1
|
In 't Veld M, Khare P, Hao Y, Reche C, Pérez N, Alastuey A, Yus-Díez J, Marchand N, Prevot ASH, Querol X, Daellenbach KR. Characterizing the sources of ambient PM 10 organic aerosol in urban and rural Catalonia, Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166440. [PMID: 37611714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OA) have recently been shown to be the dominant contributor to the oxidative potential of airborne particulate matter in northeastern Spain. We collected PM10 filter samples every fourth day from January 2017 to March 2018 at two sampling stations located in Barcelona city and Montseny Natural Park, representing urban and rural areas, respectively. The chemical composition of PM10 was analyzed offline using a broad set of analytical instruments, including high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS), a total organic carbon analyzer (TCA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ion chromatography (IC), and thermal-optical carbon analyzer. Source apportionment analysis of the water-soluble organic content of the samples measured via HR-ToF-AMS revealed two primary and two secondary sources of OA, which included biomass-burning OA (BBOA), sulfur-containing OA (SCOA), as well as summer- and winter‑oxygenated OA (SOOA and WOOA). The presence of hydrocarbon-like water-insoluble OA was also identified based on concentration trends in black carbon and nitrogen oxides. The results from the source apportionment analysis of the inorganic composition were correlated with different OA factors to assess potential source contributors. Barcelona showed significantly higher average water-soluble OA concentrations (5.63 ± 0.56 μg m-3) than Montseny (3.27 ± 0.37 μg m-3) over the sampling period. WOOA accounted for nearly 27 % of the averaged OA in Barcelona compared to only 7 % in Montseny. In contrast, SOOA had a greater contribution to OA in Montseny (47 %) than in Barcelona (24 %). SCOA and BBOA were responsible for 15-28 % of the OA at both sites. There were also seasonal variations in the relative contributions of different OA sources. Our overall results showed that local anthropogenic sources were primarily responsible for up to 70 % of ambient soluble OA in Barcelona, and regulating local-scale emissions could significantly improve air quality in urban Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marten In 't Veld
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Peeyush Khare
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Aargau, Switzerland
| | - Yufang Hao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Aargau, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Noemi Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Jesús Yus-Díez
- Centre for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, SI-5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | | | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Aargau, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Aargau, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fakhri N, Fadel M, Öztürk F, Keleş M, Iakovides M, Pikridas M, Abdallah C, Karam C, Sciare J, Hayes PL, Afif C. Comprehensive chemical characterization of PM 2.5 in the large East Mediterranean-Middle East city of Beirut, Lebanon. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 133:118-137. [PMID: 37451782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of PM2.5 at two sites in Lebanon, a country in the East Mediterranean - Middle East region, is investigated in the spring and summer seasons. The average PM2.5 concentrations were of (29 ± 16) µg/m3 for Beirut urban site and (32 ± 14) µg/m3 for Beirut suburban site. This study showed that the geographic location of the East Mediterranean region, such as its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea and the dust storm intrusion are a significant contributor to the high PM levels from natural sources, which cannot be mitigated, rendering the PM2.5 WHO annual Air Quality guideline unattainable due to high natural background, which also applies to the entire Middle East region. Turkey and Eastern Europe are the dominant origin of air masses throughout our sampling days, suggesting the long-range transport as an important potential contributor to the high observed concentrations of V, Ni, and sulfate in this region most probably in other East Mediterranean countries than Lebanon too. Main local sources determined through the chemical speciation including organics are road transport, resuspension of dust and diesel private generators. A health risk assessment of airborne metals was performed and the carcinogenic risk for all the metals exceeded by 42 (adults) and 14 (children) times the acceptable risk level (10-6) at both sites. Vanadium was the predominant carcinogenic metal, emphasizing the need to replace energy production with cleaner energy on a regional level and highlighting the severe impact of air pollution on the health of inhabitants in this region's main cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nansi Fakhri
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Fadel
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatma Öztürk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Melek Keleş
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Minas Iakovides
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Charbel Abdallah
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cyril Karam
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Charbel Afif
