1
|
Colina Blanco AE, Higa Mori A, Planer-Friedrich B. Widespread occurrence of dimethylmonothioarsenate (DMMTA) in rice cakes: Effects of puffing and storage. Food Chem 2024; 436:137723. [PMID: 37862982 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Thioarsenates have recently been detected in rice and rice-based products, with particularly high contents in puffed rice cakes. Here, we show that puffing rice can cause almost complete transformation of dimethylarsenate (DMA) to dimethyldithioarsenate (DMDTA) and dimethylmonothioarsenate (DMMTA). Analysis of puffed rice cakes after 3 months of non-sealed storage at room temperature showed transformation of DMDTA mainly into DMMTA. From a food safety perspective, this likely represents an increased risk because DMMTA is highly cytotoxic and misidentified as non-regulated DMA by routine acid extractions. Analysis of 80 commercial puffed rice cakes confirmed widespread occurrence of thioarsenates. The sum of non-regulated, but potentially toxic DMMTA and DMDTA reached values up to 537 µg·kg-1 and 241 µg·kg-1 for generic and infant-labeled rice cakes, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of better understanding (de)thiolation processes along the rice cake-production chain and potentially revising current thresholds set for iAs to include DMMTA and DMDTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Colina Blanco
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Alejandra Higa Mori
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Planer-Friedrich B, Kerl CF, Colina Blanco AE, Clemens S. Dimethylated Thioarsenates: A Potentially Dangerous Blind Spot in Current Worldwide Regulatory Limits for Arsenic in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9610-9618. [PMID: 35901520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) occurrence in rice is a serious human health threat. Worldwide, regulations typically limit only carcinogenic inorganic As, but not possibly carcinogenic dimethylated oxyarsenate (DMA). However, there is emerging evidence that "DMA", determined by routine acid-based extraction and analysis, hides a substantial share of dimethylated thioarsenates that have similar or higher cytotoxicities than arsenite. Risk assessments characterizing the in vivo toxicity of rice-derived dimethylated thioarsenates are urgently needed. In the meantime, either more sophisticated methods based on enzymatic extraction and separation of dimethylated oxy- and thioarsenates have to become mandatory or total As should be regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carolin F Kerl
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea E Colina Blanco
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balasurya S, Okla MK, Abdel-maksoud MA, Ahamad SR, Almasoud F, AbdElgawad H, Thomas AM, Raju LL, Sudheer Khan S. Fabrication of Ag-ZnCo2O4 framework on chitosan matrix for discriminative dual mode detection of S2- ions and cysteine, and cyto-toxicological evaluation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Colina Blanco AE, Kerl CF, Planer-Friedrich B. Detection of Thioarsenates in Rice Grains and Rice Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2287-2294. [PMID: 33566616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic and methylated thioarsenates have recently been reported to contribute substantially to arsenic (As) speciation in paddy-soil pore waters. Here, we show that thioarsenates can also accumulate in rice grains and rice products. For their detection, a method was developed using a pepsin-pancreatin enzymatic extraction followed by chromatographic separation at pH 13. From 54 analyzed commercial samples, including white, parboiled and husked rice, puffed rice cakes, and rice flakes, 50 contained dimethylmonothioarsenate (DMMTA) (maximum 25.6 μg kg-1), 18 monothioarsenate (MTA) (maximum 5.6 μg kg-1), 14 dimethyldithioarsenate (DMDTA) (maximum 2.8 μg kg-1), and 5 dithioarsenate (DTA) (maximum 2.3 μg kg-1). Additionally, we show that the commonly used nitric acid extraction transforms MTA to arsenite and DMMTA and DMDTA to dimethylarsenate (DMA). Current food guidelines do not require an analysis of thioarsenates in rice and only limit the contents of inorganic oxyarsenic species (including acid-extraction-transformed MTA), but not DMA (including acid-extraction-transformed DMMTA and DMDTA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Colina Blanco
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carolin F Kerl
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yoshinaga-Sakurai K, Shinde R, Rodriguez M, Rosen BP, El-Hage N. Comparative Cytotoxicity of Inorganic Arsenite and Methylarsenite in Human Brain Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:743-751. [PMID: 31991084 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall goal of this study is to elucidate the potential effect(s) of arsenic on a variety of human brain cells. Arsenic is the most pervasive Group A human environmental carcinogen. Long-term exposure to arsenic is associated with human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. More immediate are the health effects on neurological development and associated disorders in infants and children exposed to arsenic in utero. Arsenic is metabolized in various