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Annunziata L, Aloia R, Scortichini G, Visciano P. Official controls for the determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins in mussels farmed along the Adriatic coast of Central Italy. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4963. [PMID: 37431171 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 334 samples of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) harvested along the coasts of the Central Adriatic Sea during the years 2020-2021 were analyzed for the presence of lipophilic marine biotoxins according to the European Harmonized Standard Operating Procedure. The results showed that 74 (22%) and 84 (25%) samples were positive to okadaic acid and yessotoxin groups, respectively. Among them, only 11 (3.3%) samples resulted as non-compliant, as they exceeded the maximum limits (160 μg okadaic acid equivalent/kg) established by the Regulation (EC) 853/2004. The method applied in this study was able to detect and quantify lipophilic marine biotoxins concentrations, in order to monitor their presence in molluscs and avoid the risk of consumer exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Annunziata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Reparto Bromatologia e Residui, Teramo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Aloia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Reparto Bromatologia e Residui, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giampiero Scortichini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Reparto Bromatologia e Residui, Teramo, Italy
| | - Pierina Visciano
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Rowan NJ. Current decontamination challenges and potentially complementary solutions to safeguard the vulnerable seafood industry from recalcitrant human norovirus in live shellfish: Quo Vadis? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162380. [PMID: 36841407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Safeguarding the seafood industry is important given its contribution to supporting our growing global population. However, shellfish are filter feeders that bioaccumulate microbial contaminants in their tissue from wastewater discharged into the same coastal growing environments leading to significant human disease outbreaks unless appropriately mitigated. Removal or inactivation of enteric viruses is very challenging particularly as human norovirus (hNoV) binds to specific histo-blood ligands in live oyster tissue that are consumed raw or lightly cooked. The regulatory framework that sets out use of clean seawater and UV disinfection is appropriate for bacterial decontamination at the post-harvest land-based depuration (cleaning) stage. However, additional non-thermal technologies are required to eliminate hNoV in live shellfish (particularly oysters) where published genomic studies report that low-pressure UV has limited effectiveness in inactivating hNoV. The use of the standard genomic detection method (ISO 15, 216-1:2017) is not appropriate for assessing the loss of infectious hNoV in treated live shellfish. The use of surrogate viral infectivity methods appear to offer some insight into the loss of hNoV infectiousness in live shellfish during decontamination. This paper reviews the use of existing and potentially other combinational treatment approaches to enhance the removal or inactivation of enteric viruses in live shellfish. The use of alternative and complementary novel diagnostic approaches to discern viable hNoV are discussed. The effectiveness and virological safety of new affordable hNoV intervention(s) require testing and validating at commercial shellfish production in conjunction with laboratory-based research. Appropriate risk management planning should encompass key stakeholders including local government and the wastewater industry. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between hNoV response at molecular and structural levels in individually treated oysters as a unit will inform predictive modeling and appropriate treatment technologies. Global warming of coastal growing environments may introduce additional contaminant challenges (such as invasive species); thus, underscoring need to develop real-time ecosystem monitoring of growing environments to alert shellfish producers to appropriately mitigate these threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rowan
- Centre for Sustainable Disinfection and Sterilization, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, Ireland.
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Garvey M, Meade E, Rowan NJ. Effectiveness of front line and emerging fungal disease prevention and control interventions and opportunities to address appropriate eco-sustainable solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158284. [PMID: 36029815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens contribute to significant disease burden globally; however, the fact that fungi are eukaryotes has greatly complicated their role in fungal-mediated infections and alleviation. Antifungal drugs are often toxic to host cells and there is increasing evidence of adaptive resistance in animals and humans. Existing fungal diagnostic and treatment regimens have limitations that has contributed to the alarming high mortality rates and prolonged morbidity seen in immunocompromised cohorts caused by opportunistic invasive infections as evidenced during HIV and COVID-19 pandemics. There is a need to develop real-time monitoring and diagnostic methods for fungal pathogens and to create a greater awareness as to the contribution of fungal pathogens in disease causation. Greater information is required on the appropriate selection and dose of antifungal drugs including factors governing resistance where there is commensurate need to discover more appropriate and effective solutions. Popular azole fungal drugs are widely detected in surface water and sediment due to incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants where they are resistant to microbial degradation and may cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. UV has limited effectiveness in destruction of anti-fungal drugs where there is increased interest in the combination approaches such as novel use of pulsed-plasma gas-discharge technologies for environmental waste management. There is growing interest in developing alternative and complementary green eco-biocides and disinfection innovation. Fungi present challenges for cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of reusable medical devices such as endoscopes where they (example, Aspergillus and Candida species) can be protected when harboured in build-up biofilm from lethal processing. Information on the efficacy of established disinfection and sterilization technologies to address fungal pathogens including bottleneck areas that present high risk to patients is lacking. There is a need to address risk mitigation and modelling to inform efficacy of appropriate intervention technologies that must consider all contributing factors where there is potential to adopt digital technologies to enable real-time analysis of big data, such as use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. International consensus on standardised protocols for developing and reporting on appropriate alternative eco-solutions must be reached, particularly in order to address fungi with increasing drug resistance where research and innovation can be enabled using a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland; Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Elaine Meade
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland; Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Neil J Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland; Centre for Decontamination, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland; Empower Eco Sustainability Hub, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland.
