1
|
Singh PK, Kumar U, Kumar I, Dwivedi A, Singh P, Mishra S, Seth CS, Sharma RK. Critical review on toxic contaminants in surface water ecosystem: sources, monitoring, and its impact on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:56428-56462. [PMID: 39269525 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Surface water pollution is a critical and urgent global issue that demands immediate attention. Surface water plays a crucial role in supporting and sustaining life on the earth, but unfortunately, till now, we have less understanding of its spatial and temporal dynamics of discharge and storage variations at a global level. The contamination of surface water arises from various sources, classified into point and non-point sources. Point sources are specific, identifiable origins of pollution that release pollutants directly into water bodies through pipes or channels, allowing for easier identification and management, e.g., industrial discharges, sewage treatment plants, and landfills. However, non-point sources originate from widespread activities across expansive areas and present challenges due to its diffuse nature and multiple pathways of contamination, e.g., agricultural runoff, urban storm water runoff, and atmospheric deposition. Excessive accumulation of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, chlorination by-products, pharmaceutical products in surface water through different pathways threatens food quality and safety. As a result, there is an urgent need for developing and designing new tools for identifying and quantifying various environmental contaminants. In this context, chemical and biological sensors emerge as fascinating devices well-suited for various environmental applications. Numerous chemical and biological sensors, encompassing electrochemical, magnetic, microfluidic, and biosensors, have recently been invented by hydrological scientists for the detection of water pollutants. Furthermore, surface water contaminants are monitored through different sensors, proving their harmful effects on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prince Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Indrajeet Kumar
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Akanksha Dwivedi
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saumya Mishra
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Rajesh Kumar Sharma
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han L, Chang C, Yan S, Qu C, Tian Y, Guo J, Guo J. Distribution, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediments from Beiluo River. TOXICS 2023; 11:139. [PMID: 36851013 PMCID: PMC9958545 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution in the Beiluo River, the secondary tributary of the Yellow River, still remain unclear. With the purpose of determining the distribution, origins, and pollution levels of PCBs and their consequences on ecological risks, the concentrations of 27 PCBs at 17 locations in the sediments of the Beiluo River were examined in this study. The results showed that the mass concentrations of ∑PCBs in the sediment ranged from 0.12 to 1.25 ng∙g-1 (DW), with the highest point at sampling site B13 downstream of the river. Compared to most river sediments, both domestically and internationally, the concentration of PCBs in the sediment of the Beiluo River was at a low level, with 10-PCB and 6-PCB as the main components, indicating that the PCBs that are difficult to volatilise and degrade are more likely to remain in the sediment. The origins of PCBs in the sediments of the Beiluo River were examined by using positive matrix factorisation (PMF). The results revealed that the contamination of PCBs in the sediments of the Beiluo River mainly resulted from industrial emissions, technical PCB mixtures, and coal and wood combustion. The results of the ecological risk assessment indicated that PCBs in the sediments of the study area rarely contribute to adverse biological effects and the potential low risk to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linrong Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Chao Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Shiwei Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yulu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Jipu Guo
- State Grid Shaanxi Electric Power Research Institute, Xi’an 710100, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Mullin MR, Egeghy P, Woodward KA, Compton KC, Nickel B, Aguilar M, Folk E. Inadvertently Generated PCBs in Consumer Products: Concentrations, Fate and Transport, and Preliminary Exposure Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12228-12236. [PMID: 35943277 PMCID: PMC9511961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) production was banned in 1979 under the Toxics Substance Control Act, inadvertent generation of PCBs through a variety of chemical production processes continues to contaminate products and waste streams. In this research, a total of 39 consumer products purchased from local and online retailer stores were analyzed for 209 PCB congeners. Inadvertent PCBs (iPCBs) were detected from seven products, and PCB-11 was the only congener detected in most of the samples, with a maximum concentration exceeding 800 ng/g. Emission of PCB-11 to air was studied from one craft foam sheet product using dynamic microchambers at 40 °C for about 120 days. PCB-11 migration from the product to house dust was also investigated. The IAQX program was then employed to estimate the emissions of PCB-11 from 10 craft foam sheets to indoor air in a 30 m3 room at 0.5 h-1 air change rate for 30 days. The predicted maximum PCB-11 concentration in the room air (156.8 ng/m3) and the measured concentration in dust (20 ng/g) were applied for the preliminary exposure assessment. The generated data from multipathway investigation in this work should be informative for further risk assessment and management for iPCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michelle R. Mullin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Land, Chemicals, and Redevelopment Division, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Peter Egeghy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Katherine A. Woodward
