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Boon D, Burns CJ. Biomonitoring of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide: A global view. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 152:105687. [PMID: 39168368 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a literature review of urinary 2,4-D in populations not associated with a herbicide application. Of the 33 studies identified, the median/mean concentrations were similar for children, adults, and pregnant women regardless of geography. Individuals with highest concentrations may have had opportunities to directly contact 2,4-D outside of an application. Most studies were conducted in populations in North America and did not examine potential sources of 2,4-D, or what factors might influence higher or lower urinary 2,4-D concentrations. In the future, prioritizing the examination of 2,4-D biomonitoring in other regions and collecting information on sources and factors influencing exposures would better our understanding of 2,4-D exposures globally. In all the studies reviewed the concentrations of urinary 2,4-D observed were orders of magnitude below the US regulatory endpoints, suggesting that people are not being exposed to 2,4-D at levels high enough to result in adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol J Burns
- Burns Epidemiology Consulting, LLC, Thompsonville, MI, 49683 USA.
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2
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Mou X, Wang D. Additive partially linear model for pooled biomonitoring data. Comput Stat Data Anal 2024; 190:107862. [PMID: 38187953 PMCID: PMC10769007 DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2023.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring involves monitoring human health by measuring the accumulation of harmful chemicals, typically in specimens like blood samples. The high cost of chemical analysis has led researchers to adopt a cost-effective approach. This approach physically combines specimens and subsequently analyzes the concentration of toxic substances within the merged pools. Consequently, there arises a need for innovative regression techniques to effectively interpret these aggregated measurements. To address this need, a new regression framework is proposed by extending the additive partially linear model (APLM) to accommodate the pooling context. The APLM is well-known for its versatility in capturing the complex association between outcomes and covariates, which is particularly valuable in assessing the complex interplay between chemical bioaccumulation and potential risk factors. Consistent estimators of the APLM are obtained through an iterative process that disaggregates information from the pooled observations. The performance is evaluated through simulations and an environmental health study focused on brominated flame retardants using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Mou
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, U.S.A
| | - Dewei Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A
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3
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Ottenbros IB, Ammann P, Imboden M, Fuhrimann S, Zock JP, Lebret E, Vermeulen RCH, Nijssen R, Lommen A, Mol H, Vlaanderen JJ, Probst-Hensch N. Urinary pesticide mixture patterns and exposure determinants in the adult population from the Netherlands and Switzerland: Application of a suspect screening approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117216. [PMID: 37805179 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-occupational sources of pesticide exposure may include domestic pesticide usage, diet, occupational exposure of household members, and agricultural activities in the residential area. We conducted a study with the ambition to characterize pesticide mixture patterns in a sample of the adult population of the Netherlands and Switzerland, using a suspect screening approach and to identify related exposure determinants. METHODS A total of 105 and 295 adults participated in the Dutch and Swiss studies, respectively. First morning void urine samples were collected and analyzed in the same laboratory. Harmonized questionnaires about personal characteristics, pesticide-related activities, and diet were administered. Detection rates and co-occurrence patterns were calculated to explore internal pesticide exposure patterns. Censored linear and logistic regression models were constructed to investigate the association between exposure and domestic pesticide usage, consumption of homegrown and organic foods, household members' exposure, and distance to agricultural and forest areas. RESULTS From the 37 detected biomarkers, 3 (acetamiprid (-CH2), chlorpropham (4-HSA), and flonicamid (-C2HN)) were detected in ≥40% of samples. The most frequent combination of biomarkers (acetamiprid-flonicamid) was detected in 22 (5.5%) samples. Regression models revealed an inverse association between high organic vegetable and fruit consumption and exposure to acetamiprid, chlorpropham, propamocarb (+O), and pyrimethanil (+O + SO3). Within-individual correlations in repeated samples (summer/winter) from the Netherlands were low (≤0.3), and no seasonal differences in average exposures were observed in Switzerland. CONCLUSION High consumption of organic fruit and vegetables was associated with lower pesticide exposure. In the two countries, detection rates and co-occurrence were typically low, and within-person variability was high. Our study results provide an indication for target biomarkers to include in future studies aimed at quantifying urinary exposure levels in European adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Ottenbros
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Center for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - P Ammann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Imboden
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Fuhrimann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J-P Zock
- Center for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - E Lebret
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Center for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - R C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R Nijssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research - Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - A Lommen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research - Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - H Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research - Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J J Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - N Probst-Hensch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, CH-4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland.
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Hays SM, Kirman CR. Biomonitoring Equivalents for N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105506. [PMID: 37838349 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is widely used as an effective mosquito and tick repellent. DEET is absorbed systemically after applications to skin. Once absorbed, DEET is rapidly metabolized with the predominant metabolite being m-dimethylaminocarbonyl benzoic acid (DBA). DEET and metabolites are predominantly excreted in urine after being absorbed systemically. Exposures to DEET are typically biomonitored via measures of DEET and DBA in urine. In this evaluation, we review available health-based risk assessments and toxicological reference values (TRVs) for DEET and derive Biomonitoring Equivalent (BE) values for interpretation of population biomonitoring data. BEs were derived based on existing TRVs derived by Health Canada, yielding 38 and 23 mg/L DBA in urine for adults and 57 and 34 mg/L DBA in urine in children for the acute oral and intermediate dermal TRVs, respectively. The BEs for unchanged DEET in urine are 21 and 12 mg/L in adults and 4.5 and 2.7 mg/L in children for the acute oral and intermediate dermal TRVs. The BE values derived in this manuscript can serve as a guide to help public health officials and regulators interpret population based DEET biomonitoring data in a public health risk context.
