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Cruz Muñoz E, Termopoli V, Orlandi M, Gosetti F. Non-targeted identification of tianeptine photodegradation products in water samples by UHPLC-QTOF MS/MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142534. [PMID: 38849097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aims the characterization of several tianeptine transformation products in ultrapure water by simulated sunlight irradiation. Tianeptine was completely degraded after 106 h of exposition following pseudo-first-order kinetics (half-life time = 12.0 ± 2.4 h). Furthermore, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry method was developed and fully validated taking into account different method performance parameters for the quantification of tianeptine in river water up to a concentration of 400 pg L-1. Following a non-targeted approach based on mass data-independent acquisition, eight different transformation products not previously reported in the literature were identified and accordingly elucidated, proposing a photodegradation mechanism based on the accurate tandem mass spectrometry information acquired. Irradiation experiments were replicated for a tianeptine solution prepared in a blank river water sample, resulting in the formation of the same transformation products and similar degradation kinetics. In addition, a toxicity assessment of the photoproducts was performed by in silico method, being generally all TPs of comparable toxicity to the precursor except for TP1, and showing a similar persistence in the environment except for TP2 and TP6, while TP4 was the only TP predicted as mutagenic. The developed method was applied for the analysis of four river water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmanuel Cruz Muñoz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Orlandi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy; POLARIS Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy; POLARIS Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Żandarek J, Żmudzki P, Obradović D, Lazović S, Bogojević A, Koszła O, Sołek P, Maciąg M, Płazińska A, Starek M, Dąbrowska M. Analysis of pharmacokinetic profile and ecotoxicological character of cefepime and its photodegradation products. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141529. [PMID: 38428534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
An important problem is the impact of photodegradation on product toxicity in biological tests, which may be complex and context-dependent. Previous studies have described the pharmacology of cefepime, but the toxicological effects of its photodegradation products remain largely unknown. Therefore, photodegradation studies were undertaken in conditions similar to those occurring in biological systems insilico, in vitro, in vivo and ecotoxicological experiments. The structures of four cefepime photodegradation products were determined by UPLC-MS/MS method. The calculated in silico ADMET profile indicates that carcinogenic potential is expected for compounds CP-1, cefepime, CP-2 and CP-3. The Cell Line Cytomotovity Predictor 2.0 tool was used to predict the cytotoxic effects of cefepime and related compounds in non-transformed and cancer cell lines. The results indicate that possible actions include: non-small cell lung cancer, breast adenocarcinoma, prostate cancer and papillary renal cell carcinoma. OPERA models were used to predict absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) endpoints, and potential bioactivity of CP-2, cefepime and CP-4. The results obtained in silico show that after 96h of exposure, cefepime, CP-1, CP-2, and CP-3 are moderately toxic in the zebrafish model, while CP-4 is highly toxic. On the contrary, cefepime is more toxic to T. platyurus (highly toxic) compared to the zebrafish model, similar to products CP-4, CP-3 and CP-2. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed by MTT assay and in vivo acute embryo toxicity studies using Danio rerio embryos and larvae. In vitro showed an increase in the cytotoxicity of products with the longest exposure period i.e. for 8 h. Additionally, at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, statistically significant changes in metabolic activity were observed depending on the irradiation time. In vivo studies conducted with Zebrafish showed that both cefepime and its photodegradation products have only low toxicity. Assessment of potential ecotoxicity included Microbiotests on invertebrates (Thamnotoxkit F and Daphtoxkit F), and luminescence inhibition tests (LumiMara). The observed toxicity of the tested solutions towards both Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna indicates that the parent substance (unexposed) has lower toxicity, which increases during irradiation. The acute toxicity (Lumi Mara) of nonirradiated cefepime solution is low for all tested strains (<10%), but mixtures of cefepime and its photoproducts showed growth inhibition against all tested strains (except #6, Photobacterium phoreum). Generally, it can be concluded that after UV-Vis irradiation, the mixture of cefepime phototransformation products shows a significant increase in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Żandarek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St, 31-530, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Darija Obradović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Lazović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Bogojević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Oliwia Koszła
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sołek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences, 13 Akademicka St, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Maciąg
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anita Płazińska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
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Comanescu C, Racovita RC. An Overview of Degradation Strategies for Amitriptyline. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3822. [PMID: 38612638 PMCID: PMC11012176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs play a crucial role in the treatment of mental health disorders, but their efficacy and safety can be compromised by drug degradation. Recent reports point to several drugs found in concentrations ranging from the limit of detection (LOD) to hundreds of ng/L in wastewater plants around the globe; hence, antidepressants can be considered emerging pollutants with potential consequences for human health and wellbeing. Understanding and implementing effective degradation strategies are essential not only to ensure the stability and potency of these medications but also for their safe disposal in line with current environment remediation goals. This review provides an overview of degradation pathways for amitriptyline, a typical tricyclic antidepressant drug, by exploring chemical routes such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and photodegradation. Connex issues such as stability-enhancing approaches through formulation and packaging considerations, regulatory guidelines, and quality control measures are also briefly noted. Specific case studies of amitriptyline degradation pathways forecast the future perspectives and challenges in this field, helping researchers and pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide guidelines for the most effective degradation pathways employed for minimal environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Comanescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Radu C. Racovita
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Grčić I, Radetić L, Miklec K, Presečki I, Leskovar K, Meaški H, Čizmić M, Brnardić I. Solar photocatalysis application in UWWTP outlets - simulations based on predictive models in flat-plate reactors and pollutant degradation studies with in silico toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132589. [PMID: 37742381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The application of the solar photocatalysis for the degradation of residual pollutants found in surface water was demonstrated. Semi-pilot scale flat-plate cascade reactor (FPCR) was used to study the degradation of model organic pollutants: enrofloxacin (ENRO), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 1H-benzotriazole (1H-BT) over TiO2 thin-film supported on glass fibers. A modular panel with full-spectra solar lamps with appropriate UVB and UVA irradiation levels was used as a simulation of sunlight. Pollutant degradation in FPCR was estimated using predictive models; intrinsic reaction rate constants (ki) for ENRO, E2 and 1H-BT independent of the reactor size, flow rate and irradiation conditions were determined: 9.60, 3.35 and 0.37 109 s-1 W-0.5 m1.5, respectively. Main degradation products (DPs), formed upon hydroxylation, ring opening and oxidation, were identified using LC-QTOF-MS. The ecotoxicological impact was assessed via T.E.S.T. and ECOSAR open-source tools showing the formation of less harmful DPs after sufficient reaction time. Pollutant degradation was simulated at four locations of interest, i.e. exhausts from urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs) in Zagreb, Croatia (45°N), Krakow, Poland (50°N), Sevilla, Spain (37°N) and Ioannina, Greece (39.6°N). Results have proved that a simple flat-plate system with supported photocatalysts can be easily scaled up and incorporated at the outlet of UWWTP for the reduction of pollutant load and related toxicity. The exhaust canal in Zagreb with the estimated length of a photocatalytic layer of 122 m for the > 90% degradation of all target pollutants was discussed as the best installation site among studied locations. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: A multi-disciplinary approach to the tentative application of TiO2 solar photocatalysis outdoors to reduce pollutant loads and toxicity in surface waters was demonstrated. Possible application at four selected locations in Europe, as an additional step in water treatment after urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs) was discussed. Target pollutants were studied under environmentally relevant conditions (sunlight levels, water matrix, simulation of process on a real scale at selected geographical location), at both higher and low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia.
| | - Lucija Radetić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Kristina Miklec
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Ivana Presečki
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Karlo Leskovar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Meaški
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Mirta Čizmić
- Selvita S.A., Hondlova 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Brnardić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Metallurgy, Aleja narodnih heroja 3, 44000 Sisak, Croatia
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5
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Ahmad W, Kumar S, Verma M. Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of antiviral drug didanosine mediated by rose bengal and TiO 2 nanoparticles. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:175-184. [PMID: 37847356 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a great concern among the researcher to remove the problem of the persistent organic pollutants in wastewater. Pharmaceutical agrochemical and personal care products are generally considered Persistent organic pollutants. Therefore, it is a matter of concern to develop new techniques how to remove these pollutants safely at low cost. This study mainly focuses on the commonly used antiviral drug didanosine and one most commonly used dye rose bengal. In this study, an organic dye rose bengal and TiO2 nanoparticles have been used in combination with UV light to achieve the photodegradation of selected pharmaceutical products and the dye was also degraded by using TiO2 Nanoparticles. The formation of three oxidation products was detected by using a very popular separation technique thin layer and column chromatography. The isolated photoproduct was characterized by using advanced characterization techniques like FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), UV Spectroscopy, and Proton and 13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy). The role of singlet oxygen as an active species in this reaction was confirmed by using D2O as a reaction medium. The role of singlet oxygen in this photochemical reaction was also established by the addition of sodium azide. The TiO2 nanophotocatalyst efficiently degrade the didanosine and rose bengal in the presence of the UV light. In the TiO2-induced photocatalytic degradation of didanosine and dyes, the hydroxyl and superoxide radical anion play a prominent role. The finding of this manuscript is very useful to develop an efficient low-cost method for the treatment of wastewater contaminated by antiviral drugs, similar pharmaceutical products and dyes. This study was also very helpful to establish a plausible mechanism behind the phototoxicity of the didanosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, India.
