1
|
Zhou L, Teng M, Song F, Zhao X, Wu F, Meng Y, Huang Y, Abbaspour KC. Integrated assessment of land-to-river Cd fluxes and riverine Cd loads using SWAT-HM to guide management strategies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 334:117501. [PMID: 36801696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, China invested US$9.8 billion to combat the severe heavy metal pollution in the Xiang River basin (XRB), aiming to reduce 50% of the 2008 industrial metal emissions by 2015. However, river pollution mitigation requires a holistic accounting of both point and diffuse sources, yet the detailed land-to-river metal fluxes in the XRB remain unclear. Here, by combining emissions inventories with the SWAT-HM model, we quantified the land-to-river cadmium (Cd) fluxes and riverine Cd loads across the XRB from 2000 to 2015. The model was validated against long-term historical observations of monthly streamflow and sediment load and Cd concentrations at 42, 11, and 10 gauges, respectively. The analysis of the simulation results showed that the soil erosion flux dominated the Cd exports (23.56-80.14 Mg yr-1). The industrial point flux decreased by 85.5% from 20.84 Mg in 2000 to 3.02 Mg in 2015. Of all the Cd inputs, approximately 54.9% (37.40 Mg yr-1) was finally drained into Dongting Lake; the remaining 45.1% (30.79 Mg yr-1) was deposited within the XRB, increasing the Cd concentration in riverbed sediment. Furthermore, in XRB's 5-order river network, the Cd concentrations in small streams (1st order and 2nd order) showed larger variability due to their low dilution capacity and intense Cd inputs. Our findings highlight the need for multi-path transport modeling to guide future management strategies and better monitoring schemes to restore the small polluted streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yaobin Meng
- School of National Safety and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuanyi Huang
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adhikari S, Zeng C, Zhang F, Paudel Adhikari N, Gao J, Ahmed N, Quaiyum Bhuiyan MA, Ahsan MA, Rahaman Khan MH. Atmospheric wet deposition of trace elements in Bangladesh: A new insight into spatiotemporal variability and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114729. [PMID: 36343718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between water vapor and natural/anthropogenic airborne particles deposits a massive amount of trace elements in the ecosystem. As the principal source region of the Indian monsoon originated from the Bay of Bengal, atmospheric trace elements in Bangladesh have impacted atmospheric wet deposition along the pathway, even reaching the headwaters in the Asian water tower. However, no study reports the atmospheric wet deposition of trace elements at the spatiotemporal scale. Thus, this study investigated the concentration, sources, and deposition of eighteen trace elements (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, and Pb) from 232 precipitation samples at four sites in Bangladesh. Results showed that the VWM concentrations of the eighteen measured trace elements ranged from 0.03 to 535.6 μg L-1. Zn, Fe, and Al were the principal elements of the atmosphere at four sites with mean values of 207.9 ± 227.8, 18.2 ± 9.3, and 16.3 ± 6.8 μg L-1, respectively. Besides, the eighteen trace elements showed significant variation in spatial scale with distinct seasonality. Enrichment factors of Zn, Sb, and Cd indicated serious anthropogenic influences. The major sources of trace elements were fossil fuel combustion, brick kilns, crustal dust, fugitive Pb, metal smelters, and battery recycling. Both the concentration and precipitation amount played a pivotal role in the deposition. Most of the air masses during the monsoon season came from marine sources passing over southern India and Sri Lanka. Meanwhile, the air masses during the non-monsoon season were from West Asia and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. The air masses are transported over a long range and deposit massive amounts of particulate matter in the Third Pole Himalayan region. This first-hand work on spatiotemporal variation provides a reference dataset for future targeting of the scientific community and policymakers for the development of strategies and action plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subash Adhikari
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Policy and Planning Commission, Gandaki Province, Pokhara 33700, Nepal
| | - Chen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Namita Paudel Adhikari
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nasir Ahmed
- Isotope Hydrology Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar 1340, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Quaiyum Bhuiyan