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4
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Song M, Li Y, Gao R, Liu J, Huang Q. De novo design of DNA aptamers that target okadaic acid (OA) by docking-then-assembling of single nucleotides. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 215:114562. [PMID: 35870338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a diarrhetic shellfish poison widespread in ocean, so its detection is of great significance to seafood safety. Because of good sensitivity and low cost, biosensors using nucleic-acid aptamers as the recognition molecules are emerging as an important detection tool. However, the traditional SELEX screening method for acquiring OA high-affinity aptamers is time- and resource-intensive. Alternatively, here we developed a de novo design method based on the 3D structure of a target molecule, such as OA. Without experimental screening, this method designs OA aptamers by a computational approach of docking-then-assembling (DTA) of single nucleotides (A, C, G and T) as: (1) determining the high-affinity nucleotide binding sites of the target molecule via saturated molecular docking; (2) assembling the bound nucleotides into binding units to the target molecule; (3) constructing full-length aptamers by introducing stabilizing units to connect these binding units. In this way, five OA aptamers were designed, and microscale thermophoresis (MST) experiments verified that their Kd values are in the range of 100-600 nM; and one of them (named 9CGAT_4_a) could specifically bind to OA with low affinities for the other three marine biotoxins. Therefore, this study provides high-affinity and specific aptamers for the development of OA biosensors, and presents a promising de novo design method applicable to other target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ruihua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Rowan NJ. The role of digital technologies in supporting and improving fishery and aquaculture across the supply chain – Quo Vadis? AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Postharvest Treatment of Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) by Pulse Light to Removal of Microbial Load, Pesticide Residue and Integrity of Physicochemical Quality and Phytochemical Constituent. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Existence of microorganisms, pesticide residue on fresh vegetables has a potential hazard to human health. The demand for safe green Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) has increased recently. Chinese kale is a healthy botanical attached to the Brassicaceae class. It contains numerous nutritional and phytochemical constituents beneficial for human health. Besides health benefits, this green vegetable also poses food safety concerns due to pathogen and pesticide residue during cultivation. Non-thermal physical technology like pulsed light (PL) will be a promising alternative to eradicate microbial and pesticide residue while preserving the best physicochemical properties and phytochemical components. This research evaluated the influence of different pulsed light intensities (1.2-10.8 J/cm2) on the removal of microbial load and pesticide residue as well as weight attrition, texture hardness, dry matter, vitamin C, total phenolic content in the treated Chinese kale. Results showed that pulsed light intensity 8.4 J/cm2 was appropriate to completely eliminate pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella; pesticide substances such as carbendazim, abamectin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos ethyl, mancozeb. At pulsed light intensity 8.4 J/cm2, weight attrition in the treated sample was lower than weight attrition in the untreated; meanwhile textural hardness, dry matter, ascorbic acid and total phenolic content remained higher in the treated sample compared to the untreated. The results reveals that the pulsed light technique should be applied as a promising decontamination approach for removal of the pathogen as well as pesticide residue with minor impact on physicochemical properties and phytochemical constituents.
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Gong Y, Zhang K, Geng N, Wu M, Yi X, Liu R, Challis JK, Codling G, Xu EG, Giesy JP. Molecular mechanisms of zooplanktonic toxicity in the okadaic acid-producing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116942. [PMID: 33765503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima is a dinoflagellate that forms hazardous blooms and produces okadaic acid (OA), leading to adverse environmental consequences associated with the declines of zooplankton populations. However, little is known about the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of P. lima or OA on zooplankton. Here, their toxic effects were investigated using the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Acute exposure of A. salina to P. lima resulted in lethality at concentrations 100-fold lower than densities observed during blooms. The first comprehensive results from global transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in A. salina showed up-regulated mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes and reduced non-enzyme antioxidants, indicating general detoxification responses to oxidative stress after exposure to P. lima. The significantly up-regulated mRNA expression of proteasome, spliceosome, and ribosome, as well as the increased fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation suggested the proteolysis of damaged proteins and induction of energy expenditure. Exposure to OA increased catabolism of chitin, which may further disrupt the molting and reproduction activities of A. salina. Our data shed new insights on the molecular responses and toxicity mechanisms of A. salina to P. lima or OA. The simple zooplankton model integrated with omic methods provides a sensitive assessment approach for studying hazardous algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Minghuo Wu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianliang Yi
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China.