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, Land, Chemicals, and Redevelopment Division, Boston, MA 02109, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Compton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Land, Chemicals, and Redevelopment Division, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Brian Nickel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Water Division, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Marcus Aguilar
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, Land, Chemicals, and Redevelopment Division, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | - Edgar Folk
- Jacobs, Critical Mission Solutions, EPA - Research Laboratory Support, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lotufo GR, Gidley PT, McQueen AD, Moore DW, Edwards DA, Hardenstine J, Uhler AD. Passive-Sampler-Based Bioavailability Assessment of PCB Congeners Associated with Aroclor-Containing Paint Chips in the Presence of Sediment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:105-118. [PMID: 34919163 PMCID: PMC8732844 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation of the bioavailability of PCBs associated with paint chips (PC) dispersed in sediment. Bioavailability of PCB-containing PC in sediment was measured using ex situ polyethylene passive samplers (PS) and compared to that of PCBs from field-collected sediments. PC were mixed in freshwater sediment from a relatively uncontaminated site with no known PCB contamination sources and from a contaminated site with non-paint PCB sources. PC < 0.045 mm generated concentrations in the PS over one order of magnitude higher than coarser chips. The bioavailable fraction was represented by the polymer-sediment accumulation factor (PSAF), defined as the ratio of the PCB concentrations in the PS and organic carbon normalized sediment. The PSAF was similar for both field sediments. The PSAFs for the field sediments were ~ 50-60 and ~ 5 times higher than for the relatively uncontaminated sediment amended with PC for the size fractions 0.25-0.3 mm and < 0.045 mm, respectively. These results indicate much lower bioavailability for PCBs associated with PC compared to PCBs associated with field-collected sediment. Such information is essential for risk assessment and remediation decision-making for sites where contamination from non-paint PCBs sources is co-located with PCB PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip T Gidley
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Andrew D McQueen
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - David W Moore
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Deborah A Edwards
- ExxonMobil Environmental and Property Solutions Company, Spring, TX, 77389, USA
| | | | - Allen D Uhler
- NewFields-Environmental Forensics Practice, Rockland, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thangavelu SK, Mohan M, Ramachandran I, Jagadeesan A. Lactational polychlorinated biphenyls exposure induces epigenetic alterations in the Leydig cells of progeny rats. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14160. [PMID: 34241921 DOI: 10.1111/and.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to establish the epigenetic mechanisms by which lactational exposure to PCBs affects the Leydig cell function in progeny rats. The lactating dams were oral gavaged with different doses of PCBs [1, 2 and 5 mg/kg or corn oil ] and Leydig cells were isolated from the testes of progeny rats at postnatal day (PND) 60. We assessed the expression of transcription factors regulating steroidogenic machinery and the promoter methylation of LHR and AR in the Leydig cells. Our results confirmed hypermethylation of SF-1, Sp1/3, LHR and AR genes. There was a significant reduction in the gene expression of SF-1 and Sp1. The mRNA expression of Sp3 was decreased. Interestingly, there was an increased gene expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a/b and Dnmt3l) and unaltered histone deacetylase-1 (Hdac-1). Furthermore, increased percentage of 5-methylcytosine was observed in PCBs exposed Leydig cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that promoter hypermethylation of SF-1, Sp1/3, LHR and AR could have led to transcriptional repression of these genes in Leydig cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that lactational exposure to PCBs caused epigenetic changes in the Leydig cells which could have impaired the Leydig cell function in progeny (PND60) rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Thangavelu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manju Mohan
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilangovan Ramachandran
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunakaran Jagadeesan
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls in pigments: An updated review on their formation, emission sources, contamination status, and toxic effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142504. [PMID: 33035974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation, emission, environmental occurrence, and potential adverse effects of unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in pigments are reviewed, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date picture on these pollutants. PCBs are typically formed during manufacturing of organic pigments that involve chlorinated intermediates and reaction solvents, rather than those of inorganic pigments. Concentrations and profiles of PCBs vary greatly among pigment types and producers, with total PCB levels ranging from lower than detection limits to several hundred ppm; major components can be low-chlorinated (e.g., CB-11) or high-chlorinated congeners (e.g., CB-209). Pigment-derived PCBs can be released into the environment through different steps including pigment production, application, and disposal. They can contaminate atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems, and then affect organisms living there. This situation garners scientific and public attention to nonlegacy emissions of PCBs and suggests the need for appropriate monitoring, management, and abatement strategies regarding these pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ravindra K, Dirtu