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
| | - Monu Verma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
- Water-Energy Nexus Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
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6
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Reverbel S, Dévier MH, Dupraz V, Geneste E, Budzinski H. Assessment of the Presence of Transformation Products of Certain Pharmaceutical Products (Psychotropic Family) by Suspect and Non-Targeted HRMS Screening in Wastewater Treatment Plants. TOXICS 2023; 11:713. [PMID: 37624218 PMCID: PMC10457822 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are the final receptors of human emissions and are therefore contaminated by molecules, such as pharmaceuticals. After use, these compounds and their metabolites are discharged to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). During wastewater treatment, compounds may be eliminated or degraded into transformation products (TPs) or may be persistent. The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method based on high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the identification of six psychotropic drugs that are widely consumed in France and present in WWTPs, as well as their potential associated metabolites and TPs. Four out of six psychotropic drugs and between twenty-five and thirty-seven potential TPs were detected in wastewater, although this was based on full scan data. TPs not reported in the literature and specific to the study sites and therefore to the wastewater treatment processes were tentatively identified. For the selected drugs, most known and present TPs were identified, such as desmethylvenlafaxine or norcitalopram. Moreover, the short fragmentation study led rather to the identification of several TPs of carbamazepine as ubiquitous persistent TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Reverbel
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Dévier
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Valentin Dupraz
- Régie de l’Eau Bordeaux Métropole, Direction de la Recherche, de l’Innovation et de la Transition Ecologique, F-33081 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Geneste
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, LPTC, F-33600 Pessac, France
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7
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Yang T, Huang C, An L, Zeng G, Li J, Liu C, Xu X, Jia J, Ma J. The overlooked role of Cr(VI) in micropollutant degradation under solar light irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120309. [PMID: 37451190 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is ubiquitous in natural environments, whereas its role in the transformation of coexisting contaminants may have been overlooked. In this work, it was reported for the first time that the irradiation of Cr(VI) by solar light (solar light/Cr(VI) system) could effectively degrade various micropollutants with different structures. The removal efficiency of selected micropollutants was increased by 13.3-64.8% by the solar light/Cr(VI) system compared to that by direct solar photolysis. Meanwhile, the oxidation rates were enhanced by 2.2-21.5 folds, while they were negligible by Cr(VI) oxidation alone. Experiments by specific scavengers, probe compounds, fluorescence absorbance, and electron spin resonance analysis demonstrated that hydroxyl radical (•OH) was the major reactive species in the solar light/Cr(VI) system. Further experiments showed that the generation of •OH was closely related to the intermediate Cr(V) generated from Cr(VI) reduction, and Cr(V) could be re-oxidized back to Cr(VI). Increasing solution pH negatively affected model micropollutant (carbamazepine (CBZ)) degradation by the solar light/Cr(VI) system, mainly due to the decreased quantum yield of •OH at higher pH. Coexisting sulfate ions showed negligible effect on CBZ degradation in the solar light/Cr(VI) system, while the presence of bicarbonate, chloride, and humic acid inhibited CBZ degradation to varying degrees, owing to their diverse scavenging effects on •OH. Furthermore, moderate CBZ degradation was also achieved by natural solar light photolysis of Cr(VI). This study demonstrated the pivotal role of Cr(VI) in the transformation of micropollutants under solar irradiation, which advances the understanding of the fate of micropollutants in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China.
| | - Cui Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Linqian An
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Ge Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, PR China.
| | - Changyu Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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8
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Kazemi F, Zamani HA, Abedi MR, Ebrahimi M. Synthesis and comparison of three photocatalysts for degrading tramadol as an analgesic and widely used drug in water samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 225:114821. [PMID: 36427639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tramadol is an analgesic drug that is mainly excreted in the urine. The entry of Tramadol into water samples causes their biological contamination. Therefore, three catalysts such as bismuth ferrite, cobalt-doped bismuth ferrite, and a magnetized Keggin type of polyoxometalate (α-Fe2O3@phosphotungstic acid), were synthesized as photocatalysts to degrade Tramadol in water samples. The morphology and properties of the prepared photocatalysts were evaluated using several techniques. Effects of several factors, including tramadol concentration, pH, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and photocatalyst amount, were studied and optimized by a design experiment procedure based on Box-Behnken design for reducing the number of experiments and cost and investigating the interactions between factors in the photocatalytic degradation process of Tramadol. These factors were optimized for each prepared photocatalyst individually. Under the optimum conditions, the percentages of tramadol degradation and kinetics of the degradation process were evaluated in the presence of each photocatalyst. The tramadol degradation percentages using bismuth ferrite, cobalt-doped bismuth ferrite, and α-Fe2O3 @phosphotungstic acid were 81.10% for 120 min, 90.63% for 80 min, and 91.32% for 80 min, respectively. The rate constants of tramadol degradation were 0.0145, 0.0329, and 0.0312 min-1 for bismuth ferrite, cobalt-doped bismuth ferrite, and α-Fe2O3 @phosphotungstic acid, respectively. The results indicated the highest percentage of tramadol degradation and rate of the degradation process were obtained using α-Fe2O3 @phosphotungstic acid and cobalt-doped bismuth ferrite, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Kazemi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Ali Zamani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Abedi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Hernández Martínez SA, Melchor-Martínez EM, González-González RB, Sosa-Hernández JE, Araújo RG, Rodríguez-Hernández JA, Barceló D, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Environmental concerns and bioaccumulation of psychiatric drugs in water bodies - Conventional versus biocatalytic systems of mitigation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115892. [PMID: 37084948 PMCID: PMC10114359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought increments in market sales and prescription of medicines commonly used to treat mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, stress, and related problems. The increasing use of these drugs, named psychiatric drugs, has led to their persistence in aquatic systems (bioaccumulation), since they are recalcitrant to conventional physical and chemical treatments typically used in wastewater treatment plants. An emerging environmental concern caused by the bioaccumulation of psychiatric drugs has been attributed to the potential ecological and toxicological risk that these medicines might have over human health, animals, and plants. Thus, by the application of biocatalysis-assisted techniques, it is possible to efficiently remove psychiatric drugs from water. Biocatalysis, is a widely employed and highly efficient process implemented in the biotransformation of a wide range of contaminants, since it has important differences in terms of catalytic behavior, compared to common treatment techniques, including photodegradation, Fenton, and thermal treatments, among others. Moreover, it is noticed the importance to monitor transformation products of degradation and biodegradation, since according to the applied removal technique, different toxic transformation products have been reported to appear after the application of physical and chemical procedures. In addition, this work deals with the discussion of differences existing between high- and low-income countries, according to their environmental regulations regarding waste management policies, especially waste of the drug industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elda M Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Reyna Berenice González-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Rafael G Araújo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | | | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Cientific i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O, Girona, Spain
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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10
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Eddy NO, Odiongenyi AO, Garg R, Ukpe RA, Garg R, Nemr AE, Ngwu CM, Okop IJ. Quantum and experimental investigation of the application of Crassostrea gasar (mangrove oyster) shell-based CaO nanoparticles as adsorbent and photocatalyst for the removal of procaine penicillin from aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64036-64057. [PMID: 37059957 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to synthesize and characterize calcium oxide nanoparticles (using mangrove oyster shell as a precursor) and apply the synthesized nanoparticles as a photocatalyst to degrade procaine penicillin in an aqueous solution. The photocatalyst exhibited an average band gap of 4.42 eV, showed a maximum wavelength of absorbance in the UV region (i.e., 280 nm), and is a microporous nanoparticle with a particle diameter of 50 nm. The photocatalyzed degradation of the drug was conducted under natural sunlight, and the influence of parameters such as the period of contact, catalyst load, pH, initial drug concentration, and ionic strength was investigated concerning the degradation profile. The results obtained from response surface analysis indicated that an optimum degradation efficiency of about 93% can be obtained at a concentration, pH, and catalyst dosage of 0.125 M, 2, and 0.20 g respectively, at 0.902 desirabilities. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood, modified Freundlich, parabolic diffusion, pseudo-first-/second-order, and zero-, first-, and second-order kinetic parameters were tested to ascertain the best model that best described the experimental data. Consequently, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood, modified Freundlich, and pseudo-second-order models were accepted based on the minimum error and higher R2 values. Based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate constants for adsorption and photodegradation as well as the evaluated valence bond potential, the degradation of the drug first proceeded through the mechanism of adsorption and followed by the oxidation of the drug by superoxide (generated from the interaction of electrons that generated by through the absorption of UV radiation). The quantum chemical calculation gave evidence that pointed towards the establishment of strong agreement with experimental data and also showed that the carboxyl functional group in the drug is the target site for adsorption and subsequent degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnabuk Okon Eddy