- Isotope Hydrology Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar 1340, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ariful Ahsan
- Isotope Hydrology Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar 1340, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hafijur Rahaman Khan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samayamanthula DR, Sabarathinam C, Alayyadhi NA. Trace Elements and Their Variation with pH in Rain Water in Arid Environment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:331-349. [PMID: 33247334 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change in Kuwait has resulted in temperature fluctuations, frequent dust storms, and noticeable changes in the amount of precipitation. Pollutants released into the atmosphere from various sources affect the chemical composition of rainwater and impact its usability. The present study on rainwater focused on the determination of trace elements, sources, and their variation with respect to change in temperature and pH. The samples were collected from 12 different locations in both industrial and urban regions during significant rain events (n = 31) from November 2018 to March 2019 and samples were analyzed for trace elements in ICP-OES using standard USEPA 200.7 method. The mean concentration of the 16 elements analyzed followed the trend: Co < Cd < Cr < Mo < V<Ni < Pb < As < Se < Fe < Cu < Mn < Zn < Al < Ba < Sr and were inferred to be within the WHO permissible limits of drinking water. The analytical results revealed that Strontium (Sr) had the highest mean concentration (188 μg/L) followed by barium (Ba), aluminum (Al), and zinc (Zn) with mean concentrations of 95.2 μg/L, 30.4 μg/L, and, 16.6 μg/L respectively. The sources of contamination in rainwater were identified by calculating the enrichment factor (EF) using element concentration reported in Kuwait dust and from continental crustal values. EF for Fe, V, Ni, and Cr were below 10, indicating purely crustal sources. Ni, Zn, Cu, and Mn exhibited values between 10 and 100, reflecting industrial sources of contamination. EF for Sr was greater than 100, due to inputs from anthropogenic sources. A strong association between Al and pH along with correlation between Sr, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, V, and meteorological parameters was revealed from statistical analysis. Furthermore, pH Redox Equilibrium C programming (PHREEQC) was used to simulate changes in pH and temperature in rainwater to predict the resultant variations in trace element concentrations. There was no significant change observed in pH with rise in temperature, but the concentration of trace elements varied with change in pH. The concentration of V, Cr, and Al were most sensitive to pH variations. The results indicated that industrial emissions, fuel combustion, and dust in Kuwait are the primary sources of Al, Sr, Mn, Zn, and Ba in the rainwater samples. Since, the concentrations of these elements are relatively low, rainwater in Kuwait could be harvested for drinking and domestic purposes and used for recharging aquifers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Norah A Alayyadhi
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiao X, Dong Z, Kang S, Li Y, Jiang C, Rostami M. New insights into heavy metal elements deposition in the snowpacks of mountain glaciers in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111228. [PMID: 32890952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric heavy metals have important environmental and health threats. To investigate atmospheric deposition and contamination of heavy metal elements in the glaciers of the eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETP), we collected the surface snow (cryoconites) samples in the Lenglongling Glacier (LG), the Gannan Snowpack (GS), the Dagu Glacier (DG), the Hailuogou Glacier (HG) and Yulong Snow-mountain Glacier (YG) in summer 2017. Samples were analyzed for concentrations and enrichment factors (EFs) of Al and trace elements (Pb, Co, Cd, Ba, Mn, Ga, Sc, V, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Rb, Sb, Cs, As, Mo, Li) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results showed that the concentrations and EFs of heavy metals (e.g. Sb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Mo) were generally high value in YG, GS and LG, while were relatively low value in DG and HG, implying that ETP glaciers may have been affected by atmospheric anthropogenic pollutants deposition to varying degrees. Comparing the heavy metal concentrations in the glaciers with those in the precipitation of middle/eastern China cities and also the South Asian cities, we find that the glacial heavy metal concentrations were generally low level, though the anthropogenic pollutants