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Rodríguez-Palma CE, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Study of the degradation of diphenyl-ether herbicides aclonifen and bifenox in different environmental waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139238. [PMID: 37330060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of the diphenyl-ether herbicides aclonifen (ACL) and bifenox (BF) in water samples has been studied under different laboratory conditions, using in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled to capillary liquid chromatography (capLC). The working conditions were selected in order to detect also bifenox acid (BFA), a compound formed as a result of the hydroxylation of BF. Samples (4 mL) were processed without any previous treatment, which allowed the detection of the herbicides at low ppt levels. The effects of temperature, light and pH on the degradation of ACL and BF have been tested using standard solutions prepared in nanopure water. The effect of the sample matrix has been evaluated by analysing different environmental waters spiked with the herbicides, namely ditch water, river water and seawater. The kinetics of the degradation have been studied and the half-life times (t1/2) have been calculated. The results obtained have demonstrated that the sample matrix is the most important parameter affecting the degradation of the tested herbicides. The degradation of both ACL and BF was much faster in ditch and river water samples, where t1/2 values of only a few days were observed. However, both compounds showed a better stability in seawater samples, where they can persist for several months. In all matrices ACL was found to be more stable than BF. In samples where BF had been substantially degraded, BFA was also detected, although the stability of this compound was also limited. Other degradation products have been detected along the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Rodríguez-Palma
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - R Herráez-Hernández
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - P Campíns-Falcó
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química. Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
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Phillips BM, Fuller LBM, Siegler K, Deng X, Tjeerdema RS. Treating Agricultural Runoff with a Mobile Carbon Filtration Unit. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:455-466. [PMID: 35430634 PMCID: PMC9079026 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of pesticides have been shown to impair water quality in California, including organophosphates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Vegetative treatment systems (VTS) can reduce pesticide loads and associated toxicity in agricultural runoff, but many water-soluble pesticides such as neonicotinoids are not effectively treated by VTS, and VTS installation is not always an option for growers required to remove non-crop vegetation for food safety concerns. Recent studies have shown that biochar filtration can be used to remove soluble contaminants, especially when coupled with other VTS components. We evaluated a mobile carbon filter system consisting of a trailer-mounted tank containing approximately 600L (~ 180 kg) of biochar. Input water from a 437-hectare agricultural drainage was pre-filtered and treated with biochar during two multi-week study periods. Laboratory toxicity tests and chemical and nutrient analyses were conducted on input and output water. Pesticide concentrations were initially reduced by greater than 99%. Treatment efficacy declined linearly and was expected to remain at least 50% effective for up to 34 weeks. Toxicity was assessed with Ceriodaphnia dubia, Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus. Significant input toxicity was reduced to non-toxic levels in 6 of 16 samples. Some input concentrations of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the pyrethroid cypermethrin exceeded organism-specific toxicity thresholds and benchmarks, but the overall causes of toxicity were complex mixtures of agricultural chemicals. Nutrients were not reduced by the biochar. Results demonstrate the utility of biochar in treating agricultural runoff and provide measures of the longevity of biochar under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn M Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory, University of California Davis, 34500 Highway One, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA.
| | - Laura B McCalla Fuller
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory, University of California Davis, 34500 Highway One, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
| | - Katie Siegler
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory, University of California Davis, 34500 Highway One, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
| | - Xin Deng
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Ron S Tjeerdema
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory, University of California Davis, 34500 Highway One, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
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McCalla LB, Phillips BM, Anderson BS, Voorhees JP, Siegler K, Faulkenberry KR, Goodman MC, Deng X, Tjeerdema RS. Effectiveness of a Constructed Wetland with Carbon Filtration in Reducing Pesticides Associated with Agricultural Runoff. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:317-329. [PMID: 34985546 PMCID: PMC8971171 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Salinas Valley in Monterey County, California, USA, is a highly productive agricultural region. Irrigation runoff containing pesticides at concentrations toxic to aquatic organisms poses a threat to aquatic ecosystems within local watersheds. This study monitored the effectiveness of a constructed wetland treatment system with a granulated activated carbon (GAC) filter installation at reducing pesticide concentrations and associated toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Hyalella azteca, and Chironomus dilutus. The wetland was supplied with water pumped from an impaired agricultural and urban drainage. Across five monitoring trials, the integrated system's average pesticide concentration reduction was 52%. The wetland channel and GAC filtration components individually provided significant treatment, and within each, pesticide solubility had a significant effect on changes in pesticide concentrations. The integrated treatment system also reduced nitrate by 61%, phosphate by 73%, and turbidity by 90%. Input water was significantly toxic to C. dubia and H. azteca in the first trial. Toxicity to C. dubia persisted throughout the system, whereas toxicity to H. azteca was removed by the channel, but there was residual toxicity post-GAC. The final trial had significant input toxicity to H. azteca and C. dilutus. The channel reduced toxicity to H. azteca and removed toxicity to C. dilutus. GAC filtration reduced H. azteca toxicity to an insignificant level. There was no input toxicity in the other three trials. The results demonstrate that a wetland treatment system coupled with GAC filtration can reduce pesticide concentrations, nutrients, suspended particles, and aquatic toxicity associated with agricultural runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B McCalla
- Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory at Granite Canyon, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Monterey, CA, USA.