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Wang H, Gao R, Liang W, Wei S, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Lan L, Chen J, Zeng F. Large-scale biomonitoring of bisphenol analogues and their metabolites in human urine from Guangzhou, China: Implications for health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139601. [PMID: 37480947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues (BPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have gained significant attention regarding their associated health risks. However, there is a lack of comprehensive biomonitoring data on BPs and their metabolites in human urine. To address this, we conducted a study evaluate the exposure to BPs in the general population of Guangzhou, China. A total of 1440 urine samples were collected from volunteers and analyzed for the presence of BPs and their metabolites after being pooled into 36 groups based on age and gender. The findings revealed the common detection of ten free-form BPs, as well as the urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS, in the pooled urine samples. BPA was the predominant free-form compound, constituting 50% of the total BPs. The primary urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS are BPA-G and BPS-G, respectively, indicating glucuronidation as their primary metabolic pathway. The composition of urinary metabolites of BPA and BPS varied by age and sex, while the concentration of total BPs in urine was not significantly associated with age and sex. Enzymatic hydrolysis yielded a mean amplification of individual BPs concentrations in urine samples ranging from 1.8 times (BPA) to 4.6 times (BPS). Based on the outcomes, it was estimated that conjugated forms accounted for 96.9%, 96.2%, 94.7%, 94.1%, 92.6%, 89.1%, 87.3%, 87.2%, 87.1% and 85.8% of BPP, BPAF, BPZ, BPE, BPAP, BPF, BPA, BPC, BPS and BPF, respectively, in the pooled urine samples. Preliminary risk assessments indicated that the estimated daily intake of BPA was much higher than the latest proposed tolerable daily intake. Due to the unavailability of health-based guideline values for alternative BPs, some of them exhibit daily intakes comparable to BPA, implying that greater attention should be paid to health risks associated with exposure to BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqian Liang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyin Wei
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Longxia Lan
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China.
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Guzman-Torres H, Sandoval-Pinto E, Cremades R, Ramírez-de-Arellano A, García-Gutiérrez M, Lozano-Kasten F, Sierra-Díaz E. Frequency of urinary pesticides in children: a scoping review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1227337. [PMID: 37711246 PMCID: PMC10497881 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1227337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are any mix of ingredients and substances used to eliminate or control unwanted vegetable or animal species recognized as plagues. Its use has been discussed in research due to the scarcity of strong scientific evidence about its health effects. International literature is still insufficient to establish a global recommendation through public policy. This study aims to explore international evidence of the presence of pesticides in urine samples from children and their effects on health through a scoping review based on the methodology described by Arksey and O'Malley. The number of articles resulting from the keyword combination was 454, and a total of 93 manuscripts were included in the results and 22 were complementary. Keywords included in the search were: urinary, pesticide, children, and childhood. Children are exposed to pesticide residues through a fruit and vegetable intake environment and household insecticide use. Behavioral effects of neural damage, diabetes, obesity, and pulmonary function are health outcomes for children that are commonly studied. Gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods are used predominantly for metabolite-pesticide detection in urine samples. Dialkylphosphates (DAP) are common in organophosphate (OP) metabolite studies. First-morning spot samples are recommended to most accurately characterize OP dose in children. International evidence in PubMed supports that organic diets in children are successful interventions that decrease the urinary levels of pesticides. Several urinary pesticide studies were found throughout the world's population. However, there is a knowledge gap that is important to address (public policy), due to farming activities that are predominant in these territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Guzman-Torres
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elena Sandoval-Pinto
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rosa Cremades
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mariana García-Gutiérrez
- Centro Metropolitano de Atención de la Diabetes Tipo 1, OPD Servicios de Salud, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Felipe Lozano-Kasten
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erick Sierra-Díaz
- Departamentos de Clínicas Quirúrgicas y Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- División de Epidemiología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente del IMSS, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Hussain J, Cohen M, O'Malley CJ, Mantri N, Li Y, Mueller JF, Greaves R, Wang X. Detections of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticide metabolites in urine and sweat obtained from women during infrared sauna and exercise: A pilot crossover study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 248:114091. [PMID: 36516689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pesticides such as organophosphates and pyrethroids are commonly used worldwide yet the metabolic and long-term human health effects of these environmental exposures are unclear. Urinary detections of metabolites involving both classes of insecticides have been documented in various global populations. However, reports documenting similar detections in human sweat are sparse. In this study, the concentrations of four insecticide metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in repeated sweat and urine collections (n = 85) from 10 women undergoing three interventions (control, infrared sauna and indoor bicycling) within a single-blinded randomised crossover trial. The Friedman test with post-hoc two-way analysis of variance, the related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test and the Spearman's rank-order correlation test were used to analyse the results. Organophosphate metabolites were detected in 84.6% (22/26) and pyrethroids in 26.9% (7/26) of the collected sweat samples (pooled per individual, per intervention). Urinary concentrations of three of the four metabolites marginally increased after infrared sauna bathing: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (z = 2.395, p = 0.017); 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (z = 2.599, p = 0.009); and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (z = 2.090, p = 0.037). Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid also increased after exercise (z = 2.073, p = 0.038) and demonstrated the most temporal variability (days to weeks) of any of the urinary metabolites. Definitive sweat/urine correlations were not demonstrated. These results indicate metabolites from organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides can be detected in human sweat and this raises intriguing questions about perspiration and its role in the metabolism and excretion of synthetic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Hussain
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Marc Cohen
- Extreme Wellness Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cindy J O'Malley
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- Pangenomics Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Minderoo Centre - Plastics and Human Health, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronda Greaves