were still significantly enriched. Taking the spatial distribution of As and Ni concentration/EFs in the glaciers and surrounding urban precipitation as an example, we find that the heavy metal pollutants were probably transported to the glaciers through three routes from the surrounding densely populated area of Asia. The MODIS AOD and NCEP/NCAR wind vector also demonstrated that the atmospheric pollutants originated from anthropogenic emissions of urban areas of both South Asia, and northwest and east China, mainly caused by the large scale atmospheric circulation (e.g. the South Asian Monsoon, westerlies and Eastern Asian Summer Monsoon). Therefore, control of these potential pollution emission sources of the surrounding densely populated areas in Asia could be important to ETP glaciers in future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50923, Germany
| | - Cong Jiang
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50923, Germany
| | - Masoud Rostami
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50923, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng Y, Li Z, Yang X, Yang L, He M, Zhang H, Wei X, Qin J, Li X, Lu G, Zhang L, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zou Y. Relation between cadmium body burden and cognitive function in older men: A cross-sectional study in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126535. [PMID: 32234627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a known neurotoxicant and its relation with cognition has been well studied in children. However, evidence linking Cd and cognitive function among older individuals is limited. To evaluate the association between Cd exposure and cognitive function in older age, we conducted a cross-sectional study involving 375 older men aged 60-74 years (mean age: 66.0 years) in Guangxi, China. Urinary Cd concentrations were measured. Cognitive function was assessed by the Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and cognitive impairment was identified using education-specific cutoff points of MMSE scores. General linear regression and logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the associations of urinary Cd concentrations with MMSE scores and the risk of cognitive impairment, respectively. The median urinary Cd concentration of all participants was 1.58 μg/g creatinine. Urinary Cd levels were inversely associated with MMSE scores [β = -0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.28 to -0.23 for a 2-fold increase in urinary Cd]. A 2-fold increase in urinary Cd was associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.86]. When urinary Cd levels were analyzed as quartiles, higher urinary Cd levels were also significantly associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment in a dose-response manner (adjusted OR = 2.68; 95% CI: 1.33 to 5.38 for the highest vs. lowest quartile; p for trend = 0.002). Our findings suggest that long-term exposure to Cd may have adverse consequences for older men's cognitive function, but these results need further confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Peng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiyi Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li'e Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yiping Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Evidence of Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts on Rainwater Trace Metal Geochemistry in Central Mexico: A Statistical Approach. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As were determined on a monthly basis in a total of 52 rain samples collected from six different locations in the central region of Mexico during March 2016–April 2017. The average concentrations of trace metals (mg/L) in the rainwater samples showed an order of Zn (0.873) > Fe (0.395) > Mn (0.083) > Cr (0.041) ≥ Cu (0.041) > Pb (0.031) > Ni (0.020) > Co (0.013) > As (0.0003) > Cd (0.002). The differences observed in metal concentrations are related to variations in the influence of continental air masses, local transport, regional advection, and the solubility of trace metals. High concentrations of metals were observed in the months of March to May at all sites, probably due to the less extensive removal of air/air pollutants. The values obtained from the enrichment factor (EF) per metal showed relatively high values for Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cr, suggesting anthropogenic origin. Pearson’s correlation matrix validated the distribution of trace metal sources and their relationships with local/regional meteorological characteristics. This paper presents relevant basic information for the evaluation of the toxic potential of rainwater and the possible health risks when using this source of water for human consumption.