| | - Bryn M Phillips
- Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory at Granite Canyon, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Brian S Anderson
- Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory at Granite Canyon, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer P Voorhees
- Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory at Granite Canyon, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Katie Siegler
- Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory at Granite Canyon, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R Faulkenberry
- Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory at Granite Canyon, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | - Xin Deng
- Surface Water Protection Program, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ron S Tjeerdema
- Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory at Granite Canyon, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Monterey, CA, USA
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Particularities of Fungicides and Factors Affecting Their Fate and Removal Efficacy: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic fungicide use has increased over the last decades, despite the susceptibility of resistance development and the side effects to human health and the environment. Although herbicides and insecticides are detected more frequently in environmental samples, there are many fungicides that have the ability to enter water bodies due to their physicochemical properties and their increasing use. Key factors affecting fungicide fate in the environment have been discussed, including the non-target effects of fungicides. For instance, fungicides are associated with the steep decline in bumblebee populations. Secondary actions of certain fungicides on plants have also been reported recently. In addition, the use of alternative eco-friendly disease management approaches has been described. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) comprise an environmentally friendly, low cost, and efficient fungicide remediation technique. Fungicide removal within CWs is dependent on plant uptake and metabolism, absorption in porous media and soil, hydrolysis, photodegradation, and biodegradation. Factors related to the efficacy of CWs on the removal of fungicides, such as the type of CW, plant species, and the physicochemical parameters of fungicides, are also discussed in this paper. There are low-environmental-risk fungicides, phytohormones and other compounds, which could improve the removal performance of CW vegetation. In addition, specific parameters such as the multiple modes of action of fungicides, side effects on substrate microbial communities and endophytes, and plant physiological response were also studied. Prospects and challenges for future research are suggested under the prism of reducing the risk related to fungicides and enhancing CW performance.
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Moran K, Anderson B, Phillips B, Luo Y, Singhasemanon N, Breuer R, Tadesse D. Water Quality Impairments Due to Aquatic Life Pesticide Toxicity: Prevention and Mitigation in California, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:953-966. [PMID: 32102113 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The management of pesticides to protect water quality remains a significant global challenge. Historically, despite regulatory frameworks intended to prevent, minimize, and manage off-site movement of pesticides, multiple generations of pesticide active ingredients have created a seemingly unending cycle of pesticide water pollution in both agricultural and urban watersheds. In California, the most populous and most agricultural US state, pesticide and water quality regulators realized in the 1990s that working independently of each other was not an effective approach to address pesticide water pollution. Over the years, these California agencies have developed a joint vision and have continued to develop a unified approach that has the potential to minimize pesticide risks to aquatic life through a combination of prevention, monitoring, and management actions, while maintaining pesticide availability for effective pest control. Key elements of the current California pesticide/water quality effort include: 1) pesticide and toxicity monitoring, coupled with watershed modeling, to maximize information obtained from monitoring; 2) predictive fate and exposure modeling to identify potential risks to aquatic life for new pesticide products when used as allowed by the label or to identify effective mitigation measures; and 3) management approaches tailored to the different pesticide uses, discharge sources, physical environments, and regulatory environments that exist for agricultural runoff, urban runoff, and municipal wastewater. Lessons from this effort may inform pesticide management elsewhere in the world as well as other chemical regulatory programs, such as the recently reformed US Toxic Substances Control Act and California's Safer Consumer Products regulatory program. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:953-966. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Moran
- TDC Environmental, LLC, San Mateo, California, USA
| | - Brian Anderson
- University of California, Davis, Monterey, California, USA
| | - Bryn Phillips
- University of California, Davis, Monterey, California, USA
| | - Yuzhou Luo
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nan Singhasemanon
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Richard Breuer
- California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Dawit Tadesse
- California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, USA
