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İNCE ERGÜÇ E, ÖZCAN SEZER S, GÜRER ORHAN H. Advantages and Disadvantages of Two In Vitro Assays in Evaluating Aromatase Activity: "A Cell-Based and a Cell-Free Assay". Turk J Pharm Sci 2022; 19:626-629. [PMID: 36544280 PMCID: PMC9780571 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.85530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Aromatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens. While inhibition of aromatase is a useful approach for treating breast cancer, it may also have toxicological consequences due to its endocrine disrupting/modulating effect. In this study, sensitivity and performance of two in vitro assays -a cell free and a cell-based- for evaluating aromatase activity were investigated by testing known aromatase inhibitors and partial validation of the methods was performed. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are also discussed. Materials and Methods Aromatase activity was evaluated via two in vitro models; direct measurement with a cell-free assay using a fluorescent substrate and recombinant human enzyme and indirect evaluation with a cell-based assay where cell proliferation was determined in estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 BUS) in the absence of estrogen and the presence of testosterone. Results In the cell-free direct measurement assay, reference compounds ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide have been shown to inhibit the aromatase enzyme with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values concordant with literature. In cell-based indirect measurement assay, only ketoconazole dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation with 3.47 x 10-7 M IC50. Inter-assay and intra-assay reproducibility of both methods was found to be within acceptable deviation levels. Conclusion Both methods can be successfully applied. However, to evaluate the potential aromatase activity of the novel compounds in vitro, it seems better to perform both the cell-based and the cell-free assays that allows low-moderate biotransformation and eliminate cytotoxicity potential, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif İNCE ERGÜÇ
- İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, İzmir, Türkiye,* Address for Correspondence: Phone: +90 232 329 35 35 E-mail:
| | - Senem ÖZCAN SEZER
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hande GÜRER ORHAN
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, İzmir, Türkiye
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Sha W, Cai F, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang R, Gao P. Biomarker responses and histological damage in the gill, liver, and gonad of Cyprinus carpio with benzo(a)pyrene exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61290-61301. [PMID: 34176044 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in aquatic organisms is a global concern. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of different doses of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on Cyprinus carpio in microcosms from the following aspects: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the gill, liver, and gonad; glutathione s-transferase (GST), aromatic hydroxylase (AHH), and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in the liver; and altered tissue and cellular structures of the gill, liver,and gonad. SOD and POD activity in the gill, liver, and gonad increased in low-dose BaP groups and significantly decreased with an increase in BaP. MDA content increased continuously with an increase in BaP in the gill, liver, and gonad. The activity of enzymes related to detoxification, specifically GST, AHH, and EROD, gradually increased in the liver with an increase in BaP. Upon exposure to BaP, gill hypertrophy, bulging, necrosis, and cavitation occurred, gonadal cells became larger, with an increase in pyknotic or vacuolar nuclei, bulging and cavitation of organelles, and cytoplasm leakage, and nuclear membrane lysis was observed in the liver. Collectively, BaP exposure changed the SOD and POD activity in the gill, liver, and gonad of carp with increases in MDA content, increased GST, AHH, and EROD activity in liver, and damaged the tissue and cellular structures of the gill, liver, and gonad, revealing the toxic effects of BaP exposure on carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilai Sha
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengsen Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China.
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Dopp E, Pannekens H, Gottschlich A, Schertzinger G, Gehrmann L, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Richard J, Joswig M, Grummt T, Schmidt TC, Wilhelm M, Tuerk J. Effect-based evaluation of ozone treatment for removal of micropollutants and their transformation products in waste water. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:418-439. [PMID: 33622194 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1881854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this interdisciplinary research project in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Germany, entitled "Elimination of pharmaceuticals and organic micropollutants from waste water" involved the conception of cost-effective and innovative waste-water cleaning methods. In this project in vitro assays, in vivo assays and chemical analyses were performed on three municipal waste-water treatment plants (WWTP). This publication focuses on the study of the in vitro bioassays. Cytotoxic, estrogenic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the original as well as enriched water samples were monitored before and after wastewater treatment steps using MTT and PAN I, ER Calux and A-YES, micronucleus and Comet assays as well as AMES test. In most cases, the measured effects were reduced after ozonation, but in general, the biological response depended upon the water composition of the WWTP, in particular on the formed by-products and concentration of micropollutants. In order to be able to assess the genotoxic and/or mutagenic potential of waste-water samples using bioassays like Ames test, Comet assay or micronucleus test an enrichment of the water sample via solid-phase extraction is recommended. This is in agreement with previous studies such as the "ToxBox"-Project of the Environmental Agency in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Dopp
- Department of Toxicology, IWW Water Center, Mülheim A. D. Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Helena Pannekens
- Department of Toxicology, IWW Water Center, Mülheim A. D. Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Gottschlich
- Department of Toxicology, IWW Water Center, Mülheim A. D. Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schertzinger
- Department of Toxicology, IWW Water Center, Mülheim A. D. Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Linda Gehrmann
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Trace Substances, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jessica Richard
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Joswig
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tamara Grummt
- Department of Water Hygiene and Toxicology, Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Department of Toxicology, IWW Water Center, Mülheim A. D. Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry (IAC), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Trace Substances, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
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Long-Term Exposure to Benzo[a]Pyrene Affects Sexual Differentiation and Embryos Toxicity in Three Generations of Marine Medaka (Oryzias Melastigma). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030970. [PMID: 32033145 PMCID: PMC7037311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a common environmental disrupting chemical that can cause endocrine disorders in organisms. However, the continued interference effects of BaP on multi-generation fish needs further research. In this study, we performed different periods (G1F1-3, G2F2-3, G3F3) of BaP exposure on marine medaka. We determined the embryo toxicity, and analyzed relative reproductive genes (ERα, cyp19a and vtg1) to predict the sexual differentiation of marine medaka. The results showed that high concentrations of BaP (200 μg·L−1) significantly delayed the hatching time of embryos. Moreover, medium/high concentrations of BaP (20 and 200 μg·L−1) prolonged the sexual maturity time of marine medaka. The relative gene expression of ERα, cyp19a and vtg1 were measured at 5 dpf of embryos. We found that BaP had significantly inhibited the expression of the genes related to female fish development. Consequently, there were more males in the offspring sex ratio at BaP exposure. Overall, BaP can cause embryonic toxicity and abnormal sexual differentiation, while the expression of related reproductive genes can effectively indicate the sex ratio.
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Liu J, Lu G, Cai Y, Wu D, Yan Z, Wang Y. Modulation of erythromycin-induced biochemical responses in crucian carp by ketoconazole. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5285-5292. [PMID: 28004371 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The individual and combined biochemical responses of erythromycin and ketoconazole have been examined in an organism representative of the aquatic environment, crucian carp (Carassius auratus). The possible interactions between erythromycin and ketoconazole were investigated on the bioaccumulation and the expression of biotransformation enzymes 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and an antioxidant defense enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) in fish tissues. After 14 days of combined exposure (erythromycin + ketoconazole), the addition of ketoconazole at nominal concentrations of 0.2, 2, and 20 μg/L significantly increased the accumulation of erythromycin in fish bile; however, elevated erythromycin accumulation levels were not observed in the other test tissues. The inductions of EROD and SOD activity to erythromycin were inhibited by the combined exposure of ketoconazole in most cases; however, the GST activity returned to normal with exposure time and concentration of combined administration. From the tested pharmaceutical mixtures, it indicated that certain specific combinations may pose some perturbations in biochemical responses in fish and also provide a better understanding of the effects of toxic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China.
| | - Yuanfei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- Wentian College, Hohai University, Ma'anshan, 243031, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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