1
|
Garau M, Pinna MV, Nieddu M, Castaldi P, Garau G. Mixing Compost and Biochar Can Enhance the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Soils Contaminated by Potentially Toxic Elements. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:284. [PMID: 38256837 PMCID: PMC10818981 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Biochar and compost are able to influence the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil. As such, they can be useful in restoring the functionality of contaminated soils, albeit their effectiveness can vary substantially depending on the chemical and/or the (micro)biological endpoint that is targeted. To better explore the potential of the two amendments in the restoration of PTE-contaminated soils, biochar, compost (separately added at 3% w/w), and their mixtures (1:1, 3:1, and 1:3 biochar-to-compost ratios) were added to contaminated soil (i.e., 2362 mg kg-1 of Sb and 2801 mg kg-1 of Zn). Compost and its mixtures promoted an increase in soil fertility (e.g., total N; extractable P; and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg), which was not found in the soil treated with biochar alone. All the tested amendments substantially reduced labile Zn in soil, while biochar alone was the most effective in reducing labile Sb in the treated soils (-11% vs. control), followed by compost (-4%) and biochar-compost mixtures (-8%). Compost (especially alone) increased soil biochemical activities (e.g., dehydrogenase, urease, and β-glucosidase), as well as soil respiration and the potential catabolic activity of soil microbial communities, while biochar alone (probably due to its high adsorptive capacity towards nutrients) mostly exhibited an inhibitory effect, which was partially mitigated in soils treated with both amendments. Overall, the biochar-compost combinations had a synergistic effect on both amendments, i.e., reducing PTE mobility and restoring soil biological functionality at the same time. This finding was supported by plant growth trials which showed increased Sb and Zn mineralomass values for rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) grown on biochar-compost mixtures, suggesting a potential use of rigid ryegrass in the compost-biochar-assisted phytoremediation of PTE-contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Pinna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
- Nucleo Ricerca Desertificazione, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caporale AG, Porfido C, Roggero PP, Di Palma A, Adamo P, Pinna MV, Garau G, Spagnuolo M, Castaldi P, Diquattro S. Long-term effect of municipal solid waste compost on the recovery of a potentially toxic element (PTE)-contaminated soil: PTE mobility, distribution and bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:122858-122874. [PMID: 37979102 PMCID: PMC10724333 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Compost from municipal solid waste (MSWC) can represent a resource for the environmental management of soils contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), since it can reduce their mobility and improve soil fertility. However, the long-term impact of compost on soil recovery has been poorly investigated. To this end, the influence of a MSWC added at different rates (i.e. 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% w/w) to a multi-PTE-contaminated (e.g. Sb 412 mg kg-1, Pb 2664 mg kg-1 and Zn 7510 mg kg-1) sub-acidic soil (pH 6.4) was evaluated after 6 years since its addition. The MSWC significantly enhanced soil fertility parameters (i.e. total organic carbon, Olsen P and total N) and reduced the PTE labile fractions. The distribution maps of PTEs detected through µXRF analysis revealed the presence of Zn and Pb carbonates in the amended soils, or the formation of complexes between these PTEs and the functional groups of MSWC. A higher oral, inhalation and dermal bioaccessibility of each PTE was detected in the soil fine-grained fractions (< 2 and 2-10 µm) than in coarse particles (10-20 and 20-50 µm). The MSWC amendment generally did not modify the PTE bioaccessibility, while the relative bioaccessibility of cationic PTEs was greater than that of anionic ones (e.g. Cd > Zn > Pb > Sb > As). Pb and Sb showed the highest hazard quotients (e.g. 2.2 and 10 for Sb and Pb, respectively, in children). Overall, the results indicated that the MSWC used can be an effective option for the recovery of PTE-contaminated soils, even in the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giandonato Caporale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Porfido
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Roggero
- Dipartimento Di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo Di Ricerca Sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Di Palma
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
- Research Institute On Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council (IRET-CNR) Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Pinna
- Dipartimento Di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento Di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Matteo Spagnuolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento Di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
- Nucleo Di Ricerca Sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Stefania Diquattro
