA burden. Patients with high SA burden had a higher BMI (26.7 ± 4.8 vs 23.2 ± 3.9, p = 0.036), a higher prevalence of hypertension (86% vs 39%, p = 0.031), and a larger left ventricular diastolic diameter (49.2 mm vs 46.7 mm, p = 0.036). The RDI-SD in patients with a higher burden was significantly greater than that in the patients with less burden (10.7 ± 4.9 vs 5.7 ± 1.4, p = 0.036). Linear regression showed that participants with a higher RDI tended to have a higher SD (R = 0.661; p < 0.001). The mean RDI (OR = 1.118, 95%CI 1.008–1.244, p = 0.044) was associated with AF occurrence. Conclusion Using a metric such as burden of severe SA may be more appropriate to demonstrate a patient’s true disease burden.
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Wyckmans M, Tukanov E, Winters R, Stinissen R, Vermeulen H, Dendale P, Desteghe L. Pacemaker guided screening for severe sleep apnea, a possible option for patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2021; 44:1421-1431. [PMID: 33959988 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obstructive sleep apnea is often underdiagnosed in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients although it is an important risk factor. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess which techniques cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) and Holter monitors use to screen for sleep apnea (SA), and to evaluate if these are suitable for AF patients from a diagnostic accuracy perspective. METHODS The search was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-guidelines. PICO was defined as (P) patients with AF, (I) Holter monitors or CIED suitable for screening for SA, (C) overnight polysomnography (PSG), (O) positive screening with subsequent positive polysomnographic diagnosis of SA. Optimal index test cut-off points corresponding to reference test cut-off for severe SA (PSG-AHI ≥ 30) were compared. Meta-analysis was conducted for the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), with forest plot and ROC-curve for summary DOR. RESULTS A total of five prospective cohort studies (n = 192) were included in the systematic review of which four studies (n = 132) were included in the meta-analysis. All included studies use transthoracic impedance measurement as a screening parameter. No studies evaluating Holter monitors were included. The population consisted of patients indicated for pacemaker implantation. The summary DOR was 27.14 (8.83; 83.37), AUC was 0.8689 (0.6872; 0.9456) and Q* was 0.8390 (0.7482; 0.9013). CONCLUSION At optimal pacemaker-cut-off, pacemaker-guided screening for severe SA in patients with AF can be an effective triage tool for clinical practice. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to strengthen the evidence for this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wyckmans
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Eldar Tukanov
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Robbe Winters
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Robin Stinissen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Helene Vermeulen
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Paul Dendale
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Heart Center Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Lien Desteghe
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Heart Center Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.,Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Cardiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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9
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Trohman RG, Huang HD, Larsen T, Krishnan K, Sharma PS. Sensors for rate-adaptive pacing: How they work, strengths, and limitations. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:3009-3027. [PMID: 32877004 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronotropic incompetence is the inability of the sinus node to increase heart rate commensurate with increased metabolic demand. Cardiac pacing alone may be insufficient to address exercise intolerance, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and other symptoms of chronotropic incompetence. Rate-responsive (adaptive) pacing employs sensors to detect physical or physiological indices and mimic the response of the normal sinus node. This review describes the development, strengths, and limitations of a variety of sensors that have been employed to address chronotropic incompetence. A mini-tutorial on programming rate-adaptive parameters is included along with emphasis that patients' lifestyles and underlying medical conditions require careful consideration. In addition, special sensor applications used to respond prophylactically to physiologic signals are detailed and an in-depth discussion of sensors as a potential aid in heart failure management is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Trohman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Henry D Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy Larsen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kousik Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Parikshit S Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Section of Electrophysiology, Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Services, Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Kebe M, Gadhafi R, Mohammad B, Sanduleanu M, Saleh H, Al-Qutayri M. Human Vital Signs Detection Methods and Potential Using Radars: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1454. [PMID: 32155838 PMCID: PMC7085680 DOI: 10.3390/s20051454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as respiration and heartbeat, plays a crucial role in early detection and even prediction of conditions that may affect the wellbeing of the patient. Sensing vital signs can be categorized into: contact-based techniques and contactless based techniques. Conventional clinical methods of detecting these vital signs require the use of contact sensors, which may not be practical for long duration monitoring and less convenient for repeatable measurements. On the other hand, wireless vital signs detection using radars has the distinct advantage of not requiring the attachment of electrodes to the subject's body and hence not constraining the movement of the person and eliminating the possibility of skin irritation. In addition, it removes the need for wires and limitation of access to patients, especially for children and the elderly. This paper presents a thorough review on the traditional methods of monitoring cardio-pulmonary rates as well as the potential of replacing these systems with radar-based techniques. The paper also highlights the challenges that radar-based vital signs monitoring methods need to overcome to gain acceptance in the healthcare field. A proof-of-concept of a radar-based vital sign detection system is presented together with promising measurement results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamady Kebe
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; (M.K.); (R.G.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (M.A.-Q.)
| | - Rida Gadhafi
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; (M.K.); (R.G.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (M.A.-Q.)
- College of Engineering & IT (CEIT), University of Dubai, P.O. Box 14143, Dubai, UAE
| | - Baker Mohammad
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; (M.K.); (R.G.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (M.A.-Q.)
| | - Mihai Sanduleanu
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; (M.K.); (R.G.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (M.A.-Q.)
| | - Hani Saleh
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; (M.K.); (R.G.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (M.A.-Q.)
| | - Mahmoud Al-Qutayri
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE; (M.K.); (R.G.); (M.S.); (H.S.); (M.A.-Q.)
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Massaroni C, Nicolò A, Lo Presti D, Sacchetti M, Silvestri S, Schena E. Contact-Based Methods for Measuring Respiratory Rate. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E908. [PMID: 30795595 PMCID: PMC6413190 DOI: 10.3390/s19040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever-growing demand for measuring respiratory variables during a variety of applications, including monitoring in clinical and occupational settings, and during sporting activities and exercise. Special attention is devoted to the monitoring of respiratory rate because it is a vital sign, which responds to a variety of stressors. There are different methods for measuring respiratory rate, which can be classed as contact-based or contactless. The present paper provides an overview of the currently available contact-based methods for measuring respiratory rate. For these methods, the sensing element (or part of the instrument containing it) is attached to the subject's body. Methods based upon the recording of respiratory airflow, sounds, air temperature, air humidity, air components, chest wall movements, and modulation of the cardiac activity are presented. Working principles, metrological characteristics, and applications in the respiratory monitoring field are presented to explore potential development and applicability for each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sergio Silvestri
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
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