AC, Mor S, Wauters E, Van Grieken R. Source apportionment and seasonal variation in particulate PAHs levels at a coastal site in Belgium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14933-14943. [PMID: 32060836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, estimation of the atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was done in particulate samples collected from De Haan, Belgium, during different seasons. The sampling site was situated very close to the north sea and far from the influence of local or industrial activities. The levels of PAHs depicted a distinct seasonal trend, being highest during the spring season. The observations of the study indicated a mean value of 2.6 ng m-3 for concentration of all the 16 US EPA PAHs, thus being significantly lower when compared to results of previous studies focused on other sites. The dominating PAHs species reported were naphthalene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and indeno[1,2,3c,d] pyrene. Assessment of the seasonal variation of the PAH levels was also done with respect to diagnostic ratio-based source identification, analysis of back trajectories, and principle component analysis. Burning of fossil fuels was observed to be the prominent source of atmospheric PAHs in the study area. Further, lifetime cancer risk assessment was performed to assess the detrimental health impacts on humans on being exposed to atmospheric PAHs. Particulate PAHs present in the ambient air of Belgium shows no carcinogenic health impacts. However, considering the industrial expansion in the region, efforts are required to prevent the environmental contamination of PAHs. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Alin C Dirtu
- Department of Chemistry, Micro and Trace Analysis Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Eric Wauters
- Department of Chemistry, Micro and Trace Analysis Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rene Van Grieken
- Department of Chemistry, Micro and Trace Analysis Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thambirajah AA, Koide EM, Imbery JJ, Helbing CC. Contaminant and Environmental Influences on Thyroid Hormone Action in Amphibian Metamorphosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:276. [PMID: 31156547 PMCID: PMC6530347 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic and terrestrial environments are increasingly contaminated by anthropogenic sources that include pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial and agricultural chemicals (i. e., pesticides). Many of these substances have the potential to disrupt endocrine function, yet their effect on thyroid hormone (TH) action has garnered relatively little attention. Anuran postembryonic metamorphosis is strictly dependent on TH and perturbation of this process can serve as a sensitive barometer for the detection and mechanistic elucidation of TH disrupting activities of chemical contaminants and their complex mixtures. The ecological threats posed by these contaminants are further exacerbated by changing environmental conditions such as temperature, photoperiod, pond drying, food restriction, and ultraviolet radiation. We review the current knowledge of several chemical and environmental factors that disrupt TH-dependent metamorphosis in amphibian tadpoles as assessed by morphological, thyroid histology, behavioral, and molecular endpoints. Although the molecular mechanisms for TH disruption have yet to be determined for many chemical and environmental factors, several affect TH synthesis, transport or metabolism with subsequent downstream effects. As molecular dysfunction typically precedes phenotypic or histological pathologies, sensitive assays that detect changes in transcript, protein, or metabolite abundance are indispensable for the timely detection of TH disruption. The emergence and application of 'omics techniques-genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics-on metamorphosing tadpoles are powerful emerging assets for the rapid, proxy assessment of toxicant or environmental damage for all vertebrates including humans. Moreover, these highly informative 'omics techniques will complement morphological, behavioral, and histological assessments, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of how TH-dependent signal disruption is propagated by environmental contaminants and factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caren C. Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shen H, Li W, Graham SE, Starr JM. The role of soil and house dust physicochemical properties in determining the post ingestion bioaccessibility of sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:1-8. [PMID: 30391787 PMCID: PMC6529950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of soils and house dusts is an important pathway for children's exposure to sorbed organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To reduce the uncertainty of the exposure estimates, it is important to understand the extent to which chemicals desorb and become bioaccessible following ingestion. In this study we use a three compartment in vitro digestive system to model the role of soil and house dust physicochemical properties on the post ingestion bioaccessibility of PCBs. Matched pairs (n = 37) of soil and dust were characterized for percent carbon and nitrogen, pH, moisture content, and particle size distribution. They were then fortified with a mixture of 18 PCBs and processed through the assay. The percent bioaccessibility of each PCB was calculated, then modeled using individual PCB log Kow values and the soil and dust properties. The bioaccessibility of the PCBs in soil (x̄ = 65 ± 16%) was greater (p < 0.001) than that of the PCBs in house dust (x̄ = 36 ± 14%). In the soil model, carbon was the sole statistically significant predictive (p ≤ 0.05) variable, while in house dust, both carbon and clay content were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) predictors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen E Graham
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Protection Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James M Starr
