1
|
Wang JQ, Ding X, Zhang YQ, Yu QQ, Cheng Q, Wang QY, Wang XM. Characterization of biomass burning tracers in particulate matter at 12 sites in China: Significant increase of coal combustion emitted levoglucosan in northern China during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174520. [PMID: 38971253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is the largest contributor to carbonaceous aerosols globally. Specific organic tracers can track BB particles and identify BB types. At present, there is limited information on the composition of BB tracers on a continental scale. In this study, we conducted year-round sampling of particulate matter (PM) at 12 sites in China. Nine BB tracers were measured in PM with aerodynamic diameters <1.1 μm (PM<1.1), in the range of 1.1-3.3 μm (PM1.1-3.3), and > 3.3 μm (PM>3.3). The annual average concentration of these nine BB tracers (∑9 BB tracers) in the total PM was 366 ng m-3 with the majority of levoglucosan (66 %). The concentration of ∑9 BB tracers was higher in northern China than in southern China, especially in winter. ∑9 BB tracers were most enriched in PM<1.1 (50-61 % in mass), followed by PM1.1-3.3 and PM>3.3. The highest concentrations of ∑9 BB tracers were observed in winter, while satellite-recorded fire spots were intensive in autumn and spring. The mismatch of seasonal trends between them indicated that the high levels of BB tracers in winter was not due to open BB. The composition of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid and vanillic acid suggested that the burning of crop residues and softwoods were the major BB types in China. The ratio of levoglucosan to mannosan could neither identify the major BB types in China nor distinguish between BB and coal combustion. Correlation analysis and the PMF model demonstrated that non-BB sources contributed 7 %-58 % to levoglucosan at the 12 sites, with coal combustion being the predominant non-BB source in China, especially in northern urban sites during winter. Our findings suggest that caution should be taken in application of these organic tracers to identify BB types and estimate BB aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geoche mistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiao-Yun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Xin-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geoche mistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu X, Wang X, Xue Q, Tian Y, Feng Y. Inhalation bioaccessibility and risk assessment for PM-bound organic components: Co-effects of component physicochemical properties, PM properties, and sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132291. [PMID: 37591173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation bioaccessibility and deposition in respiratory tracts of organic components in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are key factors for accurately estimating health risks and understanding human exposures. This study evaluated the in-vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH derivatives, phthalic acid esters (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in size-resolved PM from a Chinese megacity. The bioaccessibility ranged from 0.2% to 77.8% in the heating period (HP), and from 0.7% to 94.2% in the non-heating period (NHP). Result suggests that less hydrophobic organics might be more bioaccessible. Bioaccessibility of medium logKow organics in sizes > 0.65 µm was significantly inhibited by high carbon fractions, indicating the co-effects. Then, this is the first study to explore effects of sources on inhalation bioaccessibility of organics. Coal and biomass combustion in HP and traffic emission in NHP negatively correlated with bioaccessibility. Secondary particles also negatively correlated with bioaccessibility of medium logKow organics. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer risk (HQ) for all measured components in PM10 were estimated after considering the bioaccessibility and deposition efficiencies and the HQ and ILCR were within the acceptable range. BaP and DEHP were strong contributors to HQ and ILCR, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Liu
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qianqian Xue
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cao Y, Chen Y, Miao K, Zhang S, Deng F, Zhu M, Wang C, Gu W, Huang Y, Shao Z, Dong X, Gong Y, Peng H, Yang H, Wan Y, Jia X, Tang S. PPARγ As a Potential Target for Adipogenesis Induced by Fine Particulate Matter in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7684-7697. [PMID: 37167023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has shown that ambient PM2.5 exposure is closely associated with the development of obesity, and adipose tissue represents an important endocrine target for PM2.5. In this study, the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation model was employed to comprehensively explore the adipogenic potential of PM2.5. After 8 days of PM2.5 exposure, adipocyte fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation were significantly increased, and adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells was promoted in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptome and lipidome analyses revealed the systematic disruption of transcriptional and lipid profiling at 10 μg/mL PM2.5. Functional enrichment and visualized network analyses showed