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guascito MR, Lionetto MG, Mazzotta F, Conte M, Giordano ME, Caricato R, De Bartolomeo AR, Dinoi A, Cesari D, Merico E, Mazzotta L, Contini D. Characterisation of the correlations between oxidative potential and in vitro biological effects of PM 10 at three sites in the central Mediterranean. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130872. [PMID: 36716558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the major risks for global health. The exact mechanisms of toxicity are still not completely understood leading to contrasting results when different toxicity metrics are compared. In this work, PM10 was collected at three sites for the determination of acellular oxidative potential (OP), intracellular oxidative stress (OSGC), cytotoxicity (MTT assay), and genotoxicity (Comet assay). The in vitro tests were done on the A549 cell line. The objective was to investigate the correlations among acellular and intracellular toxicity indicators, the variability among the sites, and how these correlations were influenced by the main sources by using PMF receptor model coupled with MLR. The OPDTTV, OSGCV, and cytotoxicity were strongly influenced by combustion sources. Advection of African dust led to lower-than-average intrinsic toxicity indicators. OPDTTV and OSGCV showed site-dependent correlations suggesting that acellular OP may not be fully representative of the intracellular oxidative stress at all sites and conditions. Cytotoxicity correlated with both OPDTTV and OSGCV at two sites out of three and the strength of the correlation was larger with OSGCV. Genotoxicity was correlated with cytotoxicity at all sites and correlated with both, OPDTTV and OSGCV, at two sites out of three. Results suggest that several toxicity indicators are useful to gain a global picture of the potential health effects of PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rachele Guascito
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Lionetto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Franco Mazzotta
- Studio Effemme Chimica Applicata, s.r.l. Via Pio XII, 73018 Squinzano, Italy
| | - Marianna Conte
- Laboratory for Observations and Analyses of Earth and Climate, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Giordano
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Roberto Caricato
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Anna Rita De Bartolomeo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Eva Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzotta
- Studio Effemme Chimica Applicata, s.r.l. Via Pio XII, 73018 Squinzano, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Veld MI', Alastuey A, Pandolfi M, Amato F, Pérez N, Reche C, Via M, Minguillón MC, Escudero M, Querol X. Compositional changes of PM 2.5 in NE Spain during 2009-2018: A trend analysis of the chemical composition and source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148728. [PMID: 34328931 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, time-series analyses of the chemical composition and source contributions of PM2.5 from an urban background station in Barcelona (BCN) and a rural background station in Montseny (MSY) in northeastern Spain from 2009 to 2018 were investigated and compared. A multisite positive matrix factorization analysis was used to compare the source contributions between the two stations, while the trends for both the chemical species and source contributions were studied using the Theil-Sen trend estimator. Between 2009 and 2018, both stations showed a statistically significant decrease in PM2.5 concentrations, which was driven by the downward trends of levels of chemical species and anthropogenic source contributions, mainly from heavy oil combustion, mixed combustion, industry, and secondary sulfate. These source contributions showed a continuous decrease over the study period, signifying the continuing success of mitigation strategies, although the trends of heavy oil combustion and secondary sulfate have flattened since 2016. Secondary nitrate also followed a significant decreasing trend in BCN, while secondary organic aerosols (SOA) very slightly decreased in MSY. The observed decreasing trends, in combination with the absence of a trend for the organic aerosols (OA) at both stations, resulted in an increase in the relative proportion of OA in PM2.5 by 12% in BCN and 9% in MSY, mostly from SOA, which increased by 7% in BCN and 4% in MSY. Thus, at the end of the study period, OA accounted for 40% and 50% of the annual mean PM2.5 at BCN and MSY, respectively. This might have relevant implications for air quality policies aiming at abating PM2.5 in the study region and for possible changes in toxicity of PM2.5 due to marked changes in composition and source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marten In 't Veld
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Noemi Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Marta Via
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Miguel Escudero
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Academia General Militar, Zaragoza 50090, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koçak E, Kılavuz SA, Öztürk F, İmamoğlu İ, Tuncel G. Characterization and source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols in fine particles at urban and suburban atmospheres of Ankara, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25701-25715. [PMID: 33474664 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to find the spatial distribution characteristics of elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon in fine particles, daily PM2.5 aerosol samples were collected at two different stations, between July 2014 and September 2015 in Ankara, Turkey. Concentrations of OC ranged from 2.1 to 42 μg m-3 at urban station. These concentrations were higher than those obtained for suburban station whose values ranged from 1.3 to 15 μg m-3. Concentrations of EC ranged from 0.7 to 4.9 μg m-3 at the urban station. As in OC case, the corresponding levels were higher than those measured for suburban station. The associated EC levels ranged from 0.1 to 3.4 μg m-3 for the suburban station. Daily changes in the levels of EC were larger than the OC levels. OC/EC ratios were lower with lower monthly variability in summer and higher with lower monthly variability in winter at the urban site. Medium and weak correlations were obtained between EC and OC in the winter and summer seasons, respectively, at both stations. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) was an important component of OC in PM2.5 at the urban and suburban sites. The winter SOC level was higher than the summer SOC level at the urban site but slightly lower than the summer SOC level at the suburban site. Total carbon was apportioned using factor analysis for the eight carbon fraction data (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, EC1, EC2, EC3, and OP). The main sources of pollutants in the urban and suburban settings were from vehicular emissions, biomass and coal combustions, and road dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Koçak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Seda Aslan Kılavuz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Öztürk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - İpek İmamoğlu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gürdal Tuncel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Merico E, Grasso FM, Cesari D, Decesari S, Belosi F, Manarini F, De Nuntiis P, Rinaldi M, Gambaro A, Morabito E, Contini D. Characterisation of atmospheric pollution near an industrial site with a biogas production and combustion plant in southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137220. [PMID: 32092819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although biogas production can have some benefits, there is a research gap on potential influence of biogas plant emissions on local air quality, thus an accurate and comprehensive evaluation of impacts of this technology is needed. This study deals with this issue by means of a characterisation of air pollution near an industrial area including a biogas production (from biomass) and combustion plant located in South Italy. The methodology consists in advanced statistical analysis on concentration of gaseous pollutants, particles concentration and size distribution in number and mass, and PM2.5 chemical composition. High-temporal resolution measurements, supported by ancillary meteorological parameters, and source apportionment of PM2.5 using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model, are performed. The integrated approach provides the emissive picture consisting in different anthropogenic sources (i.e. traffic, biomass burning, and industrial facilities) with particular focus on biogas plant emissions. Results showed that CO and nitrogen oxides were influenced by vehicular traffic and biomass combustion, however, a contribution of the plant to NO was observed. SO2 was influenced mainly by transport from the industrial zone, but a second local contribution compatible with the emissions of the biogas plant was detected. Number particle concentrations were analysed in four size ranges: nanoparticles (D < 0.05 μm), ultrafine particles (D < 0.3 μm), accumulation (0.3 < D < 1 μm) and coarse particles (D > 1 μm). Nanoparticles and ultrafine particles were mainly influenced by vehicular traffic and biomass burning, instead, a contribution of the plant was individuated in the accumulation mode. PMF5 identified the contribution of six sources: crustal (14.7% ± 2.1% of measured PM2.5); marine aerosol (aged) (12.9% ± 2.3%); biomass burning (32.8% ± 1.4%); secondary sulphate (19.7% ± 2.4%); primary industrial emissions (5.4% ± 2.3%); traffic and secondary nitrate (17.0% ± 3.9%). The plant is likely to contribute to both sources, the industrial and the traffic plus secondary nitrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - F M Grasso
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Cesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - S Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Belosi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Manarini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - P De Nuntiis
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - E Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - D Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Merico E, Cesari D, Dinoi A, Gambaro A, Barbaro E, Guascito MR, Giannossa LC, Mangone A, Contini D. Inter-comparison of carbon content in PM 10 and PM 2.5 measured with two thermo-optical protocols on samples collected in a Mediterranean site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:29334-29350. [PMID: 31396867 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientific interest is focusing on different approaches for characterising organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and equivalent black carbon (eBC), although EUSAAR2 protocol has been established and frequently used in EU for regulatory purposes. Discrepancies are observed due to thermal protocols used for OC/EC determinations and the effect of the chemical-physical properties of aerosol using optical measurements for eBC. In this work, a long-term inter-comparison of carbon measurements with two widely used protocols (EUSAAR2 and NIOSH870) was performed on PM2.5 and PM10 samples. The influence of the protocol on the evaluation of secondary organic aerosol (SOC) and on the correlation between EC and eBC was investigated. An extensive check of repeatability gave typical uncertainties of ~ 5% for TC and OC, and ~ 10% for EC for both thermal protocols. Results show that OC is statistically comparable between the two protocols but EC is significantly higher with EUSAAR2, especially during the warm season. The ratio OC/EC is lower with EUSAAR2, also showing a seasonality (lower values in the warm season) not observed with NIOSH870. Despite the differences in OC/EC ratios, the contribution of SOC to OC (~ 50%), evaluated using the EC-tracer method, did not differ significantly between the two protocols and for both size fractions. Further, SOC/OC ratios were comparable in cold and warm periods. eBC/EC ratios larger than one for both protocols were obtained, 1.62 (EUSAAR2) and 1.92 (NIOSH870), and also correlated with the ratio OC/EC for both protocols, especially in the cold season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Merico
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cesari
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Maria R Guascito
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorena C Giannossa
- Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cáceres JO, Sanz-Mangas D, Manzoor S, Pérez-Arribas LV, Anzano J. Quantification of particulate matter, tracking the origin and relationship between elements for the environmental monitoring of the Antarctic region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:125-132. [PMID: 30772541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on the analysis of atmospheric aerosols in the Antarctic region, Deception Island, collected during austral summer 2016-2017 by field measurements carried from Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Research Station. A low-volume sampler was used to capture the aerosols depositing them onto the air filters. A chemical analysis of the samples using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) provided the total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), elemental Carbon (EC) and elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Cu, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn and Cr. The average mass concentration of particulate matter (PM10) originated by natural and anthropogenic activities was calculated as 10 ± 4 μg/m3, although values such as 28.2 μg/m3 were also obtained which is very high even when compared to other places in the coast of the Antarctic region. In addition, high enrichment factors have been found for elements such as Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn showing a remote anthropogenic contribution to particulate matter in this region. Correlations were found between Na, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti and S, where Na/Mg displayed the influence of marine environments, S correspond to volcanic activities, Ca to penguin colonies and influence of sea whereas Al/Ti indicated the crustal origin. Polar contour graphical maps were obtained from meteorological data using chemometrics methods, which allowed reproducing wind maps revealing the distribution of the aerosols and possible emission sources of different elements in the area. Given that this island has not been previously studied for atmospheric contamination, this work provides an interesting insight about the site-specific characteristics of particulate matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J O Cáceres
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid. Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Sanz-Mangas
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid. Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Manzoor
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid. Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L V Pérez-Arribas
- Laser Chemistry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid. Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Anzano
- Laser Lab, Chemistry & Environment Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza. Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cesari D, De Benedetto GE, Bonasoni P, Busetto M, Dinoi A, Merico E, Chirizzi D, Cristofanelli P, Donateo A, Grasso FM, Marinoni A, Pennetta A, Contini D. Seasonal variability of PM 2.5 and PM 10 composition and sources in an urban background site in Southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:202-213. [PMID: 28850839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of fine and coarse fractions in terms of sources and dynamics is scarce in southeast Mediterranean countries; differences are relevant because of the importance of natural sources like sea spray and Saharan dust advection, because most of the monitoring networks are limited to PM10. In this work, the main seasonal variabilities of sources and processes involving fine and coarse PM (particulate matter) were studied at the Environmental-Climate Observatory of Lecce (Southern Italy). Simultaneous PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected between July 2013 and July 2014 and chemically analysed to determine concentrations of several species: OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) via thermo-optical analysis, 9 major ions via IC, and 23 metals via ICP-MS. Data was processed through mass closure analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model characterizing seasonal variabilities of nine sources contributions. Organic and inorganic secondary aerosol accounts for 43% of PM2.5 and 12% of PM2.5-10 with small seasonal changes. SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) seasonal pattern is opposite to that of SOC (secondary organic carbon). SOC is larger during the cold period, sulphate (the major contributor to SIA) is larger during summer. Two forms of nitrate were identified: NaNO3, correlated with chloride depletion and aging of sea-spray, mainly present in PM2.5-10; NH4NO3 more abundant in PM2.5. Biomass burning is a relevant source with larger contribution during autumn and winter because of the influence of domestic heating, however, is not negligible in spring and summer, because of the contributions of fires and agricultural practices. Mass closure analysis and PMF results identify two soil sources: crustal associated to long range transport and carbonates associated to local resuspended dust. Both sources contributes to the coarse fraction and have different dynamics with crustal source contributing mainly in high winds from SE conditions and carbonates during high winds from North direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Cesari
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - G E De Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - P Bonasoni
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Busetto
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Dinoi
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - E Merico
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Chirizzi
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - P Cristofanelli
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Donateo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - F M Grasso
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A Marinoni
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Pennetta
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|