organs and tissues into more toxic methylated species, including methylarsenite (MAs(III)), so the question arises whether the methylate species are responsible for the neurological effects of arsenic. Arsenic enters the brain through the blood-brain barrier and produces toxicity in the brain microvascular endothelial cells, glia (astrocytes and microglia), and neurons. In this study, we first assessed the toxicity in different types of brain cells exposed to either inorganic trivalent As(III) or MAs(III) using both morphological and cytotoxicity cell-based analysis. Second, we determined the methylation of arsenicals and the expression levels of the methylation enzyme, As(III) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methyltransferase (AS3MT), in several types of brain cells. We showed that the toxicity to neurons of MAs(III) was significantly higher than that of As(III). Interestingly, the differences in cytotoxicity between cell types was not due to expression of AS3MT, as this was expressed in neurons and glia but not in endothelial cells. These results support our hypothesis that MAs(III) is the likely physiological neurotoxin rather than inorganic arsenic species.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kerl CF, Rafferty C, Clemens S, Planer-Friedrich B. Monothioarsenate Uptake, Transformation, and Translocation in Rice Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9154-9161. [PMID: 30024151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thioarsenates form under sulfur-reducing conditions in paddy soil pore waters. Sulfur fertilization, recently promoted for decreasing total arsenic (As) grain concentrations, could enhance their formation. Yet, to date, thioarsenate toxicity, uptake, transformation, and translocation in rice are unknown. Our growth inhibition experiments showed that the toxicity of monothioarsenate (MTA) was similar to that of arsenate but lower than that of arsenite. Higher toxicity of MTA with lower phosphate availability might imply uptake through phosphate transporters similar to arsenate. To demonstrate direct uptake of MTA by rice plants, a species-preserving extraction method for plant samples was developed. When plants were exposed to 10 μM MTA for 72 h, up to 19% and 4% of total As accumulated in roots and shoots, respectively, was MTA. Monothioarsenate was detected in xylem sap and root exudates, and its reduction to arsenite in rice roots and shoots was shown. Total As uptake was lower upon exposure to MTA compared to arsenate, but root to shoot translocation was higher, resulting in comparable As shoot concentrations. Thus, before promoting sulfur fertilization, uptake and detoxifying mechanisms of thioarsenates as well as potential contribution to grain As accumulation need to be better understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin F Kerl
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , University of Bayreuth , D-95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Colleen Rafferty
- Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , University of Bayreuth , D-95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , University of Bayreuth , D-95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , University of Bayreuth , D-95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Planer-Friedrich B, Schaller J, Wismeth F, Mehlhorn J, Hug SJ. Monothioarsenate Occurrence in Bangladesh Groundwater and Its Removal by Ferrous and Zero-Valent Iron Technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5931-5939. [PMID: 29671316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In most natural groundwaters, sulfide concentrations are low, and little attention has been paid to potential occurrence of thioarsenates (AsVS n-IIO4- n3- with n = 1-4). Thioarsenate occurrence in groundwater could be critical with regard to the efficiency of iron (Fe)-based treatment technologies because previous studies reported less sorption of thioarsenates to preformed Fe-minerals compared to arsenite and arsenate. We analyzed 273 groundwater samples taken from different wells in Bangladesh over 1 year and detected monothioarsenate (MTA), likely formed via solid-phase zero-valent sulfur, in almost 50% of all samples. Concentrations ranged up to >30 μg L-1 (21% of total As). MTA removal by locally used technologies in which zero-valent or ferrous Fe is oxidized by aeration and As sorbs or coprecipitates with the forming Fe(III)hydroxides was indeed lower than for arsenate. The presence of phosphate required up to three times as much Fe(II) for comparable MTA removal. However, in contrast to previous sorption studies on preformed Fe minerals, MTA removal, even in the presence of phosphate, was still higher than that of arsenite. The more efficient MTA removal is likely caused by a combination of coprecipitation and adsorption rendering the tested Fe-based treatment technologies suitable for As removal also in the presence of MTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , Bayreuth University , Universitaetsstrasse 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , Bayreuth University , Universitaetsstrasse 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Fabian Wismeth