Collapse
|
7
|
Brehmer C, Lai A, Clark S, Shan M, Ni K, Ezzati M, Yang X, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ, Carter E. The Oxidative Potential of Personal and Household PM 2.5 in a Rural Setting in Southwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2788-2798. [PMID: 30696246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical constituents of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) vary by source and capacity to participate in redox reactions in the body, which produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Knowledge of the sources and components of PM2.5 may provide insight into the adverse health effects associated with the inhalation of PM2.5 mass. We collected 48 h household and personal PM2.5 exposure measurements in the summer months among 50 women/household pairs in a rural area of southwestern China where daily household biomass burning is common. PM2.5 mass was analyzed for ions, trace metals, black carbon, and water-soluble organic matter, as well as ROS-generating capability (oxidative potential) by one cellular and one acellular assay. Crustal enrichment factors and a principal component analysis identified the major sources of PM2.5 as dust, biomass burning, and secondary sulfate. Elements associated with the secondary sulfate source (As, Mo, Zn) had the strongest correlation with increased cellular oxidative potential (Spearman r: 0.74, 0.68, and 0.64). Chemical markers of biomass burning (water-soluble potassium and water-soluble organic matter) had negligible oxidative potential, suggesting that these assays may not be useful as health-relevant exposure metrics in populations that are exposed to high levels of smoke from household biomass burning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin Brehmer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Alexandra Lai
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Sierra Clark
- Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A3 , Canada
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Kun Ni
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics, and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Imperial College London , London W2 1PG , U.K
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A3 , Canada
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53718 , United States
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mirzaei S, Hashemi H, Hoseini M. Concentration and potential source identification of trace elements in wet atmospheric precipitation of Shiraz, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2018; 16:229-237. [PMID: 30728994 PMCID: PMC6277341 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-0310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of trace elements in wet atmospheric precipitation samples collected at six stations in Shiraz, southwest of Iran and identify their possible sources. In this study, 36 rainwater samples were collected from five urban stations and one suburban station during the rainy season spanning 2016 to 2017. Samples were analyzed for 19 trace elements using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax-normalized rotation was used to identify potential sources of the elements measured in the wet atmospheric precipitation. Crustal enrichment factors (EFs) were also calculated, using Al as the reference element, to determine possible effects of human activities on element levels. Results showed that Al, with a mean concentration of 429.6 μg/l, had the highest measured concentration. The average concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Ba, Cu, Pb and Ni were 305.7, 62.8, 23.9, 21.1, 14.4, 10.3 and 4.1 μg/l, respectively. The pH of the analyzed samples ranged from 4.5 to 6.9, with an average of 3.5. EF analyses showed that samples were not enriched with Fe, Ba, Li, Co, Cr or Mn but were fairly to extremely enriched with Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni. PCA resulted in four factors with eigenvalues greater than unity, which explained 78.8% of total variance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mirzaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Synthesizing published data, we provide a quantitative summary of the global biogeochemical cycle of vanadium (V), including both human-derived and natural fluxes. Through mining of V ores (130 × 109 g V/y) and extraction and combustion of fossil fuels (600 × 109 g V/y), humans are the predominant force in the geochemical cycle of V at Earth's surface. Human emissions of V to the atmosphere are now likely to exceed background emissions by as much as a factor of 1.7, and, presumably, we have altered the deposition of V from the atmosphere by a similar amount. Excessive V in air and water has potential, but poorly documented, consequences for human health. Much of the atmospheric flux probably derives from emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, but the magnitude of this flux depends on the type of fuel, with relatively low emissions from coal and higher contributions from heavy crude oils, tar sands bitumen, and petroleum coke. Increasing interest in petroleum derived from unconventional deposits is likely to lead to greater emissions of V to the atmosphere in the near future. Our analysis further suggests that the flux of V in rivers has been incremented by about 15% from human activities. Overall, the budget of dissolved V in the oceans is remarkably well balanced-with about 40 × 109 g V/y to 50 × 109 g V/y inputs and outputs, and a mean residence time for dissolved V in seawater of about 130,000 y with respect to inputs from rivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Schlesinger
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Emily M Klein
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Avner Vengosh