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Anduang Ofuo Odiongenyi
- Department of Chemistry, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa, Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Rajni Garg
- Department of Applied Sciences, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | | | - Rishav Garg
- Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Ahmed El Nemr
- Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Kayet Bey, Elanfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Comfort Michael Ngwu
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Imeh Jospeh Okop
- Department of Chemistry, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa, Ibom State, Nigeria
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11
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Lomlim L, Manuschai J, Ratti P, Kara J, Sakunphueak A, Panichayupakaranant P, Naorungroj S. Effect of alkynyloxy derivatives of lawsone as an antifungal spray for acrylic denture base: An in vitro study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13919. [PMID: 36873549 PMCID: PMC9982616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to (i) synthesize and develop an alkynyloxy derivative of lawsone as an antifungal spray and (ii) assess the antifungal spray's effectiveness in reducing the viability of Candida albicans (C. albicans) on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) specimens. Methods Lawsone methyl ether (LME) and its derivative, 2-(prop-2-ynyloxy)naphthalene-1,4-dione (compound 1) were synthesized and characterized. The synthetic compounds were screened for antimicrobial activities against C. albicans using the microtiter broth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Compound 1 was further formulated as an antifungal spray in three concentrations (100, 200, and 400 μg/mL). C. albicans biofilms were developed for 48 h on PMMA specimens. The efficacy of using an antifungal spray for 1 and 3 min to remove biofilm was assessed using colony counting and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), polident®, and distilled water were used as positive and negative control cleansing solutions, respectively. Results LME and compound 1 showed comparable inhibition against C. albicans with a MIC of 25 μg/mL and MFC of 50 μg/mL. For immediate treatment, C. albicans was not detected on PMMA specimens when expose to 2% CHX and compound 1 (100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) antifungal spray for 3 min. However, after recolonization, a small number of viable cells were observed in denture soaked in compound 1 antifungal spray for 3 min group. Following recolonization, polident® and distilled water had comparable viable cell counts of C. albicans to the no treatment group. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that CHX, polident®, and compound 1 caused cell damage in various forms. Conclusion Denture spray containing synthetic alkynyloxy derivative of lawsone is a promising antifungal agent for C. albicans biofilm removal from the PMMA surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luelak Lomlim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellent Center (PPBEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Jutharat Manuschai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Pichayaporn Ratti
- Department of Dental Public Health, Sirindhorn College of Public Health Yala, Muang Yala, Yala, 95000, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellent Center (PPBEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Athip Sakunphueak
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellent Center (PPBEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellent Center (PPBEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Naorungroj
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
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12
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An Insight into the Degradation Processes of the Anti-Hypertensive Drug Furosemide. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010381. [PMID: 36615575 PMCID: PMC9823353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Furosemide (FUR), an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) belonging to a group of drugs known as loop diuretics, has widespread use, but, is characterized by a strong instability to light, which causes chemical transformations that could give a yellowing phenomenon and have a significant impact from a health and marketing point of view. Many studies have tried to explain this phenomenon under different experimental conditions, but no detailed explanation of the yellowing phenomenon has been provided. This work, unlike the others, provides an overall view and explanation of the behavior of FUR in relation to the yellowing phenomenon, both in the solution and in solid state, considering several aspects, such as light exposure, presence of oxygen, and moisture effects.
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13
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Martinez-Rojas F, Espinosa-Bustos C, Ramirez G, Armijo F. Electrochemical oxidation of chlorpromazine, characterisation of products by mass spectroscopy and determination in pharmaceutical samples. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Trawiński J, Wroński M, Skibiński R. Efficient removal of anti-HIV drug - maraviroc from natural water by peroxymonosulfate and TiO 2 photocatalytic oxidation: Kinetic studies and identification of transformation products. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115735. [PMID: 35863307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study photochemical transformation of the antiretroviral pharmaceutical maraviroc under the simulated UV-Vis radiation was presented. The drug was shown to be extremely photo-resistant, with a half-life over 250 h, which is particularly significant, considering its presence in the aquatic environments. Addition of the natural river water matrix substantially increased the degradation rate, albeit the process led to formation of numerous phototransformation products. Due to high photostability and presumable environmental persistence of maraviroc, a photocatalytic method of its elimination was proposed. Although titanium dioxide alone presented acceptable results, its combination with peroxymonosulfate enormously accelerated the degradation process, increasing it over 67 000 times in comparison with the direct photolysis. Substitution of ultrapure water with river water resulted in inhibition of the PMS-driven processes, however the decomposition efficiency was still very high. Noteworthy, majority of the identified photoproducts were still present after termination of irradiation in all the experiments, which may indicate necessity of ecotoxicological assessment of those compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Wroński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
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15
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Electronic properties and chemical reactivity of biogenic amine neurotransmitters in gas and solution phase: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Acosta I, Moctezuma E, López de la O K, Leyva E, Zermeño B. Photocatalytic Degradation of High Concentration Aqueous Solutions of Ketoprofen: Adsorption, Reaction Kinetic and Product Studies. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Amer MM, Kamal AH, Hammad SF, Habib AA. Stability Indicating RP-HPLC method for Methylcobalamin determination in different dosage forms: application to photodegradation kinetics and pH-rate profiling. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2877-2886. [PMID: 35670513 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for methylcobalamin determination was developed. Stress degradation under variable conditions was carried out. Methylcobalamin had pronounced susceptibility to hydrolysis under acidic, alkaline, and photolytic conditions; further study of photolytic degradation kinetics and pH rate profiling over pH range 2-11 was carried out. Photodegradation of methylcobalamin followed zero-order kinetics with half-life 0.99hour equivalent to 1971.53 lux. Methylcobalamin followed pseudo first order kinetics upon exposure to acidic and alkaline hydrolysis with highest stability at pH 5 and least stability at pH 2. Optimization of chromatographic conditions was performed using two level full factorial design, chromatographic analysis was executed using Inertsil® column (250×4.6 mm, 5μm) maintained at 25◦ C. Elution was carried out using 25mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH adjusted with phosphoric acid to 3.8): methanol: acetonitrile (55:35:10, v/v) as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Detection was carried out at 220 nm using diode array detector. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines; the linearity was over concentration range 2-160 μg/mL with coefficient of determination 0.9995. The method was effectively applied for determination of methylcobalamin in Cobalvex® ampoule, cobal® tablet, cobal-F® tablet and methyltechon® oral dissolvable film without interfering from excipients within run time six minutes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Amer
- Department of pharmaceutical analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira H Kamal
- Department of pharmaceutical analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of pharmaceutical analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Habib
- Department of pharmaceutical analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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18
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Gupta R, Kumar G, Gupta R. Encapsulation-Led Adsorption of Neutral Dyes and Complete Photodegradation of Cationic Dyes and Antipsychotic Drugs by Lanthanide-Based Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7682-7699. [PMID: 35543424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular architectures offering large cavities can accommodate guest molecules, while their compositional engineering allows tunability of the band gap to support photocatalysis using visible light. In this work, two lanthanide (Ln)-based macrocycles, synthesized using a cobalt-based metalloligand and offering large rectangular cavities, exhibited selective adsorption of neutral dyes over both anionic and cationic dyes. Both Ln macrocycles illustrated complete photodegradation of cationic dyes using visible light without the use of any oxidant. Both Ln macrocycles exhibited complete photodegradation of not only cationic dyes but also a few phenothiazine-based antipsychotic drugs. Photocatalysis involved the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was corroborated with the band gap of two Ln macrocycles. These results were supported by radical scavenger studies and the quantitative estimation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Complete photodegradation of both dyes and drugs was confirmed by spectral studies, while the generation of CO2 and N2 gases was established by gas chromatography. Importantly, Ln macrocycles were able to distinguish between the neutral dyes that were quantitatively adsorbed and the cationic dyes/drugs that were completely photodegraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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19