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , Bayreuth University , Universitaetsstrasse 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Judith Mehlhorn
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) , Bayreuth University , Universitaetsstrasse 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Stephan J Hug
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Duebendorf , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arndt P, Leistner ND, Neuss S, Kaltbeitzel D, Brook GA, Grosse J. Artificial urine and FBS supplemented media in cytocompatibility assays for PLGA-PEG-based intravesical devices using the urothelium cell line UROtsa. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2140-2147. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Arndt
- Department of Urology; RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30; 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - N. D. Leistner
- Department of Neuro-Urology; University Clinic Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn and Neurologic Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe; Bonn Germany
| | - S. Neuss
- Helmholts Institute for Biomedical Engineering; Biointerface Group, RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - D. Kaltbeitzel
- Institute of Plastics Processing, RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - G. A. Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - J. Grosse
- Department of Urology; RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30; 52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Planer-Friedrich B, Kühnlenz T, Halder D, Lohmayer R, Wilson N, Rafferty C, Clemens S. Thioarsenate Toxicity and Tolerance in the Model System Arabidopsis thaliana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7187-7196. [PMID: 28525265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioarsenates form from arsenite under sulfate-reducing conditions, e.g., in rice paddy soils, and are structural analogues of arsenate. Even though rice is one of the most important sources of human arsenic intake, nothing is published about uptake, toxicity, or tolerance of thioarsenates in plants. Experiments using the model system Arabidopsis thaliana showed that monothioarsenate is less toxic than arsenite, but more toxic than arsenate at concentrations ≥25 μM As, reflected in stronger seedling growth inhibition on agar plates. Despite higher toxicity, total As accumulation in roots was lower upon exposure to monothioarsenate compared to arsenate, and a higher root efflux was confirmed. Root-shoot translocation was higher for monothioarsenate than for arsenate. Compared to the wild type (Col-0), both arsenate and monothioarsenate induced higher toxicity in phytochelatin (PC)-deficient mutants (cad1-3) as well as in glutathione biosynthesis (cad2) and PC transport (abcc12) mutants, demonstrating the important role of the PC pathway, not only for arsenate, but also for monothioarsenate detoxification. In Col-0, monothioarsenate induced relatively higher accumulation of PCs than arsenate. The observed differences in plant uptake, toxicity, and tolerance of thioarsenate vs oxyarsenate show that studying the effects of As on plants should include experiments with thiolated As species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), and ‡Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tanja Kühnlenz
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), and ‡Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dipti Halder
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), and ‡Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Regina Lohmayer
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), and ‡Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Wilson
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), and ‡Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Colleen Rafferty
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), and ‡Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), and ‡Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kharroubi W, Nury T, Ahmed SH, Andreoletti P, Sakly R, Hammami M, Lizard G. Induction by arsenate of cell-type-specific cytotoxic effects in nerve and hepatoma cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 36:1256-1269. [PMID: 28071239 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116687893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of sodium arsenate (AsV) on two different cell types: 158N murine oligodendrocytes and HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Exposure of 158N cells to AsV (0.1-400 µM; 48 h) induced a biphasic cytoxic effect defined as hormesis. Thus, low concentrations of AsV stimulate cell proliferation, as shown by phase-contrast microscopy, cell counting with trypan blue, and crystal violet assay, whereas high concentrations induce cell death associated with a loss of cell adhesion. These side effects were confirmed by staining with propidium iodide and cell cycle analysis, characterized by the presence of a subG1 peak, a criterion of apoptosis. The effects of AsV on mitochondrial function, as determined by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay, the measurement of mitochondrial transmembrane potential with 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide, and the rate of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate confirm the impact of AsV on the mitochondria. In contrast to 158N cells, HepG2 cells were susceptible to all AsV concentrations as shown by microscopic observations, by counting with trypan blue. However, no alteration is noted in the cell membrane integrity, which indicated an apoptotic mode of cell death, and this side effect is confirmed by the cycle analysis, which revealed a subG1 peak. Of note, there was a loss of MTT, suggesting that AsV induces mitochondrial complex II dysfunction. Altogether, our data show that the cytotoxic characteristics of AsV depend on the cell type considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Kharroubi