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Minderoo Centre - Plastics and Human Health, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Zhang Q, Cao R, Tang T, Ying Z, Hu S, Xu Y. The integrated exposure assessment and potential risks of five organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables in Zhejiang, China (2018-2020). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28916-28924. [PMID: 36401015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This research surveyed the concentrations of five organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in vegetables with the purpose of assessing the potential integrated health risks of residents. From 2018 to 2020, 870 samples of eight kinds of vegetables from Zhejiang Province were collected. Gas chromatography coupled with a flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) analyzed the five OPs. OPs were most frequently detected in celery (18.9% of samples), cowpeas (18.3% of samples), and leeks (16.9% of samples) compared to other vegetables. Among the 11 cities in Zhejiang, the cities with high detection rates of OPs were Ningbo and Hangzhou. The integrated concentrations of OPs in different cities ranged from 71.9 to 376 μg/kg. The cumulative risk assessment revealed that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of leek in Wenzhou was the highest, which was 0.0077 (mg/kg bw) and 0.0059 (mg/kg bw) in adults and children respectively. The health risks of residents who consume these vegetables were within a safe range. The data provided demonstrate the distribution and potential health hazards of OPs in commonly consumed vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeteng Ying
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
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Gibson JC, Marro L, Brandow D, Remedios L, Fisher M, Borghese MM, Kieliszkiewicz K, Lukina AO, Irwin K. Biomonitoring of DEET and DCBA in Canadian children following typical protective insect repellent use. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 248:114093. [PMID: 36508962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is an ingredient found in many consumer insect repellents and its use is recommended to Canadians by government agencies, including Health Canada, for protection against insect bites including mosquitos and ticks. The majority of research on DEET exposure and toxicokinetics in humans has focused on adult populations with little information from vulnerable populations, including children. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap by examining real-world exposure data for DEET and its metabolite 3-diethylcarbamoyl benzoic acid (DCBA) in a sample population of Canadian children. We conducted a 24-h observational exposure human biomonitoring study at three overnight summer camps in Ontario, Canada through July and August 2019. Participating children aged 7-13 years provided multiple spot urine samples over a 24-h period and completed a journal to document insect repellent use and factors that could influence absorption of DEET. Children were instructed to use insect repellent as they usually would while attending a summer camp. Exposure was quantified using the information from the participant's journal and the change in the mass of their insect repellent containers over the course of the study. A total of 389 urine samples were collected from 124 children. Among participants using insect repellent, urinary levels of DEET were elevated between 2 and 8 h post-application and decreased thereafter but remained qualitatively higher than concentrations in participants who did not use insect repellent on the study day, even at 18-22 h post-application. DCBA was the predominant metabolite of DEET exposure in urine. DCBA was elevated between 8 and 14 h post-application, and declined thereafter, but not to the level observed among those who did not use insect repellent on the study day. Children who used more insect repellent, or used higher concentration insect repellent (10%-30% DEET) excreted higher levels of DEET and DCBA. Excreted DEET and DCBA accounted for 0.001% (median) and 1.3% (median) of the estimated applied DEET, respectively. Children did not reach an undetectable level of DEET or DCBA in urine, even among those not using insect repellent during the study day, indicating a potentially complex multi-route exposure to insect repellents in a real world scenario. This work provides targeted biomonitoring data for children intentionally using DEET-based insect repellents for normal protective use, and will support the risk re-evaluation of DEET by Health Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Gibson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Leonora Marro
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Danielle Brandow
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Lauren Remedios
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Michael M Borghese
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Katarzyna Kieliszkiewicz
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Anna O Lukina
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Kim Irwin
- Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Wang D, Mou X, Liu Y. Varying-coefficient regression analysis for pooled biomonitoring. Biometrics 2022; 78:1328-1341. [PMID: 34190334 PMCID: PMC8716640 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring involves measuring the accumulation of contaminants in biological specimens (such as blood or urine) to assess individuals' exposure to environmental contamination. Due to the expensive cost of a single assay, the method of pooling has become increasingly common in environmental studies. The implementation of pooling starts by physically mixing specimens into pools, and then measures pooled specimens for the concentration of contaminants. An important task is to reconstruct individual-level statistical characteristics based on pooled measurements. In this article, we propose to use the varying-coefficient regression model for individual-level biomonitoring and provide methods to estimate the varying coefficients based on different types of pooled data. Asymptotic properties of the estimators are presented. We illustrate our methodology via simulation and with application to pooled biomonitoring of a brominated flame retardant provided by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A
| | - Xichen Mou
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, Scholl of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, U.S.A
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, U.S.A
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11
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Gibson JC, Marro L, Borghese MM, Brandow D, Remedios L, Fisher M, Malowany M, Kieliszkiewicz K, Lukina AO, Irwin K. Development of an observational exposure human biomonitoring study to assess Canadian children's DEET exposure during protective use. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268341. [PMID: 35925987 PMCID: PMC9352095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomonitoring data of N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in children is scarce and limited to controlled exposure and surveillance studies. We conducted a 24-hour observational exposure and human biomonitoring study designed to estimate use of and exposure to DEET-based insect repellents by Canadian children in an overnight summer camp setting. Here, we present our study design and methodology. In 2019, children between the ages of 7 and 13 took part in the study (n = 126). Children controlled their use of DEET-based insect repellents, and provided an account of their activities at camp that could impact insect repellent absorption. Children provided a total of 389 urine samples throughout the study day, and reported the time that they applied insect repellent, which allowed us to contextualize urinary DEET and metabolite concentrations with respect to the timing of insect repellent application. DEET (2.3%
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Gibson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonora Marro
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael M. Borghese
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Brandow
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Remedios
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morie Malowany
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Kieliszkiewicz
- Pesticide Laboratory, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna O. Lukina
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Irwin
- Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
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12