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Maafi M, Al-Qarni MA. Photokinetics of Dacarbazine and Nifedipine under polychromatic light irradiation and their application as new reliable actinometers for the ultraviolet range. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7622. [PMID: 35538090 PMCID: PMC9090909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The photokinetic behaviour of drugs driven by polychromatic light is an area of pharmaceutics that has not received a lot of attention. Most often, such photokinetic data is treated by thermal kinetic models (i.e., the classical 0th-, 1st- or 2nd-order equations). Such models were not analytically derived from the rate-laws of the photodegradation reactions. Polychromatic light kinetic modelling is hence of importance, as a means to providing adequate toolkits and metrics. This paper aims at proposing two reliable drug-actinometers useful for polychromatic UVA range. The general actinometric methodology offered here is also useful for any drugs/materials obeying a primary photoprocess where both reactant and photoproduct absorb the incident light, of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$AB{(1\Phi )}_{{\varepsilon }_{B}\ne 0}$$\end{document}AB(1Φ)εB≠0 type. The present method has been consolidated by the η-order kinetics. This framework further demonstrated the lamp-specificity of actinometers. Overall, Dacarbazine and Nifedipine photodegradations obeyed η-order kinetics, and stand as effective actinometers that can be recommended for the ICH Q1b photostability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Maafi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Al-Qarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Comparative analysis of in vivo and in silico toxicity evaluation of the organoiodine compounds towards D.magna using multivariate chemometric approach: A study on the example of amiodarone phototransformation products. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133420. [PMID: 34958789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the photochemical fate of organoiodine compound - amiodarone was performed. The drug turned out to be highly susceptible to UV-Vis irradiation, especially in the presence of humic substances and organic matrix. Qualitative LC-MS analysis revealed formation of twelve - mainly previously unreported - transformation products (TPs). Four major TPs were submitted to the toxicity analysis with the use of D. magna. All of the tested TPs presented higher toxic potential than the parent compound. The phenolic TPs were approximately 100 times more toxic than amiodarone. Toxic properties of the major TPs resulted in steadily increasing toxic potential of the photo-generated mixture over the time of irradiation. Moreover, the experimental toxicity data, concerning the TPs, were compared with results estimated by 6 in silico models with the use of a multivariate chemometric analysis. The results showed that the applied computational methods were able neither to correctly predict toxic properties of the studied compounds, nor the trends in change of their toxic parameters. Additional validation of in silico models ability to predict toxicity of iodinated organic compounds showed that the studied computational methods do not present sufficient prediction ability. Therefore their estimations concerning organoiodines should be verified using experimental tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
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21
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Stability Studies of UV Laser Irradiated Promethazine and Thioridazine after Exposure to Hypergravity Conditions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051728. [PMID: 35268828 PMCID: PMC8911845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals carried into space are subjected to different gravitational conditions. Hypergravity is encountered in the first stage, during spacecraft launching. The stability of medicines represents a critical element of space missions, especially long-duration ones. Therefore, stability studies should be envisaged before the implementation of drugs for future deep space travel, where the available pharmaceuticals would be limited and restocking from Earth would be impossible. Multipurpose drugs should be proposed for this reason, such as phenothiazine derivatives that can be transformed by optical methods into antimicrobial agents. Within this preliminary study, promethazine and thioridazine aqueous solutions were exposed to UV laser radiation that modified their structures and generated a mixture of photoproducts efficient against particular bacteria. Subsequently, they were subjected to 20 g in the European Space Agency's Large Diameter Centrifuge. The aim was to evaluate the impact of hypergravity on the physico-chemical and spectral properties of unirradiated and laser-irradiated medicine solutions through pH assay, UV-Vis/FTIR absorption spectroscopy, and thin-layer chromatography. The results revealed no substantial alterations in centrifuged samples when compared to uncentrifuged ones. Due to their stability after high-g episodes, laser-exposed phenothiazines could be considered for future space missions.
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22
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Farrera-Borjas IA, Tzompantzi F, Sánchez-Cantú M, Barrera-Rodríguez A, Tzompantzi-Flores C, Gómez R, Santolalla-Vargas C. gPhotocatalytic mineralization of phenol by Sn-modified calcites. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Adeola AO, Ore OT, Fapohunda O, Adewole AH, Akerele DD, Akingboye AS, Oloye FF. Psychotropic Drugs of Emerging Concerns in Aquatic Systems: Ecotoxicology and Remediation Approaches. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Dabić D, Hanževački M, Škorić I, Žegura B, Ivanković K, Biošić M, Tolić K, Babić S. Photodegradation, toxicity and density functional theory study of pharmaceutical metoclopramide and its photoproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150694. [PMID: 34600991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals as ubiquitous organic pollutants in the aquatic environment represent substances whose knowledge of environmental fate is still limited. One such compound is metoclopramide, whose direct and indirect photolysis and toxicological assessment have been studied for the first time in this study. Experiments were performed under solar radiation, showing metoclopramide as a compound that can easily degrade in different water matrices. The effect of pH-values showed the faster degradation at pH = 7, while the highly alkaline conditions at pH = 11 slowed photolysis. The highest value of quantum yield of metoclopramide photodegradation (ϕ = 43.55·10-4) was obtained at pH = 7. Various organic and inorganic substances (NO3-, Fe(III), HA, Cl-, Br-, HCO3-, SO42-), commonly present in natural water, inhibited the degradation by absorbing light. In all experiments, kinetics followed pseudo-first-order reaction with r2 greater than 0.98. The structures of the photolytic degradation products were tentatively identified, and degradation photoproducts were proposed. The hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and the amino group's dealkylation were two major photoproduct formation mechanisms. Calculated thermochemical quantities are in agreement with the experimentally observed stability of different photoproducts. Reactive sites in metoclopramide were studied with conceptual density functional theory and regions most susceptible to •OH attack were characterized. Metoclopramide and its degradation products were neither genotoxic for bacteria Salmonella typhimurium in the SOS/umuC assay nor acutely toxic for bacteria Vibrio fischeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Dabić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klaudija Ivanković
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Biošić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Tolić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Babić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, Zagreb, Croatia
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25
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Erokhin SE, Snytnikova OA, Novikov MV, Fedunov RG, Grivin VP, Yanshole VV, Xu J, Wu F, Plyusnin VF, Pozdnyakov IP. Probing reactions between imipramine and hydroxyl radical with the photolysis of iron(III) oxalate: Implications for the indirect photooxidation of tricyclic antidepressants in waters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Gwenzi W, Selvasembian R, Offiong NAO, Mahmoud AED, Sanganyado E, Mal J. COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:1275-1294. [PMID: 35069060 PMCID: PMC8760103 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has induced an unprecedented increase in the use of several old and repurposed therapeutic drugs such as veterinary medicines, e.g. ivermectin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, protein and peptide therapeutics, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and antimalarial drugs, antiretrovirals, analgesics, and supporting agents, e.g. azithromycin and corticosteroids. Excretion of drugs and their metabolites in stools and urine release these drugs into wastewater, and ultimately into surface waters and groundwater systems. Here, we review the sources, behaviour, environmental fate, risks, and remediation of those drugs. We discuss drug transformation in aquatic environments and in wastewater treatment systems. Degradation mechanisms and metabolite toxicity are poorly known. Potential risks include endocrine disruption, acute and chronic toxicity, disruption of ecosystem functions and trophic interactions in aquatic organisms, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613401 India
| | - Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences, Topfaith University, Mkpatak, Nigeria
| | - Alaa El Din Mahmoud
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
- Green Technology Group, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Joyabrata Mal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh India
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Argaluza J, Domingo-Echaburu S, Orive G, Medrano J, Hernandez R, Lertxundi U. Environmental pollution with psychiatric drugs. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:791-804. [PMID: 34733642 PMCID: PMC8546762 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all contaminants of emerging interest, drugs are the ones that give rise to the greatest concern. Any of the multiple stages of the drug's life cycle (production, consumption and waste management) is a possible entry point to the different environmental matrices. Psychiatric drugs have received special attention because of two reasons. First, their use is increasing. Second, many of them act on phylogenetically highly conserved neuroendocrine systems, so they have the potential to affect many non-target organisms. Currently, wastewater is considered the most important source of drugs to the environment. Furthermore, the currently available wastewater treatment plants are not specifically prepared to remove drugs, so they reach practically all environmental matrices, even tap water. As drugs are designed to produce pharmacological effects at low concentrations, they are capable of producing ecotoxicological effects on microorganisms, flora and fauna, even on human health. It has also been observed that certain antidepressants and antipsychotics can bioaccumulate along the food chain. Drug pollution is a complicated and diffuse problem characterized by scientific uncertainties, a large number of stakeholders with different values and interests, and enormous complexity. Possible solutions consist on acting at source, using medicines more rationally, eco-prescribing or prescribing greener drugs, designing pharmaceuticals that are more readily biodegraded, educating both health professionals and citizens, and improving coordination and collaboration between environmental and healthcare sciences. Besides, end of pipe measures like improving or developing new purification systems (biological, physical, chemical, combination) that eliminate these residues efficiently and at a sustainable cost should be a priority. Here, we describe and discuss the main aspects of drug pollution, highlighting the specific issues of psychiatric drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julene Argaluza