that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway and the metabolism of glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipids were most significantly affected during adipocyte differentiation. Reporter gene assays indicated that PPARγ was activated by PM2.5, demonstrating that PM2.5 promoted adipogenesis by activating PPARγ. The increased transcriptional and protein expressions of PPARγ and downstream adipogenesis-associated markers (e.g., Fabp4 and CD36) were further cross-validated using qRT-PCR and western blot. PM2.5-induced adipogenesis, PPARγ pathway activation, and lipid remodeling were significantly attenuated by the supplementation of a PPARγ antagonist (T0070907). Overall, this study yielded mechanistic insights into PM2.5-induced adipogenesis in vitro by identifying the potential biomolecular targets for the prevention of PM2.5-induced obesity and related metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, Jiangsu 226007, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ke Miao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mu Zhu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wen Gu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijin Shao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Yang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xudong Jia
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Etchie TO, Sivanesan S, Etchie AT, Krishnamurthi K, Adewuyi GO, George KV. Can the Indian national ambient air quality standard protect against the hazardous constituents of PM 2.5? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135047. [PMID: 35609663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution claims ∼9 million lives, yearly, and a quarter of this deaths occurs in India. Regulation of PM2.5 pollution in India is based on compliance with its National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 40 μg/m3, which is eight times the revised global air quality guideline (AQG) of 5 μg/m3. But, whether the NAAQS provides adequate protection against the hazardous components in PM2.5 is still not clear. Here, we examined the risk to health associated with exposure to PM2.5-bound polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an Indian district averaging below the NAAQS. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 mass, Σ28PCB and Σ13PAHs were 34 ± 17 μg/m3, 21 ± 12 ng/m3 and 458 ± 246 ng/m3, respectively. Concentrations of As, Cr, Mn and Ni in PM2.5 surpassed the screening levels for residential air. Substantial level of risks to health were associated with exposure to dioxin-like PCBs (Σ12dlPCB), PAHs, As, Cr and Ni. The hazard index or lifetime cancer risk were 240, or 9 cases per 1000 population, respectively. The estimated risks to health through exposure to hazardous components, except Ni, were greatest in rural areas, having a lower average PM2.5 concentration, than urban or peri-urban areas, suggesting higher toxicity potential of rural combustion sources. The large disparity between the estimated risk values and the acceptable risk level suggests that it would take a more stringent standard, such as the global AQG, to protect vulnerable populations in India from hazardous components in PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
| | | | - K V George
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiao LN, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Jia HL, Zhu NZ, Li WL, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Li YF. Slopes and intercepts from log-log correlations of gas/particle quotient and octanol-air partition coefficient (vapor-pressure) for semi-volatile organic compounds: II. Theoretical predictions vs. monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128860. [PMID: 33218730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The logarithm of gas/particle (G/P) partition quotient (logKP) has been found to have a linear relationship with logKOA (octanol-air partition coefficient) with slope mo and intercept bo and logPL (subcooled liquid vapor pressure) with slope mp and intercept bp. In the sister paper of the present work, analytical equations to predict the slope mo and intercept bo based on logKOA and predict the slope mp and intercept bp based on logPL are developed using steady state theory. In this work, the equations are evaluated using world-wide monitoring data (262 pairs for mo and bo values and 292 pairs for mp and bp values produced from more than 10,000 monitiring data worldwide) for selected seven groups of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polyclorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and other selected halogenated flame retardants. The slopes and intercepts predicted by the steady state equations reproduce the trends observed in monitoring regression results for the seven SVOC groups, with 44.4% of the variation of monitoring mo values accounted for by logKOA and 48.2% of the variation of monitoring mp values accounted for by logPL. Theoretically, the values of mo can be any value between 0 and 1 dependent on the values of KOA, and are not constrained to 1 as in equilibrium theory. Likewise, the values of mp can be any value between 0 and -1 dependent on the values of PL, and not constrained to -1 predicted by the equilibrium theory. The influence of sampling artifacts on the G/P partitioning of SVOCs has most likely been overemphasized by the equilibrium theory. Thus, the equilibrium approach should be abandoned in favor of the steady state approach for calculating the G/P partition quotients for SVOCs with high KOA values (>1011.38) or low PL values (<10-4.92).