- 1 Laboratory Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA7270/INSERM, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,2 Laboratory of Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- 1 Laboratory Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA7270/INSERM, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Samia Haj Ahmed
- 1 Laboratory Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA7270/INSERM, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,2 Laboratory of Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- 1 Laboratory Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA7270/INSERM, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Rachid Sakly
- 2 Laboratory of Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- 2 Laboratory of Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- 1 Laboratory Bio-PeroxIL, Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism EA7270/INSERM, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roggenbeck BA, Banerjee M, Leslie EM. Cellular arsenic transport pathways in mammals. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:38-58. [PMID: 28007179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural contamination of drinking water with arsenic results in the exposure of millions of people world-wide to unacceptable levels of this metalloid. This is a serious global health problem because arsenic is a Group 1 (proven) human carcinogen and chronic exposure is known to cause skin, lung, and bladder tumors. Furthermore, arsenic exposure can result in a myriad of other adverse health effects including diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, reproductive, and endocrine systems. In addition to chronic environmental exposure to arsenic, arsenic trioxide is approved for the clinical treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, and is in clinical trials for other hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. Considerable inter-individual variability in susceptibility to arsenic-induced disease and toxicity exists, and the reasons for such differences are incompletely understood. Transport pathways that influence the cellular uptake and export of arsenic contribute to regulating its cellular, tissue, and ultimately body levels. In the current review, membrane proteins (including phosphate transporters, aquaglyceroporin channels, solute carrier proteins, and ATP-binding cassette transporters) shown experimentally to contribute to the passage of inorganic, methylated, and/or glutathionylated arsenic species across cellular membranes are discussed. Furthermore, what is known about arsenic transporters in organs involved in absorption, distribution, and metabolism and how transport pathways contribute to arsenic elimination are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Roggenbeck
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ullrich MK, Misiari V, Planer-Friedrich B. A new method for thioarsenate preservation in iron-rich waters by solid phase extraction. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:542-550. [PMID: 27423048 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to preserve iron-rich samples for arsenic speciation analysis, mineral acids or EDTA are typically added to prevent oxidation and precipitation of iron. However, when sulfide is present, and thioarsenates ([HAs(V)S(-II)nO4-n](2-), n = 1-4) can form, these methods are unsuitable due to arsenic sulfide precipitation or artifact speciation changes. Here, a new method based on separating the anionic arsenic species from cationic iron in the presence of sulfide via solid phase extraction (SPE) has been investigated. Synthetic solutions containing arsenite, arsenate, monothioarsenate, and trithioarsenate were passed through the anion-exchange resin AG2-X8, after which the resin was washed, eluted, and speciation of each step analyzed by IC-ICP-MS. Retention on the resin of 96.8 ± 0.2%, 98.8 ± 0.2%, and 99.6 ± 0.3% was found for arsenate, monothioarsenate, and trithioarsenate, respectively. Cationic iron (90 μM Fe(II)) was not retained (0.4 ± 0.2%). Uncharged arsenite passed through the resin in the absence of sulfide, while 47.3% of arsenite were retained at tenfold sulfide excess via thiol groups binding to the organic resin structure. Elution with 3 × 15 mL of 0.5 M salicylate, including a soak time, resulted in quantitative recovery of all retained species. Stability of the retained species on the resin was tested with iron-rich, natural waters from a Czech mineral spring. Arsenate, monothioarsenate, dithioarsenate, and trithioarsenate were successfully separated from iron and recovered after 6 d. Thus, SPE presents a viable answer to the problem of preserving arsenic in the presence of both iron and sulfide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Ullrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valentina Misiari
