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Chen J, Deng X, Lin T, Huang J, Yang Y, Lian N. Ferrostatin-1 Reversed Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Ferroptosis in Aortic Endothelial Cells via Reprogramming Mitochondrial Function. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:401-411. [PMID: 38680190 PMCID: PMC11055532 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s442186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) related arterial endothelium injury is a common cause of cardiovascular system injury. However, the mechanism still needs to be clarified. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) in CIH-related rat arterial endothelial cells (ROAEC) ferroptosis. Methods ROAEC was divided into control group, CIH group, and CIH+ Fer-1 group. Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit 8 kits (CCK8). The apoptotic rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, Fe2+ levels, and lipid ROS levels were detected by flow cytometry. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/NADH ratio were detected via Elisa kits. The mRNA and protein levels of cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Mitochondrial structure and function were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Central carbon metabolism was measured to compare metabolites among each group. Results After the CIH exposure, ROAEC cell viability decreased; The levels of cell apoptosis, ROS, Fe2+, MDA, and lip ROS increased; The levels of NAD+/NADP ratio decreased; The mRNA and protein levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11 decreased (all p<0.05). Co-cultured with Fer-1 reversed the levels of apoptosis rate, cell viability, ROS, Fe2+, MAD, lipid ROS, NAD+/NADH ratio and the mRNA and protein expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 (all p<0.05). The TEM results showed that damaged mitochondrial membrane and the matrix spillover in the CIH group. The results of the JC-1 assay showed decreased MMP in the CIH group. Fer-1 treatment ameliorated the mitochondrial injury. The results of central carbon metabolism found that CIH altered the metabolites in the TCA cycle, which were reversed by Fer-1 treatment. Conclusion CIH-induced ferroptosis in ROAEC, which were reversed by Fer-1 via reprogramming mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yisong Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningfang Lian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Sleep-Disordered Breathing Clinic Center, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
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Arnaud C, Billoir E, de Melo Junior AF, Pereira SA, O'Halloran KD, Monteiro EC. Chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiovascular and renal dysfunction: from adaptation to maladaptation. J Physiol 2023; 601:5553-5577. [PMID: 37882783 DOI: 10.1113/jp284166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is the dominant pathological feature of human obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), which is highly prevalent and associated with cardiovascular and renal diseases. CIH causes hypertension, centred on sympathetic nervous overactivity, which persists following removal of the CIH stimulus. Molecular mechanisms contributing to CIH-induced hypertension have been carefully delineated. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the efficacy of interventions to ameliorate high blood pressure in established disease. CIH causes endothelial dysfunction, aberrant structural remodelling of vessels and accelerates atherosclerotic processes. Pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant pathways converge on disrupted nitric oxide signalling driving vascular dysfunction. In addition, CIH has adverse effects on the myocardium, manifesting atrial fibrillation, and cardiac remodelling progressing to contractile dysfunction. Sympatho-vagal imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammation, dysregulated HIF-1α transcriptional responses and resultant pro-apoptotic ER stress, calcium dysregulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction conspire to drive myocardial injury and failure. CIH elaborates direct and indirect effects in the kidney that initially contribute to the development of hypertension and later to chronic kidney disease. CIH-induced morphological damage of the kidney is dependent on TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome activation and associated pyroptosis. Emerging potential therapies related to the gut-kidney axis and blockade of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) are promising. Cardiorenal outcomes in response to intermittent hypoxia present along a continuum from adaptation to maladaptation and are dependent on the intensity and duration of exposure to intermittent hypoxia. This heterogeneity of OSA is relevant to therapeutic treatment options and we argue the need for better stratification of OSA phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Arnaud
- Université Grenoble-Alpes INSERM U1300, Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble, France
| | - Emma Billoir