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Towards rapid and simultaneous quantification of F, Li and Na in “as received” geological samples using PIGE technique. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Nie X, Wang Y, Li Y, Sun L, Li T, Yang M, Yang X, Wang W. Characteristics and impacts of trace elements in atmospheric deposition at a high-elevation site, southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22839-22851. [PMID: 28365844 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the regional background trace element (TE) level in atmospheric deposition (dry and wet), TEs (Fe, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Ba, and Pb) in 52 rainwater samples and 73 total suspended particles (TSP) samples collected in Mt. Lushan, Southern China, were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that TEs in wet and dry deposition of the target area were significantly elevated compared within and outside China and the volume weight mean pH of rainwater was 4.43. The relative contributions of wet and dry depositions of TEs vary significantly among elements. The wet deposition fluxes of V, As, Cr, Se, Zn, and Cd exceeded considerably their dry deposition fluxes while dry deposition dominated the removal of pollution elements such as Mo, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Al. The summed dry deposition flux was four times higher than the summed wet deposition flux. Prediction results based on a simple accumulation model found that the content of seven toxic elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in soils could increase rapidly due to the impact of annual atmospheric deposition, and the increasing amounts of them reached 0.063, 0.012, 0.026, 0.459, 0.076, 0.004, and 0.145 mg kg-1, respectively. In addition, the annual increasing rates ranged from 0.05% (Cr and Ni) to 2.08% (Cd). It was also predicted that atmospheric deposition induced the accumulation of Cr and Cd in surface soils. Cd was the critical element with the greatest potential ecological risk among all the elements in atmospheric deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Nie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Yaxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Minmin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xueqiao Yang
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Science, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xing J, Song J, Yuan H, Wang Q, Li X, Li N, Duan L, Qu B. Atmospheric wet deposition of dissolved trace elements to Jiaozhou Bay, North China: Fluxes, sources and potential effects on aquatic environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:428-436. [PMID: 28187389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the fluxes, seasonal variations, sources and potential ecological effects of dissolved trace elements (TEs) in atmospheric wet deposition (AWD), one-year wet precipitation samples were collected and determined for nine TEs in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) between June 2015 and May 2016. Both the volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration and flux sequence for the measured TEs was Al > Mn > Zn > Fe > Pb > Se > Cr > Cd > Co. Al was the most abundant TE with a VWM concentration and wet flux of 33.8 μg L-1 and 29.2 mg m-2 yr-1, which were 2 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than those of Co, respectively. The emission intensities of pollutants, rainfall amount and wind speed were the dominating factors influencing seasonal variations of TEs in AWD. Based on enrichment factors, correlation analysis and principal component analysis, most of the TEs in AWD were primarily originated from anthropogenic activities except for Al and Fe, which are typically derived from re-suspended soil dusts. Although the TE inputs by AWD were significantly lower than those by rivers, the TE inputs via short-term heavy rains would distinctly increase surface seawater TE concentrations and then pollute the marine environment of JZB. AWD would have both profound impacts on the biogeochemical cycles of TEs and dual ecological effects (nutrient and toxicity) on aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinming Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Huamao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Liqin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Baoxiao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Function Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo J, Kang S, Huang J, Sillanpää M, Niu H, Sun X, He Y, Wang S, Tripathee L. Trace elements and rare earth elements in wet deposition of Lijiang, Mt. Yulong region, southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 52:18-28. [PMID: 28254037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the compositions and wet deposition fluxes of trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in the precipitation of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, 38 precipitation samples were collected from March to August in 2012 in an urban site of Lijiang city in the Mt. Yulong region. The concentrations of most trace elements and REEs were higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, indicating that the lower concentrations of trace elements and REEs observed during monsoon had been influenced by the dilution effect of increased precipitation. The concentrations of trace elements in the precipitation of Lijiang city were slightly higher than those observed in remote sites of the Tibetan Plateau but much lower than those observed in the metropolises of China, indicating that the atmospheric environment of Lijiang city was less influenced by anthropogenic emissions, and, as a consequence, the air quality was still relatively good. However, the results of enrichment factor and principal component analysis revealed that some anthropogenic activities (e.g., the increasing traffic emissions from the rapid development of tourism) were most likely important contributors to trace elements, while the regional/local crustal sources rather than anthropogenic activities were the predominant contributors to the REEs in the wet deposition of Lijiang city. Our study was relevant not only for assessing the current status of the atmospheric environment in the Mt. Yulong region, but also for specific management actions to be implemented for the control of atmospheric inputs and the health of the environment for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering of Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| | - Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering of Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering of Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering of Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering of Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gao Y, Hao Z, Yang T, He N, Tian J, Wen X. Wash effect of atmospheric trace metals wet deposition and its source characteristic in subtropical watershed in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20388-20401. [PMID: 27457553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand air pollution in deve-loping regions, such as China, it is important to investigate the wet deposition behavior of atmospheric trace metals and its sources in the subtropical watershed. This paper studies the seasonal change of trace metal concentrations in precipitation and other potential sources in a typical subtropical watershed (Jiazhuhe watershed) located in the downstream of the Yangtze River of China. The results show that typical crustal elements (Al, Fe) and trace element (Zn) have high seasonal variation patterns and these elements have higher contents in precipitation as compared to other metals in Jiazhuhe watershed. In addition, there is no observed Pb in base flow in this study, and the concentration magnitudes of Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, Sr, and Zn in base flow are significantly higher than that of other metals. During different rainfall events, the dynamic export processes are also different for trace metals. The various trace metals dynamic export processes lead to an inconsistent mass first flush and a significant accumulative variance throughout the rainfall events. It is found that in this region, most of the trace metals in precipitation are from anthropogenic emission and marine aerosols brought by typhoon and monsoon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuo Hao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefa Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Characterization, Long-Range Transport and Source Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosols during Spring and Autumn Periods at a High Mountain Site in South China. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Qiao X, Tang Y, Kota SH, Li J, Wu L, Hu J, Zhang H, Ying Q. Modeling dry and wet deposition of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium ions in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, China using a source-oriented CMAQ model: Part II. Emission sector and source region contributions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:840-848. [PMID: 26050092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model driven by the meteorological fields generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to study the dry and wet deposition of nitrate (NO3(-)), sulfate (SO4(2-)), and ammonium (NH4(+)) ions in the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve (JNNR), China from June to August 2010 and to identify the contributions of different emission sectors and source regions that were responsible for the deposition fluxes. Contributions from power plants, industry, transportation, domestic, biogenic, windblown dust, open burning, fertilizer, and manure management sources to deposition fluxes in JNNR watershed and four EANET sites are determined. In JNNR, 96%, 82%, and 87% of the SO4(2-), NO3(-) and NH4(+) deposition fluxes are in the form of wet deposition of the corresponding aerosol species. Industry and power plants are the two major sources of SO4(2-) deposition flux, accounting for 86% of the total wet deposition of SO4(2-), and industry has a higher contribution (56%) than that of power plants (30%). Power plants and industry are also the top sources that are responsible for NO3(-) wet deposition, and contributions from power plants (30%) are generally higher than those from industries (21%). The major sources of NH4(+) wet deposition flux in JNNR are fertilizer (48%) and manure management (39%). Source-region apportionment confirms that SO2 and NOx emissions from local and two nearest counties do not have a significant impact on predicted wet deposition fluxes in JNNR, with contributions less than 10%. While local NH3 emissions account for a higher fraction of the NH4(+) deposition, approximately 70% of NH4(+) wet deposition in JNNR originated from other source regions. This study demonstrates that S and N deposition in JNNR is mostly from long-range transport rather than from local emissions, and to protect JNNR, regional emission reduction controls are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ya Tang
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Jingyi Li
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Li Wu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li PH, Wang Y, Li T, Sun L, Yi X, Guo LQ, Su RH. Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols at Mount Lu in South China: implication for secondary organic carbon formation and long-range transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14189-14199. [PMID: 25966886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the sources and potential formation processes of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in South China, fine particle samples were collected at a high-elevation mountain site--Mount Lu (29°35' N, 115°59' E, 1165 m A.S.L.) during August-September, 2011. Eight carbonaceous fractions from particles were resolved following the IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance protocol. During the observation campaign, the daily concentrations of PM2.5 at Mount Lu ranged from 7.69 to 116.39 μg/m(3), with an average of 58.76 μg/m(3). The observed average organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in PM2.5 were 3.78 and 1.28 μg/m(3), respectively. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentration, estimated by EC-tracer method, was 2.07 μg/m(3) on average, accounting for 45.0% of the total OC. The enhancement of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was observed during cloud/fog processing, and heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reactions may have contributed to SOA formation as well. Back trajectory analysis indicated that air masses were mainly sourced from southern China during observation period, and this air mass source was featured by highest values of OC and effective carbon ratio (ECR). Relation of carbonaceous species and principal component analysis indicated that multiple sources contributed to the carbonaceous aerosols at Mount Lu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-hui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Winkel LHE, Vriens B, Jones GD, Schneider LS, Pilon-Smits E, Bañuelos GS. Selenium cycling across soil-plant-atmosphere interfaces: a critical review. Nutrients 2015; 7:4199-239. [PMID: 26035246 PMCID: PMC4488781 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans and animals, which occurs ubiquitously in the environment. It is present in trace amounts in both organic and inorganic forms in marine and freshwater systems, soils, biomass and in the atmosphere. Low Se levels in certain terrestrial environments have resulted in Se deficiency in humans, while elevated Se levels in waters and soils can be toxic and result in the death of aquatic wildlife and other animals. Human dietary Se intake is largely governed by Se concentrations in plants, which are controlled by root uptake of Se as a function of soil Se concentrations, speciation and bioavailability. In addition, plants and microorganisms can biomethylate Se, which can result in a loss of Se to the atmosphere. The mobilization of Se across soil-plant-atmosphere interfaces is thus of crucial importance for human Se status. This review gives an overview of current knowledge on Se cycling with a specific focus on soil-plant-atmosphere interfaces. Sources, speciation and mobility of Se in soils and plants will be discussed as well as Se hyperaccumulation by plants, biofortification and biomethylation. Future research on Se cycling in the environment is essential to minimize the adverse health effects associated with unsafe environmental Se levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenny H E Winkel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Bas Vriens
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Gerrad D Jones
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Leila S Schneider
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Gary S Bañuelos
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cong Z, Kang S, Zhang Y, Gao S, Wang Z, Liu B, Wan X. New insights into trace element wet deposition in the Himalayas: amounts, seasonal patterns, and implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2735-2744. [PMID: 25205151 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Our research provides the first complete year-long dataset of wet deposition of trace elements in the high Himalayas based on a total of 42 wet deposition events on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest). Except for typical crustal elements (Al, Fe, and Mn), the concentration level of most trace elements (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sn, Cs, Pb, Bi, and U) are generally comparable to those preserved in snow pits and ice cores from the nearby East Rongbuk Glacier. Cadmium was the element most affected by anthropogenic emissions. No pronounced seasonal variations are observed for most trace elements despite different transport pathways. In our study, the composition of wet precipitation reflects a regional background condition and is not clearly related to specific source regions. For the trace element record from ice cores and snow pits in the Himalayas, it could be deduced that the pronounced seasonal patterns were caused by the dry deposition of trace elements (aerosols) during their long exposure to the atmosphere after precipitation events. Our findings are of value for the understanding of the trace element deposition mechanisms in the Himalayas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Building 3, Courtyard 16, Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, 100101, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu B, Kang S, Sun J, Zhang Y, Xu R, Wang Y, Liu Y, Cong Z. Wet precipitation chemistry at a high-altitude site (3,326 m a.s.l.) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5013-5027. [PMID: 23334548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of wet precipitation chemistry from September 2009 to August 2010 at a high-altitude forest site in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The alkaline wet precipitation, with pH ranging from 6.25 to 9.27, was attributed to the neutralization of dust in the atmosphere. Wet deposition levels of major ions and trace elements were generally comparable with other alpine and remote sites around the world. However, the apparently greater contents/fluxes of trace elements (V, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd), compared to those in central and southern TP and pristine sites of the world, reflected potential anthropogenic disturbances. The almost equal mole concentrations and perfect linear relationships of Na(+) and Cl(-) suggested significant sea-salts sources, and was confirmed by calculating diverse sources. Crust mineral dust was responsible for a minor fraction of the chemical components (less than 15%) except Al and Fe, while most species (without Na(+), Cl(-), Mg(2+), Al, and Fe) arose mainly from anthropogenic activities. High values of as-K(+) (anthropogenic sources potassium), as-SO4(2-), and as-NO3(-) observed in winter and spring demonstrated the great effects of biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion in these seasons, which coincided with haze layer outburst in South Asia. Atmospheric circulation exerted significant influences on the chemical components in wet deposition. Marine air masses mainly originating from the Bay of Bengal provided a large number of sea salts to the chemical composition, while trace elements during summer monsoon seasons were greatly affected by industrial emissions from South Asia. The flux of wet deposition was 1.12 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) for NH4(+)-N and 0.29 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) for NO3(-)-N. The total atmospheric deposition of N was estimated to be 6.41 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), implying potential impacts on the alpine ecosystem in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|