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01002, Spain
| | - Saioa Domingo-Echaburu
- Department of Pharmacy, Alto Deba Integrated Health Care Organization, Arrasate 20500, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Discovery Tower, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Juan Medrano
- Department of Psychiatry, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Mental Health Network Research Group, Osakidetza, Portugalete 48920, Spain
| | - Rafael Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Araba Mental Health Network, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Unax Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute; Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Alava, Spain
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28
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Trawiński J, Szpot P, Zawadzki M, Skibiński R. Photochemical transformation of fentanyl under the simulated solar radiation - Enhancement of the process by heterogeneous photocatalysis and in silico analysis of toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148171. [PMID: 34119797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study the photochemical transformation of fentanyl-a very potent opioid drug-under simulated solar radiation was investigated for the first time. This pharmaceutical is frequently detected in various environment samples at concentrations that should be regarded as potentially harmful. Nevertheless, to date, no drug phototransformation products (TPs) have been reported. Considering fentanyl's exceptionally high toxicity, knowledge of the properties of these potential TPs is essential in order to properly assess its pollution impact. In this study, all photolytic experiments were performed using a xenon lamp (D65 filter) and RP-UHPLC coupled with the ESI-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The phototransformation of fentanyl in natural river water and the application of heterogeneous photocatalysis as a possible way of decontaminating water were also investigated. Fentanyl turned out to be photostable, but twenty-six previously unreported TPs (formed mainly as a consequence of hydroxylation and oxidation) were found and characterized. The applied catalysts-TiO2 and ZnO-showed very high effectiveness, and the presence of the natural water matrix further increased the photodecomposition rate (up to 600 times) relative to direct photolysis. Importantly, the almost complete degradation of the parent compound as well as its TPs after 16 min of irradiation indicated that heterogeneous photocatalysis can be considered an efficient way of treatment of fentanyl-contaminated water. The computational analysis of toxicity showed that fentanyl may be more harmful to rodents and aquatic species than its TPs. However, some of these products are probably more mutagenic and developmentally toxic. Additionally, one product in particular may be a strong estrogenic compound, proving the importance of assessing TPs' toxic properties. The evaluation of bioaccumulation, bioconcentration and biodegradability revealed that fentanyl possesses unfavorable properties compared to TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Forensic Medicine, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, Wroclaw 50-345, Poland; Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, Borowa 55-093, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Forensic Medicine, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, Wroclaw 50-345, Poland; Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, Borowa 55-093, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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Jiménez-Holgado C, Calza P, Fabbri D, Dal Bello F, Medana C, Sakkas V. Investigation of the Aquatic Photolytic and Photocatalytic Degradation of Citalopram. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175331. [PMID: 34500774 PMCID: PMC8434266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the direct and indirect photochemical degradation of citalopram (CIT), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), under natural and artificial solar radiation. Experiments were conducted in a variety of different operating conditions including Milli-Q (MQ) water and natural waters (lake water and municipal WWT effluent), as well as in the presence of natural water constituents (organic matter, nitrate and bicarbonate). Results showed that indirect photolysis can be an important degradation process in the aquatic environment since citalopram photo-transformation in the natural waters was accelerated in comparison to MQ water both under natural and simulated solar irradiation. In addition, to investigate the decontamination of water from citalopram, TiO2-mediated photocatalytic degradation was carried out and the attention was given to mineralization and toxicity evaluation together with the identification of by-products. The photocatalytic process gave rise to the formation of transformation products, and 11 of them were identified by HPLC-HRMS, whereas the complete mineralization was almost achieved after 5 h of irradiation. The assessment of toxicity of the treated solutions was performed by Microtox bioassay (Vibrio fischeri) and in silico tests showing that citalopram photo-transformation involved the formation of harmful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Jiménez-Holgado
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (C.J.-H.); (V.S.)
| | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116705278
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.D.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.D.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Vasilios Sakkas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (C.J.-H.); (V.S.)
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Horiguchi-Babamoto E, Otsuka M. Photochemical stability of warfarin potassium in powdered pharmaceutical tablets. Biomed Mater Eng 2021; 32:115-129. [PMID: 33720872 DOI: 10.3233/bme-201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warfarin potassium (Wf) commercial tablets originally formulated for adults are ground before administration to pediatric patients and elderly patients with dysphagia. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the effect of tablet grinding on the photostability of four types of commercial Wf tablets and predicted the photostability of the tablet powders by chemometric analysis. METHODS The photodegradation of Wf content was evaluated by reversed-phase column high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). RESULTS The bulk Wf powder was relatively photostable, whereas ground Wf tablets underwent substantial photodegradation. The photostability of the ground powders of a brand-name Wf commercial tablet and three generic Wf commercial tablets was quantitatively assessed and compared. In certain cases, the Wf in all the three ground generic tablets was less photostable than in the ground brand-name tablets. After 28 days of light irradiation, the Wf content decreased to 69.79% in the brand-name tablets, while it was 31.90% in some generic tablets. To clarify the factors influencing the relative photostability in various Wf formulations, we analyzed the intermolecular interactions between the active ingredient and the excipients by partial least-squares regression analysis based on photostability screening for each additive. CONCLUSION The results suggested that the additives light anhydrous silicic acid and povidone adversely affect the stability of Wf tablets. In addition, the light stability of ground tablets was affected considerably by their formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto Otsuka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Zupkó I, Bérdi P, Żmudzki P, Piotrowska J, Pękala E, Berdys A, Muszyńska B, Opoka W. Photodegradation of Bexarotene and Its Implication for Cytotoxicity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081220. [PMID: 34452181 PMCID: PMC8401567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the stability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a pharmaceutical dosage form is essential for the drug-development process and for safe and effective use of medicines. Photostability testing as an inherent part of stability studies provides valuable knowledge on degradation pathways and structures of products generated under UV irradiation. Photostability is particularly important for topically administered drugs, as they are more exposed to UV radiation. Bexarotene is a more recent third-generation retinoid approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency as a topically applied anticancer agent. The present study aimed to assess bexarotene photostability, including the presence of UV filters, which have been permitted to be used in cosmetic products in Europe and the USA. The bexarotene photostability testing was performed in ethanol solutions and in formulations applied on PMMA plates. The UPLC-MS/MS technique was used to determine the tested substance. The presence of photocatalysts such as TiO2 or ZnO, as well as the organic UV filters avobenzone, benzophenone-3, meradimate, and homosalate, could contribute to degradation of bexarotene under UV irradiation. Four photocatalytic degradation products of bexarotene were identified for the first time. The antiproliferative properties of the degradation products of bexarotene were assessed by MTT assay on a panel of human adherent cancer cells, and concentration-dependent growth inhibition was evidenced on all tested cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the formed products after 4 h of UV irradiation was significantly higher than that of the parent compound (p < 0.05). Furthermore non-cancerous murine fibroblasts exhibited marked concentration-dependent inhibition by bexarotene, while the degradation products elicited more pronounced antiproliferative action only at the highest applied concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (W.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (I.Z.); (P.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Bérdi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (I.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Joanna Piotrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (W.O.)
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | | | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Włodzimierz Opoka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.P.); (W.O.)