- Université Grenoble-Alpes INSERM U1300, Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sofia A Pereira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emilia C Monteiro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Tepebaşi MY, Aşci H, Coşan S, Sevük MA, Karakuyu NF, Özmen Ö. Irbesartan has a curative effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiotoxicity by antioxidant and antiapoptotic pathways. Rev Port Cardiol 2023; 42:895-903. [PMID: 37385588 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been associated with myocardial inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cardiac dysfunction, as well as death by causing sepsis. In this study, we investigated the effect of irbesartan (IRB), an angiotensin receptor antagonist, on cardiotoxicity caused by LPS. METHODS The experiment involved 24 Wistar albino rats divided into three groups of eight: control, LPS (5 mg/kg), and LPS (5 mg/kg)+IRB (3 mg/kg). Parameters including total oxidative status, total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index, and ischemia-modified albumin were measured to assess oxidative stress in heart tissues and serum. Serum CK, CK-MB, and LDH levels were measured spectrophotometrically. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, BAX, p53, caspase-3, and sirtuin 1. Tissues taken from the heart and aorta were examined by immunohistochemistry and histopathology. RESULTS While there was an increase in the parameters indicating heart damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the group given LPS, there was an improvement in all parameters and heart damage in the group treated with IRB. CONCLUSION As a result of our study, we determined that IRB has an ameliorating effect on myocardial damage caused by oxidative stress and apoptosis developed by the LPS-induced sepsis model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Halil Aşci
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Süleyman Demirel, Isparta, TR, Turkey
| | - Samet Coşan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Süleyman Demirel, Isparta, TR, Turkey
| | | | - Nasıf Fatih Karakuyu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Süleyman Demirel, Isparta, TR, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özmen
- Department of Pathology, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, TR, Turkey
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Karuga FF, Jaromirska J, Malicki M, Sochal M, Szmyd B, Białasiewicz P, Strzelecki D, Gabryelska A. The role of microRNAs in pathophysiology and diagnostics of metabolic complications in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1208886. [PMID: 37547923 PMCID: PMC10403239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1208886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders, which is characterized by recurrent apneas and/or hypopneas occurring during sleep due to upper airway obstruction. Among a variety of health consequences, OSA patients are particularly susceptible to developing metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as epigenetic modulators are promising particles in both understanding the pathophysiology of OSA and the prediction of OSA complications. This review describes the role of miRNAs in the development of OSA-associated metabolic complications. Moreover, it summarizes the usefulness of miRNAs as biomarkers in predicting the aforementioned OSA complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Franciszek Karuga
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Jaromirska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Malicki
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Sochal
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szmyd
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Shi JH, Ding J, Cheng H, Fang H, Zhu J. Effect of Sleep Duration on Blood Pressure in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hypertensive Urgencies in Shanghai Fangcang Shelter Hospital. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3981-3988. [PMID: 37366502 PMCID: PMC10290844 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s420182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of sleep duration on blood pressure in patients with hypertension urgencies combined with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Fangcang shelter hospital. Methods From April 10, 2020 to May 20, 2022, we statistically analyzed the blood pressure and sleep conditions of 52 patients with combined hypertension urgencies and SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted in Shanghai National Convention and Exhibition Center Fangcang shelter hospital. They were divided into the short-term (daily sleep duration: <7 h) and normal sleep group (7-9 h). We performed a comparison of the control effects of basic antihypertensive drugs. Additionally, patients in the short-term sleep group underwent drug therapy for sleep regulation and continuous monitoring of blood pressure. Results Among these patients, the blood pressure was higher in the short-term sleep group than that of the normal sleep group, and also more difficult to control (p <0.05). Furthermore, the blood pressure of the patients in the short-term sleep group was more easily controlled after treatment with drugs for sleep regulation and basic antihypertensive drugs (p <0.05). Conclusion The blood pressure level in patients with combined SARS-CoV-2 infection and hypertension urgencies was higher in those with a shorter duration of daily sleep, and also more difficult to control in Fangcang shelter hospital. Drug therapy for sleep regulation should be administered early to obtain sufficient blood pressure control effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Disinfection and Supply, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Bețiu AM, Noveanu L, Hâncu IM, Lascu A, Petrescu L, Maack C, Elmér E, Muntean DM. Mitochondrial Effects of Common Cardiovascular Medications: The Good, the Bad and the Mixed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13653. [PMID: 36362438 PMCID: PMC9656474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system via the integration of several physiological processes, such as ATP generation via oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis/exchange of metabolites, calcium