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Marine Sciences, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Marine Sciences, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang X, Wu J, Li M, Qi M, Wang R, Hu J, Jin J. Particle size distributions and health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes in atmospheric particles around two secondary copper smelters in Shandong Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128742. [PMID: 33127115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen samples of atmospheric particles in four size fractions (diameter: > 10 μm, 5-10 μm, 2.5-5 μm, and <2.5 μm) were collected around two secondary copper smelters in Shandong Province, China. The levels, particle size distributions, and potential health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in these samples were analyzed. The concentration ranges for the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs were 3.13-5.77 pg m-3, 0.43-0.56 pg m-3, and 4.76-9.89 pg m-3, respectively. All of the compounds accumulated strongly in the particles with diameters of <2.5 μm. The congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in particles of various sizes were similar, and were consistent with those in stack gases from local secondary copper smelters. However, the congener profiles of dl-PCBs and PCNs in the particles with diameters of <2.5 μm differed from those for the other particle size fractions. The proportion of highly chlorinated homologs in particles with diameters of <2.5 μm was much higher than that of particles with diameters of >2.5 μm. The results of a risk assessment indicated that the contribution of PCDD/Fs to the total carcinogenic risk (PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs + PCNs) was >95%. For the PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs, 78%, 71%, and 86% of the carcinogenic risk was associated with the <2.5 μm fraction, respectively. This study improves our understanding of the particle size distributions and human health risks of exposure to PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs in the atmosphere around secondary copper smelters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Qi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun H, Chen H, Yao L, Chen J, Zhu Z, Wei Y, Ding X, Chen J. Sources and health risks of PM 2.5-bound polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in a North China rural area. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:240-247. [PMID: 32653186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have high toxicity, bioaccumulation and long-distance transfer capability. Daily variation, sources of PCBs and OCPs in PM2.5 are rarely explored in polluted rural area. Here, the sources and health risks of the PCBs and OCPs were evaluated for 48 PM2.5 samples collected in winter 2017 in Wangdu, a heavy polluted rural area in the North China Plain. The average diurnal and nocturnal concentrations of Σ18PCBs and Σ15OCPs were 1.74-24.37 and 1.77-100.49, 11.67-408.81 and 16.89-865.60 pg/m3, respectively. Hexa-CBs and penta-CBs accounted for higher proportions (29.0% and 33.6%) of clean and polluted samples, respectively. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the dominant contributor to OCPs with an average concentration of 116.17 pg/m3. Hexachlorocyclohexane (ΣHCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ΣDDTs) were the other two main classes in OCPs with the average concentrations of 4.33 and 15.89 pg/m3, respectively. β-HCH and p,p'-DDE were the main degradation products of HCHs and DDTs, respectively. The principal component analysis and characteristic ratio method indicated both waste incineration and industrial activities were the main sources of PCBs, contributing 76.8% and 12.7%, respectively. The loadings of OCPs were attributed to their application characteristics and the characteristic ratio method reflected a current or past use of OCPs. Health risk assessment showed that the respiratory exposure quantity of doxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and the lifetime cancer risk from airborne OCPs exposure was negligible, while the other exposure modes may pose a risk to human bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Geographical Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhonghong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yaqi Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barbas B, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Navarro I, Artíñano B, Martínez MA. Gas/particle partitioning and particle size distribution of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in urban ambient air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:170-179. [PMID: 29248706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban ambient air samples, including gas-phase (PUF), total suspended particulates (TSP), PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 airborne particle fractions were collected to evaluate gas-particle partitioning and size particle distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Clausius-Clapeyron equation, regressions of logKp vs logPL and logKOA, and