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Tang B, Wu L, Wang J, Sun W, Zhao Y, Liu F. Separation of Heat-Stable Antifungal Factor From Lysobacter enzymogenes Fermentation Broth via Photodegradation and Macroporous Resin Adsorption. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663065. [PMID: 34054766 PMCID: PMC8155363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF) is produced by the fermentation of Lysobacter enzymogenes, which is known for its broad-spectrum antifungal activity and novel mode of action. However, studies on the separation of HSAF have rarely been reported. Herein, alteramide B (the main byproduct) was removed firstly from the fermentation broth by photodegradation to improve the purity of HSAF. Then, the separation of HSAF via adsorption by macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) was evaluated and NKA resin showed highest static adsorption and desorption performances. After optimizing the static and dynamic adsorption characteristics, the content of HSAF in the purified product increased from 8.67 ± 0.32% (ethyl acetate extraction) to 31.07 ± 1.12% by 3.58-fold. These results suggest that the developed strategy via photodegradation and macroporous resin adsorption is an effective process for the separation of HSAF, and it is also a promising method for the large-scale preparation of HSAF for agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, China
| | - Lingtian Wu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, China
| | - Jinzi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yancun Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, China
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Escudero J, Muñoz JL, Morera-Herreras T, Hernandez R, Medrano J, Domingo-Echaburu S, Barceló D, Orive G, Lertxundi U. Antipsychotics as environmental pollutants: An underrated threat? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144634. [PMID: 33485196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous class of what we nowadays call antipsychotics was born almost 70 years ago with the serendipitous discovery of chlorpromazine. Their utilization is constantly growing because they are used to treat a diverse group of diseases and patients across all age groups: schizophrenia, bipolar disease, depression, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, among others. They possess a complex pharmacological profile, acting on multiple receptors: dopaminergic, serotoninergic, histaminergic, adrenergic, and cholinergic, leading scientists to call them "agents with rich pharmacology" or "dirty drugs". Serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, histamine and their respective receptors are evolutionary ancient compounds, and as such, are found in many different living beings in the environment. Antipsychotics do not disappear once excreted by patient's urine or faeces and are transported to wastewater treatment plants. But as these plant's technology is not designed to eliminate drugs and their metabolites, a variable proportion of the administered dose ends up in the environment, where they have been found in almost every matrix: municipal wastewater, hospital sewage, rivers, lakes, sea and even drinking water. We believe that reported concentrations found in the environment might be high enough to exert significant effect to aquatic wildlife. Besides, recent studies suggest antipsychotics, among others, are very likely bioaccumulating through the web food. Crucially, psychotropics may provoke behavioural changes affecting populations' dynamics at lower concentrations. We believe that so far, antipsychotics have not received the attention they deserve with regards to drug pollution, and that their role as environmental pollutants has been underrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Escudero
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Epidemiology and Public Health, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - J L Muñoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - T Morera-Herreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - R Hernandez
- Internal Medicine Service, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Araba Mental Health Network, C/Álava 43, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain
| | - J Medrano
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Mental Health Network Research Group, Osakidetza, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - S Domingo-Echaburu
- Pharmacy Service, Alto Deba-Integrated Health Care Organization, Arrasate, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - G Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore.; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - U Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute; Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, c/Alava 43, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
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Spina M, Venâncio W, Rodrigues-Silva C, Pivetta RC, Diniz V, Rath S, Guimarães JR. Degradation of antidepressant pharmaceuticals by photoperoxidation in diverse water matrices: a highlight in the evaluation of acute and chronic toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:24034-24045. [PMID: 33417129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoperoxidation (UV/H2O2) was used to degrade three of the worldwide most consumed antidepressant pharmaceuticals-bupropion, escitalopram, and fluoxetine-in ultrapure water, drinking tap water, surface water, and reclaimed water. The study was performed with antidepressants in concentration levels in which these compounds usually occur in the water matrices. Online solid-phase extraction coupled to UHPLC-MS/MS was used to quantify the analytes during degradation studies. The UV/H2O2 process was able to degrade bupropion and fluoxetine in ultrapure water, using 0.042 mmol L-1 of H2O2 and 1.9 kJ of UV-C irradiation. Nevertheless, escitalopram, which had the most recalcitrant character among the studied antidepressants, needed a tenfold more oxidant and UV-C irradiation. The primary metabolites of the antidepressants were identified as the major by-products generated by the UV/H2O2 process, and they persisted in the solution even when the parent compound was degraded. The residual toxicity of the solution was evaluated for two different trophic levels. The UV/H2O2 process reduced the toxicity of the solution to Raphidocelis. subcapitata microalgae after 30 min of reaction. On the other hand, the toxicity of the residual solution increased over the reaction time to the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (reaching up to 48.3% of bioluminescence inhibition after 60 min of reaction). Thus, our results evidenced that the toxicity against different trophic levels and the monitoring of the by-products formed are important aspects to be considered regarding the safety of the treated solution and the optimization of the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylena Spina
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6021, Campinas, SP, 13083-889, Brazil.
| | - Wilson Venâncio
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6021, Campinas, SP, 13083-889, Brazil
| | - Caio Rodrigues-Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Rhannanda Copetti Pivetta
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Diniz
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6021, Campinas, SP, 13083-889, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Susanne Rath
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Guimarães
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6021, Campinas, SP, 13083-889, Brazil.
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Jiménez-Holgado C, Sakkas V, Richard C. Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092466. [PMID: 33922609 PMCID: PMC8122907 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychoactive drugs are classified as contaminants of emerging concern but there is limited information on their fate in surface waters. Here, we studied the photodegradation of three psychoactive drugs (sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram) in the presence of organic matter (WEOM) extracted under mild conditions from sediment of Lake Pamvotis, Greece. Spectral characterization of WEOM confirmed its humic-like nature. Preliminary experiments using chemical probes showed that WEOM was able to produce oxidant triplet excited state (3WEOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radicals under irradiation with simulated solar light. Then, WEOM at 5 mgC L-1 was irradiated in the presence of the three drugs. It enhanced their phototransformation by a factor of 2, 4.2, and 16 for sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram, respectively. The drastic inhibiting effect of 2-propanol (5 × 10-3 M) on the reactions demonstrated that hydroxyl radical was the key intermediate responsible for drugs photodegradation. A series of photoproducts were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The photodegradation of the three drugs proceeded through several pathways, in particular oxidations of the rings with or without O atom inclusion, N elimination, and substitution of the halogen by OH. The formation of halogenated aromatics was observed for sertraline. To conclude, sedimental natural organic matter can significantly phototransform the studied antidepressant drugs and these reactions need to be more investigated. Finally, ecotoxicity was estimated for the three target analytes and their photoproducts, using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) computer program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Jiménez-Holgado
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (C.J.-H.); (V.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA-Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vasilios Sakkas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (C.J.-H.); (V.S.)
| | - Claire Richard
- Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA-Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Correspondence:
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36
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Insighting role of activated carbon based nanostructures for complete photocatalytic degradation of hazardous pharmaceutical compound. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Calza P, Jiménez-Holgado C, Coha M, Chrimatopoulos C, Dal Bello F, Medana C, Sakkas V. Study of the photoinduced transformations of sertraline in aqueous media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143805. [PMID: 33310221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the photoinduced degradation of the antidepressant drug sertraline under artificial solar radiation was examined. Photolysis was studied under different experimental conditions to explore its photolytic fate in the aqueous environment. Photolytic degradation kinetics were carried out in ultrapure water, wastewater effluent, as well as in the presence of dissolved organic matter (humic acids), bicarbonate and nitrate ions which enabled their assessment on sertraline photo-transformation. The reaction of sertraline with photoactive compounds accelerated sertraline transformation in comparison with direct photolysis. Moreover, TiO2-mediated photocatalytic degradation of sertraline was investigated, and focus was placed on the identification of by-products. As expected, photocatalysis was extremely effective for sertraline degradation. Photocatalytic degradation proceeded through the formation of forty-four transformation products identified by HPLC-HRMS and after 240 min of irradiation total mineralization was achieved. Microtox bioassay (Vibrio fischeri) was employed to assess the ecotoxicity of the photocatalysis-treated solutions and results have indicated that sertraline photo-transformation proceeds through the formation of toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Jiménez-Holgado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Ioannina 45 110, Greece
| | - Marco Coha
- Department of Chemistry, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Christoforos Chrimatopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Ioannina 45 110, Greece
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Vasilios Sakkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Ioannina 45 110, Greece.