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cetin B, Yurdakul S, Gungormus E, Ozturk F, Sofuoglu SC. Source apportionment and carcinogenic risk assessment of passive air sampler-derived PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:30-41. [PMID: 29573689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become the primary reason of deaths in Dilovasi probably due to its location with unique topography under the influence of heavy industrialization and traffic. In this study, possible sources and carcinogenic health risks of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Dilovasi region by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and the USEPA approach, respectively. PAHs and PCBs were measured monthly for a whole year at 23 sampling sites using PUF disk passive samplers. Average ambient air concentrations were found as 285±431ng/m3 and 4152±6072pg/m3, for Σ15PAH and Σ41PCB, respectively. PAH concentrations increased with decreasing temperature especially at urban sites, indicating the impact of residential heating in addition to industrial activities and traffic. On the other hand, PCB concentrations mostly increased with temperature probably due to enhanced volatilization from their sources. Possible sources of PAHs were found as emissions of diesel and gasoline vehicles, biomass and coal combustion, iron and steel industry, and unburned petroleum/petroleum products, whereas iron-steel production, coal and biomass burning, technical PCB mixtures, and industrial emissions were identified for PCBs. The mean carcinogenic risk associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs and PCBs were estimated to be >10-6 and >10-5, respectively, at all sampling points, while the 95th percentile was >10-5 at 15 of 23 and >10-4 at 8 of 23 sampling locations, respectively. Probabilistic assessment showed, especially for PCBs, that a majority of Dilovasi population face significant health risks. The higher risks due to PCBs further indicated that PCBs and possibly other pollutants originating from the same sources such as PBDEs and PCNs may be an important issue for the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Elif Gungormus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozturk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gray JM, Rasanayagam S, Engel C, Rizzo J. State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment. Environ Health 2017; 16:94. [PMID: 28865460 PMCID: PMC5581466 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we examine the continually expanding and increasingly compelling data linking radiation and various chemicals in our environment to the current high incidence of breast cancer. Singly and in combination, these toxicants may have contributed significantly to the increasing rates of breast cancer observed over the past several decades. Exposures early in development from gestation through adolescence and early adulthood are particularly of concern as they re-shape the program of genetic, epigenetic and physiological processes in the developing mammary system, leading to an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In the 8 years since we last published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, hundreds of new papers have appeared supporting this link, and in this update, the evidence on this topic is more extensive and of better quality than that previously available. CONCLUSION Increasing evidence from epidemiological studies, as well as a better understanding of mechanisms linking toxicants with development of breast cancer, all reinforce the conclusion that exposures to these substances - many of which are found in common, everyday products and byproducts - may lead to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Moving forward, attention to methodological limitations, especially in relevant epidemiological and animal models, will need to be addressed to allow clearer and more direct connections to be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Gray
- Department of Psychology and Program in Science, Technology, and Society, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0246 USA
| | - Sharima Rasanayagam
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Connie Engel
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Jeanne Rizzo
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang L, Liu G, Zheng M, Jin R, Zhu Q, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Xu Y. Atmospheric occurrence and health risks of PCDD/Fs, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes by air inhalation in metallurgical plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1146-1154. [PMID: 27989480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical plants are important sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). It is significant to evaluate the air levels and human risks of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in metallurgical plants considering their adverse effects on human health and thousands of metallurgical plants being in operation in China. The estimated inhalation intakes of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs together in eight iron ore sintering plants, three secondary copper plants, four secondary aluminum plants, and one secondary lead plant were 4.9-213.4, 21.4-4026.4, 28.7-630, and 11.7fgTEQkg-1day-1, respectively, and the corresponding cancer risks were estimated to be 8.7×10-7 to 3.8×10-5, 5.1×10-6 to 1.1×10-4, 3.8×10-6 to 7.1×10-4, and 2.1×10-6, respectively. The estimated cancer risk were higher than 100 per million people for three secondary aluminum and copper smelters among the sixteen metallurgical plants, indicating high cancer risks. Stack gas samples from metallurgical plants were also collected and analyzed for comparing their emission profiles with that of air samples. The comparison of PCDD/F, PCB and PCN profiles between air samples and stack gas samples by similarity calculation and principal component analysis suggested the influence of stack gas emissions from metallurgical plants on surrounding air. These results are helpful for understanding the exposure risk to PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in numerous metallurgical plants being operation in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|