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Li Y, Wang X, Feary McKenzie J, 't Mannetje A, Cheng S, He C, Leathem J, Pearce N, Sunyer J, Eskenazi B, Yeh R, Aylward LL, Donovan G, Mueller JF, Douwes J. Pesticide exposure in New Zealand school-aged children: Urinary concentrations of biomarkers and assessment of determinants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107206. [PMID: 35395578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess pesticide exposure and its determinants in children aged 5-14 years. Urine samples (n = 953) were collected from 501 participating children living in urban areas (participant n = 300), rural areas but not on a farm (n = 76), and living on a farm (n = 125). The majority provided two samples, one in the high and one in the low spraying season. Information on diet, lifestyle, and demographic factors was collected by questionnaire. Urine was analysed for 20 pesticide biomarkers by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Nine analytes were detected in > 80% of samples, including six organophosphate insecticide metabolites (DMP, DMTP, DEP, DETP, TCPy, PNP), two pyrethroid insecticide metabolites (3-PBA, trans-DCCA), and one herbicide (2,4-D). The highest concentration was measured for TCPy (median 13 μg/g creatinine), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos and triclopyr, followed by DMP (11 μg/g) and DMTP (3.7 μg/g). Urine metabolite levels were generally similar or low compared to those reported for other countries, while relatively high for TCPy and pyrethroid metabolites. Living on a farm was associated with higher TCPy levels during the high spray season. Living in rural areas, dog ownership and in-home pest control were associated with higher levels of pyrethroid metabolites. Urinary concentrations of several pesticide metabolites were higher during the low spraying season, possibly due to consumption of imported fruits and vegetables. Organic fruit consumption was not associated with lower urine concentrations, but consumption of organic food other than fruit or vegetables was associated with lower concentrations of TCPy in the high spray season. In conclusion, compared to other countries such as the U.S., New Zealand children had relatively high exposures to chlorpyrifos/triclopyr and pyrethroids. Factors associated with exposure included age, season, area of residence, diet, in-home pest control, and pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Jean Feary McKenzie
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Soo Cheng
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Janet Leathem
- School of Psychology, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Neil Pearce
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California,1995 University Ave, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Ruby Yeh
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Lesa L Aylward
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Summit Toxicology, LLP, 22044, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Donovan
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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13
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Filippi I, Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Butinof M, Lerda D, Fernández RA, Muñoz SE, Amé MV. Pilot study of exposure of the male population to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in a region of high agricultural activity (Córdoba, Argentina). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:53908-53916. [PMID: 34037936 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urinary metabolites of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides and biomarkers of effects were studied in a population (n=40) residing in an important agricultural area of the province of Córdoba (Argentina). Detection frequencies (DF) higher than 85% were observed for the metabolites of pirimiphos (2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol -DEAMPY-, median 7.5 μg/g creatinine, DF: 100%), parathion (p-nitrophenol, 0.99 μg/g creatinine, 100%), and chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 0.25 μg/g creatinine, 85%). The DEAMPY concentrations doubled the levels found in other studies and were negatively associated with Er-AChE activity, suggesting the appearance of health effects already in environmental exposure levels below established acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid, the metabolite of several PYR pesticides, was also found in all samples. This metabolite was also significantly negatively correlated with Er-AChE, indicating effects of pyrethroid pesticides on the acetylcholine system even at concentrations below the ADI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iohanna Filippi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Bravo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Lerda
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo A Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia E Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María V Amé
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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14
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Wang D, Mou X, Li X, Huang X. Local polynomial regression for pooled response data. J Nonparametr Stat 2020; 32:814-837. [PMID: 33762800 PMCID: PMC7986571 DOI: 10.1080/10485252.2020.1834104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We propose local polynomial estimators for the conditional mean of a continuous response when only pooled response data are collected under different pooling designs. Asymptotic properties of these estimators are investigated and compared. Extensive simulation studies are carried out to compare finite sample performance of the proposed estimators under various model settings and pooling strategies. We apply the proposed local polynomial regression methods to two real-life applications to illustrate practical implementation and performance of the estimators for the mean function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Xichen Mou
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Xiang Li
- JPMorgan Chase, Jersey City, New Jersey 07310, U.S.A
| | - Xianzheng Huang
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A
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15
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Tang S, He C, Thai PK, Heffernan A, Vijayasarathy S, Toms L, Thompson K, Hobson P, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenols in the Australian Population and Their Association with the Per Capita Mass Loads in Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10141-10148. [PMID: 32806918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Health concerns and related regulation of bisphenol A (BPA) in some countries have led to an increase in the production and use of unregulated and poorly understood BPA analogues, including bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), and bisphenol AF (BPAF). To assess the temporal trends of human exposure to BPA analogues, urine and wastewater samples were collected from South East Queensland, Australia between 2012 and 2017 and analyzed for five bisphenols using validated isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. BPA and BPS were the predominant bisphenols detected in both urine and wastewater samples, with median concentrations of 2.5 and 0.64 μg/L in urine and 0.94 and 1.1 μg/L in wastewater, respectively. BPB, BPF, and BPAF had low detection frequencies in both urine and wastewater samples. Concentrations of BPA in both urine and wastewater decreased over the sampling period, whereas concentrations of BPS increased, suggesting that BPS has become a BPA replacement. The contributions of urinary excretion to wastewater were calculated by the ratio of daily per capita urinary excretion to wastewater-based mass loads of bisphenols. Urinary BPA and BPS contributed to less than 1% of the load found in wastewater, indicating that much of the BPA and BPS originates from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Tang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Amy Heffernan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Soumini Vijayasarathy
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Leisa Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Bowen Hills 4006, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
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16