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Vione D. The modelling of Surface-Water photoreactions made easier: introducing the concept of 'equivalent monochromatic wavelengths'. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116675. [PMID: 33279749 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of successful model approaches that predict the photochemical behaviour of surface waters has greatly aided in the understanding of how water environments work and will likely work in the future, from a photochemical point of view. However, the inherent multi-wavelength (polychromatic) nature of environmental photochemistry causes the relevant mathematics to be quite complex, which discourages many scientists to carry out photochemical calculations. To greatly simplify model mathematics, this paper proposes a new approach that is based on a monochromatic approximation to the polychromatic problem, introducing the concept of what is here defined as equivalent monochromatic wavelengths (EMWs). The EMW is the single wavelength that reproduces the behaviour of the polychromatic system, using a monochromatic (Lambert-Beer based) equation. The EMW approach largely simplifies calculations, getting rid of integrals and allowing for much more straightforward and manageable equations to be obtained. In particular, this work shows that: (i) the EMW approach, although approximated, entails a negligible loss in accuracy compared to the exact polychromatic treatment of photochemical reactions; (ii) in the case of direct photolysis, the quantum yield is to be replaced by an apparent photon efficiency that is not bound to be < 1 (quantum yields can actually be > 1 for chain reactions and few other cases, but this is not the point here); (iii) the monochromatic Lambert-Beer equations work in most cases once the EMW is identified, with the present exception of sunlight absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The latter spans a very wide wavelength range (from 300 to at least 600 nm), which makes a single-wavelength treatment more difficult. However, a relatively small modification to the monochromatic Lambert-Beer equation allows for successfully using the EMW approach, in the case of CDOM as well. The near-perfect coincidence between polychromatic and EMW-based predictions of photodegradation kinetics is here shown for the pollutants atrazine, bentazone, carbamazepine, diclofenac, diuron and ibuprofen. Extension to additional compounds requires translation of the traditional, polychromatic language into the EMW one. Hopefully, this contribution will introduce a new paradigm in the mathematical description of photochemical reactions in environmental waters. It could also become a new and simple way to treat multi-wavelength systems in general photochemistry studies, thereby completely changing the way multi-wavelength problems are dealt with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Zhao J, Kim HJ, Ueda K, Zhang K, Montenegro D, Dunaief JL, Sparrow JR. A vicious cycle of bisretinoid formation and oxidation relevant to recessive Stargardt disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100259. [PMID: 33837742 PMCID: PMC7948646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of iron to transfer electrons enables the contribution of this metal to a variety of cellular activities even as the redox properties of iron are also responsible for the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), the most destructive of the reactive oxygen species. We previously showed that iron can promote the oxidation of bisretinoid by generating highly reactive hydroxyl radical (•OH). Now we report that preservation of iron regulation in the retina is not sufficient to prevent iron-induced bisretinoid oxidative degradation when blood iron levels are elevated in liver-specific hepcidin knockout mice. We obtained evidence for the perpetuation of Fenton reactions in the presence of the bisretinoid A2E and visible light. On the other hand, iron chelation by deferiprone was not associated with changes in postbleaching recovery of 11-cis-retinal or dark-adapted ERG b-wave amplitudes indicating that the activity of Rpe65, a rate-determining visual cycle protein that carries an iron-binding domain, is not affected. Notably, iron levels were elevated in the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of Abca4−/− mice. Consistent with higher iron content, ferritin-L immunostaining was elevated in RPE of a patient diagnosed with ABCA4-associated disease and in RPE and photoreceptor cells of Abca4−/− mice. In neural retina of the mutant mice, reduced Tfrc mRNA was also an indicator of retinal iron overload. Thus iron chelation may defend retina when bisretinoid toxicity is implicated in disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keiko Ueda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diego Montenegro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Trawiński J, Kozioł E, Skibiński R. Influence of the UV-Vis irradiation on the acute toxicity to zebrafish and mutagenicity of the selected psychotropic drugs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1624-1637. [PMID: 33043805 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1829890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the UV-Vis radiation on the toxicity of agomelatine, loxapine, clozapine and tiapride was studied. The phototransformation procedure was conducted with the use of simulated solar radiation. In the case of each compound irradiation time necessary to decompose half of the initial concentration was chosen. The embryotoxicity and acute toxicity were evaluated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae. The mutagenicity assay was done with the use of a micro-plate Ames test. Generally, the embryotoxicity decreased after the irradiation procedure. The obtained results showed that tiapride is the least toxic compound to zebrafish, however, its toxicity toward larvae increases after the irradiation. Similarly, the mutagenic potential of the mixture of tiapride photoproducts is higher than in the case of parent compound. The phototransformation of loxapine resulted in the change of the acute toxicity profile and increased the rate of reverse mutations in the Ames test. Oppositely, the irradiation of agomelatine caused the decrease of mutagenic potential and acute toxicity was also lower in the postirradiated mixture. The phototransformation of clozapine did not alter the mutagenicity and decreased the acute toxicity to the zebrafish larvae. In silico calculations showed a satisfactory prediction ability in some instances, especially in the case of mutagenic potential of the tiapride phototransformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kozioł
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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41
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Meroni D, Jiménez-Salcedo M, Falletta E, Bresolin BM, Kait CF, Boffito DC, Bianchi CL, Pirola C. Sonophotocatalytic degradation of sodium diclofenac using low power ultrasound and micro sized TiO 2. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 67:105123. [PMID: 32283492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sodium diclofenac (DC) is an emerging water pollutant which resists conventional wastewater treatments. Here the sonophotocatalytic degradation of DC was carried out using micrometric TiO2 (both pristine and Ag-decorated), UV-A irradiation and 20 kHz pulsed ultrasound. Sonophotocatalytic tests were compared with photolysis, sonolysis, sonophotolysis, sonocatalysis and photocatalysis data performed in the same conditions. A synergy index of over 2 was determined for tests with pristine TiO2, while values close to 1.3 were observed for Ag-TiO2. Reaction intermediates were studied by HPLC-MS, showing degradation mechanisms activated by hydroxyl radicals. Similar pathways were identified for photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic tests, although the latter led to more oxidized compounds. Different reactor configurations (static and dynamic set ups) were studied. Sequential and simultaneous application of UV light and ultrasound led to similar performance. The role of water matrix was investigated using ultrapure and drinking water, showing marked detrimental effects of electrolytes on the DC degradation. Overall, the combined treatment proved more efficient than photocatalysis alone especially in demanding working conditions, like in drinking water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Meroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Jiménez-Salcedo
- University of La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Department of Chemistry, C/ Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño La Rioja, Spain
| | - Ermelinda Falletta
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca M Bresolin
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Sammonkatu 12-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Chong Fai Kait
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Fundamental & Applied Sciences Department, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Daria C Boffito
- Polytechnique Montréal - Génie Chimique 2900 Boul, Edouard Montpetit - H3T 1J4, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia L Bianchi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Pirola
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Raji A, Pandiyaraj KN, Vasu D, Ramkumar MC, Deshmukh RR, Kandavelu V. Non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma assisted degradation of the pharmaceutical drug valsartan: influence of catalyst and degradation environment. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35709-35717. [PMID: 35517122 PMCID: PMC9056945 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the degradation of the pharmaceutical drug Valsartan (VS) using non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma (NEAPP) with various operating conditions. The heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO nanoparticles (NP's) were synthesized using a hydrothermal process. The morphology, chemical composition and structure of as-synthesized ZnO NPs were examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Then, VS degradation was examined in three subsequent treatment conditions including plasma treatment alone, the combination of plasma with as-prepared ZnO NPs and various environments (air, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide) at fixed plasma operating potential and treatment time. The degradation efficiency of plasma-treated VS by various conditions was observed using UV-visible spectroscopy. Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) was used to characterize the distribution and emission intensity of various reactive species (OH˙, N2-SPS and O) during the degradation processes which plays a vital role in the degradation of VS. The role of OH˙ and H2O2 during the degradation process was further examined by chemical dosimetry and spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, pH, conductivity and TOC of the untreated and plasma-treated VS were also investigated. The results on the degradation of VS showed that plasma treatment combined with ZnO NP's has a significant effect on degradation of molecules of VS than degradation processes carried out by other experimental conditions due to the formation of higher concentrations of various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during the degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raji
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore 641062 India.,Research Division of Plasma Processing (RDPP), Department of Physics, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore 641062 India +91-9786452504
| | - K Navaneetha Pandiyaraj
- Research Division of Plasma Processing (RDPP), Department of Physics, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore 641062 India +91-9786452504
| | - D Vasu
- Research Division of Plasma Processing (RDPP), Department of Physics, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore 641062 India +91-9786452504
| | - M C Ramkumar
- Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies Chennai India
| | - R R Deshmukh
- Department of Physics, Institute of Chemical Technology Matunga Mumbai 400019 India
| | - V Kandavelu
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore 641062 India
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43
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Environmental Remediation of Antineoplastic Drugs: Present Status, Challenges, and Future Directions. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of cancer is on the rise, and as a result, the number of therapeutics administered for chemotherapy is increasing. The occupational exposure, recalcitrant nature and ecotoxicological toxicity of these therapeutics, referred to as antineoplastic (ANP) drugs, have raised concerns about their safe remediation. This review provides an overview of the environmental source of ANPs agents, with emphasis on the currently used remediation approaches. Outpatient excreta, hospital effluents, and waste from pharmaceutical industries are the primary source of ANP waste. The current review describes various biotic and abiotic methods used in the remediation of ANP drugs in the environment. Abiotic methods often generate transformation products (TPs) of unknown toxicity. In this light, obtaining data on the environmental toxicity of ANPs and its TPs is crucial to determine their toxic effect on the ecosystem. We also discuss the biodegradation of ANP drugs using monoculture of fungal and bacterial species, and microbial consortia in sewage treatment plants. The current review effort further explores a safe and sustainable approach for ANP waste treatment to replace existing chemical and oxidation intensive treatment approaches. To conclude, we assess the possibility of integrating biotic and abiotic methods of ANP drug degradation.