sequestration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production/buffering and control of cellular survival/death. Mitochondrial impairment has been widely recognized as a central pathomechanism of almost all cardiovascular diseases, rendering these organelles important therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to occur in the setting of drug-induced toxicity in several tissues and organs, including the heart. Members of the drug classes currently used in the therapeutics of cardiovascular pathologies have been reported to both support and undermine mitochondrial function. For the latter case, mitochondrial toxicity is the consequence of drug interference (direct or off-target effects) with mitochondrial respiration/energy conversion, DNA replication, ROS production and detoxification, cell death signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. The present narrative review aims to summarize the beneficial and deleterious mitochondrial effects of common cardiovascular medications as described in various experimental models and identify those for which evidence for both types of effects is available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Bețiu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Noveanu
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina M. Hâncu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ana Lascu
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Lucian Petrescu
- Doctoral School Medicine-Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, BMC A13, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Abliva AB, Medicon Village, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Danina M. Muntean
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
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Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Irbesartan Enhanced SIRT1 longevity Signaling Replaces the Mitochondrial Biogenetic Survival Pathway to Attenuate Hypertension-Induced Heart Apoptosis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9080266. [PMID: 36005430 PMCID: PMC9409657 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9080266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated whether angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker irbesartan (ARB) and partial agonist of PPAR-γ prevents heart apoptosis by suppressing cardiac Fas/FasL-mediated to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the hearts of hypertensive rat model. Methods: Cardiac function using echocardiography, H&E staining, TUNEL assay, and Western blotting were measured in the excised hearts from three groups, i.e., an untreated hypertensive group (SHR), an ARB-treated hypertensive group (50 mg/kg/day, S.C., SHR-ARB), and untreated normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Results: Fas Ligand, Fas death receptors, FADD, active caspase-8, active caspase-3 (Fas/FasL-mediated apoptotic pathway), as well as Bax, cytochrome c, active caspase-9 and -3 (mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway), IGF-II, and p-JNK were decreased in SHR-ARB group when compared with the SHR group. SIRT1, PGC-1α, Bcl2, and Bcl-xL (SIRT1/PGC-1α pro-survival pathway) were increased in the SHR-ARB group when compared with the SHR group. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the ARB might prevent cardiac Fas/FasL-mediated to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway in the hypertensive model associated with IGF-II, p-JNK deactivation, and SIRT1/PGC-1α pro-survival pathway upregulation. ARB prevents hypertension-enhanced cardiac apoptosis via enhancing SIRT1 longevity signaling and enhances the mitochondrial biogenetic survival pathway.
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Chen Z, Wu J, Li S, Liu C, Ren Y. Inhibition of Myocardial Cell Apoptosis Is Important Mechanism for Ginsenoside in the Limitation of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:806216. [PMID: 35300297 PMCID: PMC8921549 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.806216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease has a high mortality, and the recommended therapy is reperfusion. Nevertheless, the restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue leads to further damage, namely, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Apoptosis is an essential pathogenic factor in MIRI, and ginsenosides are effective in inhibiting apoptosis and alleviating MIRI. Here, we reviewed published studies on the anti-apoptotic effects of ginsenosides and their mechanisms of action in improving MIRI. Each ginsenoside can regulate multiple pathways to protect the myocardium. Overall, the involved apoptotic pathways include the death receptor signaling pathway, mitochondria signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Ginsenosides, with diverse chemical structures, regulate different apoptotic pathways to relieve MIRI. Summarizing the effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides contributes to further mechanism research studies and structure–function relationship research studies, which can help the development of new drugs. Therefore, we expect that this review will highlight the importance of ginsenosides in improving MIRI via anti-apoptosis and provide references and suggestions for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Chen
- School of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Wu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijing Li
- School of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caijiao Liu
- School of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulan Ren
- School of Chinese Classics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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