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Norén E, Lindh C, Rylander L, Glynn A, Axelsson J, Littorin M, Faniband M, Larsson E, Nielsen C. Concentrations and temporal trends in pesticide biomarkers in urine of Swedish adolescents, 2000-2017. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:756-767. [PMID: 32094458 PMCID: PMC8075908 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides are extensively used for weed- and pest control, resulting in residues of these compounds in food. The general population is mainly exposed through dietary intake. Exposure to certain pesticides has been associated with adverse human health outcomes. Our aim was to assess urinary concentrations and temporal trends in the biomarkers of commonly used pesticides. Samples were collected from adolescents (n = 1060) in Scania, Sweden, from 2000 to 2017. Concentrations of 14 pesticide biomarkers were analyzed in urine using LC-MS/MS. Temporal trends in biomarker concentrations (ln-transformed) were evaluated using linear regression. Biomarkers of pyrethroids (3-PBA and DCCA), chlorpyrifos (TCPy), chlormequat (CCC), thiabendazole (OH-TBZ), and mancozeb (ETU) were detected in >90% of the population all sampling years. The biomarkers CCC and TCPy had the highest median concentrations (>0.8 µg/L), whereas the biomarkers of cyfluthrin (4F-3-PBA) and two pyrethroids (CFCA) had the lowest median concentrations (<0.02 µg/L). Increasing temporal trends were found for the biomarkers 3-PBA (3.7%/year), TCPy (1.7%/year) and biomarkers of pyrimethanil (11.9%/year) and tebuconazole (12.2%/year). Decreasing trends were found for CCC (-5.5%/year), OH-TBZ (-5.5%/year), and ETU (-3.9%/year). Our results suggest that Swedish adolescents are commonly exposed to pesticides in low concentrations (median concentrations <3.88 µg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Norén
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rylander
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Axelsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Littorin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Moosa Faniband
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Estelle Larsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christel Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Tang S, He C, Thai P, Vijayasarathy S, Mackie R, Toms LML, Thompson K, Hobson P, Tscharke B, O'Brien JW, Mueller JF. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in Australian urine samples and their contribution to the per capita loads in wastewater. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105534. [PMID: 32007687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates is a public health concern. In this study, we collected both urine and wastewater samples from 2012 to 2017 and analysed for 14 phthalate metabolites to assess human exposure to phthalates in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), and for associations between phthalate metabolites in urine and wastewater samples. Twenty-four pooled urine samples were prepared from 2400 individual specimens every two years (stratified by age, gender and collection year). Wastewater samples were collected from the three major wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) representing locations in the SEQ region including a regional city, part of the state capital city and a third major urban WWTP in the region. Over the period, decreases for most phthalate metabolites, i.e. mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), monocyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and monomethyl phthalate (MMP), but an increase in monoethyl phthalate (MEP, particularly in young children) were observed in urine. In general, temporal changes were smaller in urine pools representing older age groups. We also found substantial variation in per capita mass loads of phthalate metabolites between samples from the three WWTPs with generally higher concentrations of most phthalates in the metropolitan areas. Per capita mass loads of most phthalate metabolites in wastewater were higher than would be expected from the per-capita excretion in urine, suggesting there are additional sources contributing to the majority of the observed phthalate metabolites in wastewater. For MEHHP and MEOHP we estimate that the urinary excretion accounts for a substantial fraction (average about 50%) of the mass load observed in the wastewater hence wastewater data may provide useful for monitoring trends in exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Tang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, 523808 Dongguan, China; QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Phong Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Soumini Vijayasarathy
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rachel Mackie
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 4059 Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, 4006 Bowen Hills, Australia
| | - Ben Tscharke
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Bravo N, Peralta S, Grimalt JO, Martínez MÁ, Rovira J, Schuhmacher M. Organophosphate metabolite concentrations in maternal urine during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109003. [PMID: 31837550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The burden of organophosphate (OP) pesticides in pregnant women from Tarragona (n = 157), a Mediterranean area of intense agricultural activity, has been assessed from the study of hydroxylated organic metabolites in urine samples in the three trimesters of pregnancy. 2-Diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol (DEAMPY), a metabolite of pirimiphos, was the compound found in higher concentration, medians 0.66-2.8 μg/g creatinine. 4-Nitrophenol (PNP), a metabolite of parathion, medians 0.24-0.41 μg/g creatinine, was the second most abundant compound. 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidol (IMPY), a metabolite of diazinon, was also present but in lower concentrations. Except for DEAMPY, the concentrations found in this cohort were lower than those reported in studies from other countries. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for the compounds found in more than the 35% of the samples, the reliability between trimesters was poor (<0.40) to fair (0.40-0.60). Statistically significant differences were observed for the creatinine adjusted concentrations of the most abundant OP metabolites in these trimesters when examined with the Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data. In general, no association was found between urinary OP metabolites and most demographic and lifestyle predictors. However, a positive significant association was observed for women with vegetarian diet and for women of higher economic status and eventual consumption of organic food which showed higher PNP concentrations. These results suggest that higher fruit and vegetable consumption may involve higher OP pesticide ingestion but the overall association was weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Soraya Peralta
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Maria Ángeles Martínez
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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19
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Therkorn J, Drewry DG, Tiburzi O, Astatke M, Young C, Rainwater-Lovett K. Review of Biomarkers and Analytical Methods for Organophosphate Pesticides and Applicability to Nerve Agents. Mil Med 2020; 185:e414-e421. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Recent malicious use of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is a reminder of their severity and ongoing threat. One of the main categories of CWAs is the organophosphate (OP) nerve agents. Presently, there is an urgent need to identify and evaluate OP nerve agent biomarkers that can facilitate identification of exposed individuals post-CWA incident. While exposures to OP nerve agents may be scenario-specific, the public is commonly exposed to OP compounds through the ubiquitous use of OP pesticides, which are chemically related to nerve agents. Therefore, a systematic literature review and methodological quality assessment were conducted for OP pesticide biomarker studies to serve as a baseline to assess if these approaches may be adapted to OP nerve agent exposures.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a systematic literature review to identify biomarkers of OP pesticide exposures. English language studies of any design that reported primary data on biomarkers for exposures in nonhuman primates or adult human study participants were eligible for inclusion. Using standard criteria for assessing the completeness of reported analytical methods, the quality of study methods was critically evaluated.
Results
A total of 1,044 studies of biomarkers of OP pesticide exposure were identified, of which 75 articles satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These studies described 143 different analyte/sample matrix combinations: 99 host-based biomarkers, 28 metabolites, 12 pesticides, and 4 adducts. The most commonly reported biomarkers were dialkyl phosphate urinary metabolites (22 studies), blood acetylcholinesterase, and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (26 studies each). None of the assessed quality review criteria were fully addressed by all identified studies, with almost all criteria scoring less than 50%.