| | - Renyan Liu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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8
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Galanakis CM, Rizou M, Aldawoud TM, Ucak I, Rowan NJ. Innovations and technology disruptions in the food sector within the COVID-19 pandemic and post-lockdown era. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 110:193-200. [PMID: 36567851 PMCID: PMC9759022 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global lockdown that has abruptly shut down core businesses and caused a worldwide recession. The forecast for a smooth transition for the agri-food and drink industry is, at best, alarming. Given that COVID-19 shutdown multiple core services (such as aviation, food services, supply chains, and export and import markets), there is an enormous deficiency in critical information to inform priority decision making for companies where this uncertainly is likely to impact negatively upon recovery. Scope and approach The current article investigates potential innovations within the era of the COVID-19 crisis after framing them within the four issues of the food sector (food safety, bioactive food compounds, food security, and sustainability) that are directly affected by the pandemic. The prospect of foreseen innovations to disrupt the food sector during lockdown periods and the post-COVID-19 era is also discussed. Key findings and conclusions Internet and Communication Technologies, blockchain in the food supply chain and other Industry 4.0 applications, as well as approaches that redefine the way we consume food (e.g., lab-grown meat, plant-based alternatives of meat, and valorization of a vast range of bioresources), are the innovations with the highest potential in the new era. There is also an equally pressing need to exploit social marketing to understand attitudes, perceptions, and barriers that influence the behavior change of consumers and the agri-food industry. Subsequently, this change will contribute to adapting to new norms forged by the COVID-19 pandemic, where there is a significant gap in knowledge for decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis M. Galanakis
- Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece,College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Food Waste Recovery Group, ISEKI Food Association, Vienna, Austria,Corresponding author. Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece
| | - Myrto Rizou
- Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece
| | | | - Ilknur Ucak
- Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Neil J. Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland,Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
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Vorobyeva OV, Samoylova TA, Yusupov VI. Effects of Photobiomodulation on Daphnia magna Straus and their Sensitivity to Toxicant. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1116-1123. [PMID: 32119122 DOI: 10.1111/php.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on Daphnia magna S. and their sensitivity to cadmium sulfate, a known high toxic pollutant. In a first series of experiments, the effect of different He-Ne laser fluences irradiation (range 0.9-4300 mJ cm-2 ) on the fertility of both parent and filial generations (F1-F3) of the crustacean was studied. It was found that PBM in some cases significantly influenced the fertility of both irradiated crustaceans and their nonirradiated offspring. By selecting two fluences (9 ± 2 mJ cm-2 reducing fertility and 4.3 ± 0.9 J cm-2 increasing it), the effect of these on toxicity of cadmium sulfate was evaluated. These experiments have shown that prior irradiation with low-intensity light of a helium-neon laser with 632.8 nm wavelength can change the sensitivity of aquatic organisms to toxin cadmium sulfate. The degree and direction of changes depend on the toxicant concentration and the irradiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Vorobyeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,VNIRO Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana A Samoylova
- VNIRO Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Yusupov
- Institute of Photon Technologies, FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Rowan NJ. Pulsed light as an emerging technology to cause disruption for food and adjacent industries – Quo vadis? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Garvey M, Rowan NJ. Pulsed UV as a potential surface sanitizer in food production processes to ensure consumer safety. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Fu LL, Zhao XY, Ji LD, Xu J. Okadaic acid (OA): Toxicity, detection and detoxification. Toxicon 2019; 160:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schirone M, Berti M, Visciano P, Chiumiento F, Migliorati G, Tofalo R, Suzzi G, Di Giacinto F, Ferri N. Determination of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in Mussels Harvested from the Adriatic Sea by LC-MS/MS. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:152. [PMID: 29487576 PMCID: PMC5816572 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic marine biotoxins include okadaic acid, pectenotoxin, yessotoxin and azaspiracid groups. The consumption of contaminated molluscs can lead to acute food poisoning syndromes depending on the exposure level. Regulatory limits have been set by Regulation (European Community, 2004a) No 853/2004 and LC-MS/MS is used as the official analytical method according to Regulation (European Community, 2011) No 15/2011. In this study specimens of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were collected along the coasts of the central Adriatic Sea during the years 2015–2017 and analyzed by the European harmonized Standard Operating Procedure. The method was validated for linearity, specificity, repeatability and reproducibility and it revealed able to be used for the detection of the lipophilic marine biotoxins. Levels of okadaic acid, pectenotoxin, yessotoxin and its analogs were detected at different concentrations in 148 (37%) out of a total of 400 samples, always below the maximum limits, except for 11 (4.3%) of them that were non-compliant because they exceeded the regulatory limit. Moreover, some samples were exposed to a multi-toxin mixture with regards to okadaic acid, yessotoxin and 1-Homo yessotoxin. Following these results, the aquaculture farms from which the non-compliant samples derived were closed until the analytical data of two consecutive samplings returned favorable. Besides the potential risk of consumption of mussels contaminated by lipophilic marine biotoxins, these marine organisms can be considered as bio-indicators of the contamination status of the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schirone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Miriam Berti
- Biologia delle Acque Interne, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Pierina Visciano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiumiento
- Bromatologia e Residui negli Alimenti per l'Uomo e gli Animali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- Bromatologia e Residui negli Alimenti per l'Uomo e gli Animali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tofalo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Suzzi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Di Giacinto
- Biologia delle Acque Interne, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Biologia delle Acque Interne, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
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