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen J, Rosen BP. Organoarsenical Biotransformations by Shewanella putrefaciens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7956-63. [PMID: 27366920 PMCID: PMC4984541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbes play a critical role in the global arsenic biogeocycle. Most studies have focused on redox cycling of inorganic arsenic in bacteria and archaea. The parallel cycles of organoarsenical biotransformations are less well characterized. Here we describe organoarsenical biotransformations in the environmental microbe Shewanella putrefaciens. Under aerobic growth conditions, S. putrefaciens reduced the herbicide MSMA (methylarsenate or MAs(V)) to methylarsenite (MAs(III)). Even though it does not contain an arsI gene, which encodes the ArsI C-As lyase, S. putrefaciens demethylated MAs(III) to As(III). It cleaved the C-As bond in aromatic arsenicals such as the trivalent forms of the antimicrobial agents roxarsone (Rox(III)), nitarsone (Nit(III)) and phenylarsenite (PhAs(III)), which have been used as growth promoters for poultry and swine. S. putrefaciens thiolated methylated arsenicals, converting MAs(V) into the more toxic metabolite monomethyl monothioarsenate (MMMTAs(V)), and transformed dimethylarsenate (DMAs(V)) into dimethylmonothioarsenate (DMMTAs(V)). It also reduced the nitro groups of Nit(V), forming p-aminophenyl arsenate (p-arsanilic acid or p-AsA(V)), and Rox(III), forming 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzylarsonate (3A4HBzAs(V)). Elucidation of organoarsenical biotransformations by S. putrefaciens provides a holistic appreciation of how these environmental pollutants are degraded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry P. Rosen
- Corresponding Author. Phone: (+1) 305-348-0657; fax: (+1) 305-348-0651;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hinrichsen S, Planer-Friedrich B. Cytotoxic activity of selenosulfate versus selenite in tumor cells depends on cell line and presence of amino acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8349-8357. [PMID: 26780055 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on acute cytotoxicity studies, selenosulfate (SeSO3 (-)) has been suggested to possess a generally higher toxic activity in tumor cells than selenite. The reason for this difference in cytotoxic activity remained unclear. In the present study, cytotoxicity tests with human hepatoma (HepG2), malignant melanoma (A375), and urinary bladder carcinoma cells (T24) showed that the selenosulfate toxicity was very similar between all three tested cell lines (IC50 6.6-7.1 μM after 24 h). It was largely independent of exposure time and presence or absence of amino acids. What changed, however, was the toxicity of selenite, which was lower than that of selenosulfate only for HepG2 cells (IC50 > 15 μM), but similar to and higher than that of selenosulfate for A375 (IC50 4.7 μM) and T24 cells (IC50 3.5 μM), respectively. Addition of amino acids to T24 cell growth medium downregulated short-term selenite uptake (1.5 versus 12.9 ng Se/10(6) cells) and decreased its cytotoxicity (IC50 8.4 μM), rendering it less toxic than selenosulfate. The suggested mechanism is a stronger expression of the xc (-) transport system in the more sensitive T24 compared to HepG2 cells which creates a reductive extracellular microenvironment and facilitates selenite uptake by reduction. Selenosulfate is already reduced and so less affected. The cytotoxic activity of selenosulfate and selenite to tumor cells therefore depends on the sensitivity of each cell line, supplements like amino acids as well as the reductive state of the extracellular environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinikka Hinrichsen
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bralatei E, Lacan S, Krupp EM, Feldmann J. Detection of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Using a Field Test Kit: A Screening Method. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11271-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edi Bralatei
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation
Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Severine Lacan
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation
Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M Krupp
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation
Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation
Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hinrichsen S, Geist F, Planer-Friedrich B. Inorganic and Methylated Thioarsenates Pass the Gastrointestinal Barrier. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1678-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinikka Hinrichsen
- Environmental Geochemistry,
Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Franziska Geist
- Environmental Geochemistry,
Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry,
Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|