Conclusion
Cholinesterase activity may have utility for identifying individuals with exposures surpassing a given threshold of OP nerve agent, but further investigation of how acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase levels correlate with observed patient symptoms may be required to ensure accuracy of results. As CWAs and nerve agents are more readily used, more standardized reporting of biomarker measurements are needed to develop new approaches for OP nerve agent biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Therkorn
- Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723
| | - David G Drewry
- Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723
| | - Olivia Tiburzi
- Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723
| | - Mekbib Astatke
- Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723
| | - Charles Young
- Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723
| | - Kaitlin Rainwater-Lovett
- Asymmetric Operations Sector, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723
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Fernández SF, Pardo O, Adam-Cervera I, Montesinos L, Corpas-Burgos F, Roca M, Pastor A, Vento M, Cernada M, Yusà V. Biomonitoring of non-persistent pesticides in urine from lactating mothers: Exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134385. [PMID: 31678881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the exposure to pesticides in urine from Spanish lactating mothers (n = 116). Six nonspecific (dialkyl phosphates) and 20 specific metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (OPs), herbicides and pyrethroids were analyzed. The most frequently detected biomarkers were diethyl phosphate, p-nitrophenol, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, whose geometric means were 1.9 ng·mL-1, 0.8 ng·mL-1, 1.5 ng·mL-1 and 1.4 ng·mL-1, respectively. Herbicide metabolites were the least frequently detected biomarkers with detection frequencies between 0% (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 22% (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Multiple regression analyses showed that the closeness to a farming activity, the place of residence and the presence of garden/plants at home were some of the most important contributors to urinary levels of pesticide metabolites. Estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were obtained in order to interpret urinary levels of the most frequently detected pesticide metabolites in a risk assessment context. The highest EDIs were obtained for chlorpyrifos (0.40-1.14 μg·kg bw-1·day-1) and deltamethrin (0.34-4.73 μg·kg bw-1·day-1). The calculated HQ for chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, parathion and deltamethrin ranged from 0.01 to 0.47, and HI for OPs ranged from 0.09 to 0.33 showing that apparently there were low health risks due to the exposure to these pesticides in this group of Spanish breastfeeding women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra F Fernández
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Pardo
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Inés Adam-Cervera
- Institute of Materials Science of the University of Valencia (ICMUV), University of Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Lidia Montesinos
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisca Corpas-Burgos
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Roca
- Analytical Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Av. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustín Pastor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Av. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Cernada
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Av. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Cataluña, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Analytical Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Av. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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21
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Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Sarigiannis DA, Horvat M. Mother/child organophosphate and pyrethroid distributions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105264. [PMID: 31706197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports one of the few cases in which organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticide human exposure is evaluated in family contexts by the analysis of mother/child pair samples. Urinary concentrations of 6 organic metabolites of organophosphates and 2 pyrethroids were measured in mothers and their 7-to 8-year-old children (n = 168) in a general population from the central area of Slovenia. The results were adjusted for specific gravity and creatinine. The most abundant OP metabolite in children was 4-nitrophenol (PNP) (median 0.7 ng/ml) and in mothers (0.45 ng/ml), representing parathion exposure. 3-Phenoxibenzoic acid (3-PBA) (0.26 ng/ml), the general metabolite of pyrethroids, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) (0.16 ng/ml; chlorpyriphos) were the second most abundant compounds in children and mothers, respectively. The geometric mean specific gravity adjusted concentrations of OPs and PYRs were statistically significantly higher in children than in their mothers (between 3% and 24% higher), with the exception of TCPY (26% lower). All OP and PYR metabolites found in higher concentration in children showed significant positive correlations with the metabolite concentrations found in the mothers (p < 0.05 and 0.01), involving the fact that higher maternal concentrations were associated with higher children levels. These differential mother-children distributions and significant correlations were observed for the 2 types of pesticides studied, OPs and PYRs, which have different chemical properties. This agreement is consistent with the incorporation of the pesticides because of the general activities developed in the family context, instead of pesticide-dependent specific inputs. Comparison of the estimated daily intakes with the acceptable daily intakes of all detected metabolites revealed no significant risk of adverse health effects from exposure to these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimosthenis Andreas Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus, Bldg. D, Rm 201, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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English K, Li Y, Jagals P, Ware RS, Wang X, He C, Mueller JF, Sly PD. Development of a questionnaire-based insecticide exposure assessment method and comparison with urinary insecticide biomarkers in young Australian children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108613. [PMID: 31450144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and behavioural factors assessed via an online questionnaire were compared to insecticide metabolite concentrations in urine collected from 61 children from South East Queensland, Australia. Metabolite concentrations (μg/L urine) were transformed using the natural logarithm prior to regression analysis and adjusted for age and creatinine. A significant dietary association was reported for vegetable intake and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) (β: 1.47 for top quartile of intake versus bottom quartile of intake 95% CI: 0.36, 2.57). Intake of vegetables and fruit were also positively associated with sum non-specific organophosphate metabolites (ƩnsOP). ƩnsOP concentrations were lower when fruits and vegetables were always or almost always washed prior to cooking or eating (β: -0.69 95% CI: -1.25, -0.12). In multivariable modelling 3-PBA concentrations were also associated with hand-washing frequency (β: 1.69 95% CI: 0.76, 2.61 for <1 day versus > 3 day), presence of a dog in the home (β: 0.73 95% CI: 0.07, 1.38), frequency of pest-spray use in the summer months (β: 0.88 95% CI: 0.22, 1.54 weekly versus less than weekly) and season (β: 0.88 95% CI: 0.32, 1.44 for spring/summer versus winter/autumn). This is the first study in Australia to report dietary, behavioural and environmental factors associated with biomarkers of insecticide exposure in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin English