human respiratory risk assessment were used to evaluate local or long-distance transport sources, gas-particle partitioning sorption mechanisms, and implications for health. Total ambient air levels (gas phase+particulate phase) of TPCBs and TPCDD/Fs, were 437 and 0.07pgm-3 (median), respectively. Levels of PCDD/F in the gas phase (0.004-0.14pgm-3, range) were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those found in the particulate phase (0.02-0.34pgm-3). The concentrations of PCDD/Fs were higher in winter. In contrast, PCBs were mainly associated to the gas phase, and displayed maximum levels in warm seasons, probably due to an increase in evaporation rates, supported by significant and strong positive dependence on temperature observed for several congeners. No significant differences in PCDD/Fs and PCBs concentrations were detected between the different particle size fractions considered (TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1), reflecting that these chemicals are mainly bounded to PM1. The toxic content of samples was also evaluated. Total toxicity (PUF+TSP) attributable to dl-PCBs (13.4fg-TEQ05 m-3, median) was higher than those reported for PCDD/Fs (6.26fg-TEQ05 m-3). The inhalation risk assessment concluded that the inhalation of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs pose a low cancer risk in the studied area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Barbas
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A de la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Artíñano
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Martínez
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang S, Li S, Zhou Z, Fu H, Xu L, Xie HQ, Zhao B. Development and Application of a Novel Bioassay System for Dioxin Determination and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Evaluation in Ambient-Air Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2926-2933. [PMID: 29437390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Airborne persistent toxic substances are associated with health impacts resulting from air pollution, for example, dioxins, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, and certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) and thereby produce adverse outcomes. Thus, a bioassay for evaluating AhR activation is required for risk assessment of ambient-air samples, and for this purpose, we developed a new and sensitive recombinant mouse hepatoma cell line, CBG2.8D, in which a novel luciferase-reporter plasmid containing two copies of a newly designed dioxin-responsive domain and a minimal promoter derived from a native gene were integrated. The minimal detection limit for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin with this assay system was 0.1 pM. We used CBG2.8D to determine dioxin levels in 45 ambient-air samples collected in Beijing. The measured bioanalytical equivalent (BEQ) values were closely correlated with the toxic equivalent values obtained from chemical analysis. In haze ambient-air samples, the total activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (TAA) was considerably higher than the BEQ of dioxin-rich fractions, according to the results of the cell-based bioassay. Notably, the haze samples contained abundant amounts of PAHs, whose relative toxicity equivalent was correlated with the TAA; this finding suggests that PAHs critically contribute to the AhR-related biological impacts of haze ambient-air samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Shuaizhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control , National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Hualing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jin R, Zheng M, Yang H, Yang L, Wu X, Xu Y, Liu G. Gas-particle phase partitioning and particle size distribution of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in haze. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1601-1608. [PMID: 28964608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl/Br-PAHs) are emerging semi-volatile organic pollutants in haze-associated particulate matter (PM). Their gas-particle phase partitioning and distribution among PM fractions have not been clarified. Clarification would increase understanding of atmospheric behavior and health risks of Cl/Br-PAHs. In this study, samples of the gas phase and 4 PM phases (aerodynamic diameters (dae) > 10 μm, 2.5-10 μm, 1.0-2.5 μm, and <1.0 μm) were collected simultaneously during haze events in Beijing and analyzed. Normalized histogram distribution indicated that the Cl/Br-PAHs tended to adhere to fine particles. Over 80% of the Cl-PAHs and 70% of the Br-PAHs were associated with fine PM (dae < 2.5 μm). The gas-particle phase partitioning and PM distribution of Cl/Br-PAHs when heating of buildings was required, which was associated with haze events, were obviously different from those when heating was not required. The relationship between the logarithmic geometric mean diameters of the Cl/Br-PAH congeners and reciprocal of the temperature (1/T) suggested that low air temperatures during the heating period could lead to high proportions of Cl/Br-PAHs in the fine particles. Increased coal burning during the heating period also contributed to high Cl/Br-PAH loads in the fine particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang 550008, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|