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Luo X, Qin X, Chen D, Liu Z, Zhang K, Hu D. Determination, residue analysis, risk assessment and processing factors of tebufenozide in okra fruits under field conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1230-1237. [PMID: 31696522 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring the yield, quality, and profitability of okra by preventing and controlling pests with the application of insecticides has increased in the last decade. Some insecticide residues might remain in edible parts of okra (fruits) and lead to several potential human health problems. Therefore, research on the residue behaviour, risk assessment and removal approach of insecticides on okra fruits is important for food safety, together with the proper application and residual elimination of insecticides in okra. RESULTS A simple liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established and validated for determining the tebufenozide residues in okra fruits. The recoveries of tebufenozide in okra fruits were >72% with relative standard deviations of 0.6 to 6.1%. The dissipation rates of tebufenozide were different in okra fruits cultivated under open land and glasshouse field conditions because of the discriminating humidity and temperature conditions. The dietary intake of the tebufenozide residues from okra fruit consumption for Chinese consumers was fairly low, with approximately no potential health risk. The processing factor values of washing, blanching, washing + blanching and soaking were all less than one, which indicated that these processes could effectively reduce the residual hydrazide in the okra fruit. CONCLUSION The developed method for analysing tebufenozide in okra fruits was applicable for field studies on this insecticide. The potential health risk of tebufenozide in okra fruits could be negligible to the health of different age groups of Chinese consumers. The soaking process effectively removed tebufenozide residues from okra fruits. The obtained data will help Chinese governments establish a maximum residue limit of tebufenozide in okra and provide data for the risk assessment and removal of tebufenozide in other crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinxian Qin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Centre for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Bakanov N, Wieczorek MV, Schulz R. Retention of plant protection products (PPPs) by aquatic plants in flow-through systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:587-594. [PMID: 30390589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding fate and transport of plant protection products (PPPs) that enter vegetated streams from agricultural fields is important for both exposure assessment and risk attenuation, yet limited knowledge is available. The present laboratory study investigated sorption processes governing mass transfer of three common PPPs between water and aquatic plant phases at flow-through exposure conditions (transient aqueous-phase PPP-peak of 4 h 25 min) using three temperature regimes. The exposure produced rapid sorption of PPPs to plants, followed by a gradual depuration from plants. Dynamic sorption kinetics depended on temperature, plant species, and physicochemical properties of the PPPs. Sorption to plants contributed to a 10% reduction of the water-phase peak concentrations of the PPPs. However, being reversible, the attenuation effect was limited to the residence time of the PPPs in the systems. Results of the present study highlight that effectivity of aquatic plants in the attenuation of PPP loads may vary greatly depending on hydrodynamic properties of aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Bakanov
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Matthias V Wieczorek
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
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Voorhees JP, Anderson BS, Phillips BM, Tjeerdema RS. Carbon Treatment as a Method to Remove Imidacloprid from Agriculture Runoff. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:200-202. [PMID: 28364194 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of neonicotinoid pesticides is increasing worldwide and there is growing evidence of surface water contamination from this class of insecticide. Due to their high solubility, traditional mitigation practices may be less effective at reducing neonicotinoid concentrations in agricultural runoff. In the current study, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if granulated activated carbon (GAC) reduces concentrations of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in water under simulated flow conditions. Imidacloprid was pumped through columns packed with GAC using flow rates scaled to mimic previously reported field studies. Treatments were tested at two different flow rates and samples were collected after 200 and 2500 mL of treated water were pumped through the column. Chemical analysis of the post-column effluent showed the GAC removed all detectable imidacloprid from solution at both flow rates and at both sample times. These results demonstrate the efficacy of GAC for treating neonicotinoids and the results are discussed in the context of incorporating this treatment into integrated vegetated treatment systems for mitigating pesticides in agricultural runoff. Future studies are being designed to evaluate this technology in full scale field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Voorhees
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Brian S Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Bryn M Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ron S Tjeerdema
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
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Anderson BS, Phillips BM, Voorhees JP, Cahn M. Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff. J Vis Exp 2017:55391. [PMID: 28570529 PMCID: PMC5607960 DOI: 10.3791/55391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis; Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory - Granite Canyon;
| | - Bryn M Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis; Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory - Granite Canyon
| | - Jennifer P Voorhees
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis; Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory - Granite Canyon
| | - Michael Cahn
- University of California, Cooperative Extension, Monterey County
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