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Yan Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Jagals
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Fernández SF, Pastor A, Yusà V, Montesinos L, Pardo O. Development of a novel methodology for determination of dialkyl phosphates in human urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1130-1131:121810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li Y, Wang X, Toms LML, He C, Hobson P, Sly PD, Aylward LL, Mueller JF. Pesticide metabolite concentrations in Queensland pre-schoolers - Exposure trends related to age and sex using urinary biomarkers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108532. [PMID: 31226627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess pesticide concentration and composition trends associated with age and sex in Australian infants and toddlers. Individual urine samples (n = 400) were collected in 2014/5 from Queensland infants and toddlers aged 0-5 y and composited into 20 pools of 20 individual samples by age (of 5 strata) and sex. Nineteen biomarkers including organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide metabolites, herbicides and metabolites, and an insect repellent, DEET, were measured. In total, seven organophosphate pesticide metabolites, three pyrethroid metabolites and one herbicide metabolite were detectable in >50% of the sample pools. A significant increase of concentrations of dimethyl phosphate, dimethyl dithiophosphate, diethyl thiophosphate (DETP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), 4-nitrophenol and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid with age was observed (with the p value of <0.0001 to 0.034). This suggested that exposure increases following weaning or as a result of increased dietary intake and mobility/activity. Significant age trends remained after adjustment for body weight and urine flow for DETP and TCPY (p = 0.029 and 0.016 respectively). The level of estimated "worst-case scenario" daily intake of chlorpyrifos from these pooled samples ranged from 0.40 to 1.8 μg/kg-day, which was below the Australian Acceptable Daily Intake guideline (3 μg/kg-day). This study presents the first dataset of age trends in concentrations of these pesticides for infants and toddlers and contributed to new understanding of exposure pathways and potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, 4101, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lesa L Aylward
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia; Summit Toxicology, LLP, 22044, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
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25
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LaKind JS, Pollock T, Naiman DQ, Kim S, Nagasawa A, Clarke J. Factors affecting interpretation of national biomonitoring data from multiple countries: BPA as a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:318-329. [PMID: 30951958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of biomonitoring data as an indicator of national levels of human exposure to environmental chemicals has grown in importance and prevalence. Nationally representative urinary bisphenol A (BPA) data are now available for Canada, the United States and Korea. Here we address the following questions: Are urinary BPA data from these countries comparable? What can be discerned regarding geographic and/or temporal similarities or differences? Are there generalizable lessons to be learned regarding comparison of biomonitoring results from different countries? METHODS We examined underlying methods and resultant urinary BPA data from national surveys of three countries: Canada (Canadian Health Measures Survey, CHMS, 2009-2015); United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES, 2009-2014); and Korea (Korean National Environmental Health Survey, KoNEHS, 2009-2014). We estimated BPA daily intakes on both a volume- and creatinine-adjusted basis. RESULTS The three countries use similar methods for analyzing urine samples for BPA and participate in external proficiency testing with acceptable results. Field blanks are only used in the CHMS program. There were program-specific differences in fasting times of participants. Median urinary BPA levels in Canada remained relatively constant over the three cycles (1.1-1.2 ng/ml), while US levels decreased (from 1.9 to 1.3 ng/ml) and Korean levels increased (from 0.7 to 1.1 ng/ml) over similar time periods. The most recent survey year data indicate that levels do not differ substantially across countries. Canadian urinary BPA levels have been stable; the subtle, non-significant decrease in intakes may be due to higher body weight in the more recent Canadian surveys. In contrast, the decrease in intakes in the US appears to be due to decreases in urinary BPA as body weights in the US have been stable. Estimated 95th percentile intakes are over an order of magnitude below current health-based guidance values. DISCUSSION Our assessment of urinary BPA data from Canada, the US and Korea indicates that methodological differences, methods for dilution adjustment, and population characteristics should be carefully considered when interpreting biomonitoring data. Despite the plethora of publications describing issues with use of creatinine levels for urinary dilution adjustment, there have been no major methodological advances that would assist in interpreting urinary chemical data. A combination of biomonitoring and traditional exposure assessment approaches may be needed to fully assess human exposures to BPA and other chemicals. CONCLUSIONS National biomonitoring surveys provide important information on population levels of chemicals such as BPA and can assist in understanding temporal and geographic similarities, differences, and trends. However, caution must be exercised when using these data to draw anything but broad conclusions, due to both intercountry methodological differences and factors affecting urinary chemical levels that are still poorly understood. While the issues raised in this paper do not appear to be a major concern specifically for the national-scale monitoring of BPA described here, they must be considered when comparing data for other chemicals measured as part of both national and smaller-scale biomonitoring-based research as well as for BPA data from other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tyler Pollock
- Canadian Health Measures Survey, Centre for Population Health Statistics, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Daniel Q Naiman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sungroul Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soon Chun Hyang University, Asan, South Korea.