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44
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Maleki H, Bertola V. Recent advances and prospects of inkjet printing in heterogeneous catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an insight into inkjet printing technology in the context of heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Maleki
- Laboratory of Technical Physics
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Volfango Bertola
- Laboratory of Technical Physics
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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A Critical View of the Application of the APEX Software (Aqueous Photochemistry of Environmentally-Occurring Xenobiotics) to Predict Photoreaction Kinetics in Surface Freshwaters. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010009. [PMID: 31861417 PMCID: PMC7017383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The APEX (aqueous photochemistry of environmentally occurring xenobiotics) software computes the phototransformation kinetics of compounds that occur in sunlit surface waters. It is free software based on Octave, and was originally released in 2014. Since then, APEX has proven to be a remarkably flexible platform, allowing for the addressing of several environmental problems. However, considering APEX as a stand-alone software is not conducive to exploiting its full potentialities. Rather, it is part of a whole ecosystem that encompasses both the software and the laboratory protocols that allow for the measurement of substrate photoreactivity parameters. Coherently with this viewpoint, the present paper shows both how to use APEX, and how to experimentally derive or approximately assess the needed input data. Attention is also given to some issues that might provide obstacles to users, including the extension of APEX beyond the simple systems for which it was initially conceived. In particular, we show how to use APEX to deal with compounds that undergo acid–base equilibria, and with the photochemistry of systems such as stratified lakes, lakes undergoing evaporation, and rivers. Hopefully, this work will provide a reference for the smooth use of one of the most powerful instruments for the modeling of photochemical processes in freshwater environments. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Effects of Phthalate Esters on Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Seedlings and the Soil Microbial Community Structure under Different Soil Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183489. [PMID: 31546793 PMCID: PMC6766064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are the most frequently utilized synthetic chemical compounds worldwide. They are typical emergent contaminants and are currently attracting considerable concern due to their risks to plants, animals, and public health. Determining the vital environmental factors that affect the toxicity of target pollutants in soil is important for vegetable production and the maintenance and control of soil productivity. We investigated the influence of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) under different soil conditions on physiological changes in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk.) seedlings and the rhizosphere soil microbial community. Supported by our former experiments in which we determined the representative concentrations that caused the most pronounced toxic effects, three experimental concentrations were studied including control soils without PAEs and spiked soils with either 20 mg DBP or DEHP kg−1 soil. The soil at all the three PAE concentrations was then adjusted to test two soil pH values, three levels of soil organic matter (SOM) content, and three levels of soil moisture content; thus, we completed 12 treatments or conditions simulating different soil environment conditions in greenhouses. After 30 days of cultivation, we analyzed the toxicity effects of two target PAEs on plant growth and physiological factors, and on soil microbial community characteristics. The toxicity of soil DBP and DEHP to the physiology of water spinach was found to be most affected by the soil pH value, then by SOM content, and least of all by soil moisture. The results of the 454 high-throughput sequencing analysis of the soil microbial community indicated that the toxicity of target PAEs to soil microorganisms was most affected by SOM content and then by soil moisture, and no clear relationship was found with soil pH. Under different soil conditions, declines in leaf biomass, chlorophyll a content, and carotenoid content—as well as increases in free amino acid (FAA) content, superoxide anion free radical activity, and hydroxyl radical activity—occurred in response to DBP or DEHP. Heavy use of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and high humidity led to the special environmental conditions of greenhouse soil, constituting the main conditions considered in this study. The results indicate that under the special highly intensive production systems of greenhouses, soil conditions may directly influence the effects of pollutant phytotoxicity and may thus endanger the yield, nutrient content, and food safety of vegetables. The combined studies of the impacts on plants and rhizosphere microorganisms give a more detailed picture of the toxic effects of the pollutants under different soil conditions.
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Light-Induced Reactions of Chlorpromazine in the Presence of a Heterogeneous Photocatalyst: Formation of a Long-Lasting Sulfoxide. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9070627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A commercial carbon-modified titanium dioxide, KRONOClean 7000, was applied as a UV(A) and visible-light active photocatalyst to investigate the conversion of the antipsychotic pharmaceutical chlorpromazine in aqueous phase employing two monochromatic light sources emitting at wavelengths of 365 and 455 nm. Photocatalytic and photolytic conversion of chlorpromazine under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions was analyzed using a HPLC-MS technique. Depending on the irradiation wavelength and presence of oxygen, varying conversion rates and intermediates revealing different reaction pathways were observed. Upon visible light irradiation under aerobic conditions, chlorpromazine was only converted in the presence of the photocatalyst. No photocatalytic conversion of this compound under anaerobic conditions upon visible light irradiation was observed. Upon UV(A) irradiation, chlorpromazine was successfully converted into its metabolites in both presence and absence of the photocatalyst. Most importantly, chlorpromazine sulfoxide, a very persistent metabolite of chlorpromazine, was produced throughout the photolytic and photocatalytic conversions of chlorpromazine under aerobic conditions. Chlorpromazine sulfoxide was found to be highly stable under visible light irradiation even in the presence of the photocatalyst. Heterogeneous photocatalysis under UV(A) irradiation resulted in a slow decrease of the sulfoxide concentration, however, the required irradiation time for its complete removal was found to be much longer compared to the removal of chlorpromazine at the same initial concentration.
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48
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Vione D, Scozzaro A. Photochemistry of Surface Fresh Waters in the Framework of Climate Change. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7945-7963. [PMID: 31241909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical processes taking place in surface fresh waters play an important role in the transformation of biorecalcitrant pollutants and some natural compounds and in the inactivation of microorganisms. Such processes are divided into direct photolysis, where a molecule is transformed following sunlight absorption, and indirect photochemistry, where naturally occurring photosensitizers absorb sunlight and produce a range of transient species that can transform dissolved molecules (or inactivate microorganisms). Photochemistry is usually favored in thoroughly illuminated shallow waters, while the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) acts as a switch between different photochemical pathways (direct photolysis, and indirect photochemistry triggered by different transient species). Various phenomena connected with climate change (water browning, changing precipitations) may affect water DOC and water depth, with implications for the kinetics of photoreactions and the associated transformation pathways. The latter are important because they often produce peculiar intermediates, with particular health and environmental impacts. Further climate-induced effects with photochemical implications are shorter ice-cover seasons and enhanced duration of summer stratification in lakes, as well as changes in the flow velocity of rivers that affect the photodegradation time scale. This contribution aims at showing how the different climate-related phenomena can affect photoreactions and which approaches can be followed to quantitatively describe these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 5 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Andrea Scozzaro
- Department of Chemistry , University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 5 , 10125 Torino , Italy
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49
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Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Photodegradation Study of Sertindole by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF and Influence of Some Metal Oxide Excipients on the Degradation Process. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11070299. [PMID: 31252531 PMCID: PMC6680419 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the influence of the excipients present in the pharmaceutical formulations on the drug stability is an important part of quality control of medicines. One of the most commonly applied group of excipients are pigments, such as titanium dioxide or various forms of iron oxides, which are well-known photocatalytic agents. Therefore, the photostability of an atypical antipsychotic drug sertindole and the influence of pigments commonly used in the pharmaceutical formulations (FeOOH, Fe2O3, and TiO2) on this process were studied. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the process was performed with the use of ultra high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detection (UHPLC-DAD) system coupled with a high resolution hybrid electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. Sertindole turned out to be a highly photolabile molecule. Overall 18 transformation products were found, mainly formed as a consequence of dechlorination, hydroxylation, and dehydrogenation. In all the experiments, except the TiO2-mediated photocatalysis, the product of chlorine substitution with a hydroxyl group was the major product. The presence of Fe2O3 and TiO2 accelerated the degradation process, while FeOOH served as its inhibitor. The experiments conducted with the use of the pharmaceutical formulations confirmed the catalytic activity of the used excipients. The exploration of the obtained phototransformation profiles with the use of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the presence of both iron oxides could influence the qualitative and quantitative aspect of the studied processes. In silico assessment of the properties showed that the transformation products are generally less toxic to rodents, possess lower hERG blocking potential, but could be more mutagenic than the parent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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50
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Ghoul I, Debbache N, Dekkiche BA, Seraghni N, Sehili T, Marín Z, Santaballa JA, Canle M. Fe(III)-citrate enhanced sunlight-driven photocatalysis of aqueous Carbamazepine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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