| | - Audra Nagasawa
- Canadian Health Measures Survey, Centre for Population Health Statistics, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Janine Clarke
- Canadian Health Measures Survey, Centre for Population Health Statistics, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Binns CW, Yun Low W. Commentary: Hazards of Agricultural Chemicals and the Benefits of an Occupational Health Education Program for Thai Farmers. Asia Pac J Public Health 2019; 30:607-609. [PMID: 30994017 DOI: 10.1177/1010539518808956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin W Binns
- 1 School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wah Yun Low
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Katsikantami I, Colosio C, Alegakis A, Tzatzarakis MN, Vakonaki E, Rizos AK, Sarigiannis DA, Tsatsakis AM. Estimation of daily intake and risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticides based on biomonitoring data - The internal exposure approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:57-71. [PMID: 30352298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to pesticides can be estimated through different approaches. The approach adopted in this study is based on internal dose measures. Studies published during 2001 and 2017 were collected from PubMed and Scopus databases, filtered and organized. The intake of parent compounds is estimated based on the urinary excretion of different OP metabolites applying a mathematical model previously used for similar purposes. Once defined an Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), risk assessment is performed through comparison with specific guideline values and hazard index (HI) is calculated to assess cumulative health risk. The EDI was expressed as malathion, diazinon, parathion, phorate and dimethoate equivalents. Differences in exposure between pregnant women, general population, children and farmers are highlighted and exposures are presented by country and sampling year. Higher exposure to OPs was calculated for farmers, followed by children whereas pregnant women were less exposed. Median HQ values for children ranged between 0.016 and 0.618, for pregnant women 0.005-0.151, for general population 0.008-0.206 and for farmers 0.009-0.979. Combined exposure to dimethoate and phorate was the worst-case scenario. The annual distribution of the urinary DAPs showed that exposure to OPs since 1998 tends to be stable for both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Katsikantami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, FORTH-IESL, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Claudio Colosio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health of the University of Milan, International Centre for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, S. Paolo Hospital Unit, Via San Vigilio 43, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Athanasios Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Apostolos K Rizos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, FORTH-IESL, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (KEDEK), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Environmental Health Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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28
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He C, Toms LML, Thai P, Van den Eede N, Wang X, Li Y, Baduel C, Harden FA, Heffernan AL, Hobson P, Covaci A, Mueller JF. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters: Concentrations and age trends in Australian children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:124-130. [PMID: 29195135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern around the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) due to their suspected reproductive toxicity, carcinogenicity, and neurotoxicity. OPEs are used as flame retardants and plasticizers, and due to their extensive application in consumer products, are found globally in the indoor environment. Early life exposure to OPEs is an important risk factor for children's health, but poorly understood. To study age and sex trends of OPE exposures in infants and young children, we collected, pooled, and analysed urine samples from children aged 0-5years from Queensland, Australia for 9 parent OPEs and 11 metabolites. Individual urine samples (n=400) were stratified by age and sex, and combined into 20 pools. Three individual breast milk samples were also analysed to provide a preliminary estimate on the contribution of breast milk to the intake of OPEs. Bis(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP), 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP), bis(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) 3-hydroxyl-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (3OH-TBOEP), and bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydroxyethyl phosphate (BBOEHEP) were detected in all urine samples, followed by bis(methylphenyl) phosphate (80%), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP, 20%), and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP, 15%). Concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), BCEP, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and DBP decreased with age, while bis(methylphenyl) phosphate (BMPP) increased with age. Significantly higher concentrations of DPHP (p=0.039), and significantly lower concentrations of TEHP (p=0.006) were found in female samples compared to males. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via breastfeeding, were 4.6, 26 and 76ng/kg/day for TCEP, TBP and TEHP, respectively, and were higher than that via air and dust, suggesting higher exposure through consumption of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Amy L Heffernan
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 3000 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
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Aerts R, Joly L, Szternfeld P, Tsilikas K, De Cremer K, Castelain P, Aerts JM, Van Orshoven J, Somers B, Hendrickx M, Andjelkovic M, Van Nieuwenhuyse A. Silicone Wristband Passive Samplers Yield Highly Individualized Pesticide Residue Exposure Profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:298-307. [PMID: 29185731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring human exposure to pesticides and pesticide residues (PRs) remains crucial for informing public health policies, despite strict regulation of plant protection product and biocide use. We used 72 low-cost silicone wristbands as noninvasive passive samplers to assess cumulative 5-day exposure of 30 individuals to polar PRs. Ethyl acetate extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis were used for the identification of PRs. Thirty-one PRs were detected of which 15 PRs (48%) were detected only in worn wristbands, not in environmental controls. The PRs included 16 fungicides (52%), 8 insecticides (26%), 2 herbicides (6%), 3 pesticide derivatives (10%), 1 insect repellent (3%), and 1 pesticide synergist (3%). Five detected pesticides were not approved for plant protection use in the EU. Smoking and dietary habits that favor vegetable consumption were associated with higher numbers and higher cumulative concentrations of PRs in wristbands. Wristbands featured unique PR combinations. Our results suggest both environment and diet contributed to PR exposure in our study group. Silicone wristbands could serve as sensitive passive samplers to screen population-wide cumulative dietary and environmental exposure to authorized, unauthorized and banned pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Aerts
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Joly
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Szternfeld
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Khariklia Tsilikas
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen De Cremer
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Castelain
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Aerts
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Van Orshoven
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ben Somers
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Hendrickx
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Scientific Service Health and Environment, ‡Scientific Service Chemical Residues and Contaminants, §Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, £Scientific Service Toxicology, and ∥Scientific Service Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels, Belgium
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, #Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), and ∇Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) , Leuven, Belgium
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Differential Expression Profile of lncRNAs from Primary Human Hepatocytes Following DEET and Fipronil Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102104. [PMID: 28991164 PMCID: PMC5666786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While the synthesis and use of new chemical compounds is at an all-time high, the study of their potential impact on human health is quickly falling behind, and new methods are needed to assess their impact. We chose to examine the effects of two common environmental chemicals, the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and the insecticide fluocyanobenpyrazole (fipronil), on transcript levels of long non-protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in primary human hepatocytes using a global RNA-Seq approach. While lncRNAs are believed to play a critical role in numerous important biological processes, many still remain uncharacterized, and their functions and modes of action remain largely unclear, especially in relation to environmental chemicals. RNA-Seq showed that 100 µM DEET significantly increased transcript levels for 2 lncRNAs and lowered transcript levels for 18 lncRNAs, while fipronil at 10 µM increased transcript levels for 76 lncRNAs and decreased levels for 193 lncRNAs. A mixture of 100 µM DEET and 10 µM fipronil increased transcript levels for 75 lncRNAs and lowered transcript levels for 258 lncRNAs. This indicates a more-than-additive effect on lncRNA transcript expression when the two chemicals were presented in combination versus each chemical alone. Differentially expressed lncRNA genes were mapped to chromosomes, analyzed by proximity to neighboring protein-coding genes, and functionally characterized via gene ontology and molecular mapping algorithms. While further testing is required to assess the organismal impact of changes in transcript levels, this initial analysis links several of the dysregulated lncRNAs to processes and pathways critical to proper cellular function, such as the innate and adaptive immune response and the p53 signaling pathway.
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