- Dipartimento Di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo Di Ricerca Sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El Rasafi T, Haouas A, Tallou A, Chakouri M, Aallam Y, El Moukhtari A, Hamamouch N, Hamdali H, Oukarroum A, Farissi M, Haddioui A. Recent progress on emerging technologies for trace elements-contaminated soil remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140121. [PMID: 37690564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have devastating impacts on health and survival of all living organisms, including humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Moreover, because of the rapid growing industrial activities together with the natural processes, soil contamination with PTEs has pronounced, which required an emergent intervention. In fact, several chemical and physical techniques have been employed to overcome the negative impacts of PTEs. However, these techniques have numerous drawback and their acceptance are usually poor as they are high cost, usually ineffectiveness and take longer time. In this context, bioremediation has emerged as a promising approach for reclaiming PTEs-contaminated soils through biological process using bacteria, fungus and plants solely or in combination. Here, we comprehensively reviews and critically discusses the processes by which microorganisms and hyperaccumulator plants extract, volatilize, stabilize or detoxify PTEs in soils. We also established a multi-technology repair strategy through the combination of different strategies, such as the application of biochar, compost, animal minure and stabilized digestate for stimulation of PTE remediation by hyperaccumulators plants species. The possible use of remote sensing of soil in conjunction with geographic information system (GIS) integration for improving soil bio-remediation of PTEs was discussed. By synergistically combining these innovative strategies, the present review will open very novel way for cleaning up PTEs-contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taoufik El Rasafi
- Health and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University, Casablanca, B.P 5366, Maarif, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Ayoub Haouas
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anas Tallou
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences - University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | - Mohcine Chakouri
- Team of Remote Sensing and GIS Applied to Geosciences and Environment, Department of Earth Sciences, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Yassine Aallam
- Laboratory of Agro-Industrial and Medical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Science and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P) University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Ahmed El Moukhtari
- Ecology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University, PO 7955, Sidi Othmane, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Hamamouch
- Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fes, Morocco
| | - Hanane Hamdali
- Laboratory of Agro-Industrial and Medical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Science and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | | | - Mohamed Farissi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Polydisciplinary Faculty, USMS, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Abdelmajid Haddioui
- Laboratory of Agro-Industrial and Medical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Science and Techniques, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Lou S, Hao X, Zhang H, Zhang W, Liu X, Huang J. Highly-porous and excellent-capacity zirconium-chitosan composite with superior Sb(III)/Sb(V) removal performance. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Wu T, Cui X, Ata-Ul-Karim ST, Cui P, Liu C, Fan T, Sun Q, Gong H, Zhou D, Wang Y. The impact of alternate wetting and drying and continuous flooding on antimony speciation and uptake in a soil-rice system. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134147. [PMID: 35240148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of trace elements in rice, such as antimony (Sb), has drawn special attention owing to the potential increased risk to human health. However, the effects of two common irrigation methods, alternate wetting and drying and continuous flooding, on Sb behaviors and subsequent accumulation in rice is unclear. In this study a pot experiment with various Sb additions (0, 50, 200, 1000 mg Sb kg-1) was carried out with these two irrigation methods in two contrasting paddy soils (an Anthrosol and a Ferralic Cambisol). The dynamics of Sb in soil porewater indicated that continuous flooding generally immobilized more Sb than alternate wetting and drying, concomitant with a pronounced reduction of Sb(V) in porewater. However, a higher phytoavailable fraction of Sb was observed under continuous flooding. The content of Sb in the rice plant decreased in the order of root > shoot > husk > grain, and continuous flooding facilitated Sb accumulation in rice root and shoot as compared with alternate wetting and drying. The differences of Sb content in root, shoot, and husk between the two irrigation methods was smaller in aboveground parts, and almost no difference in Sb was observed in grain between the two methods. The findings of this study facilitates the understanding of Sb speciation and behavior in soils with these common yet different water management regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaodan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210018, China
| | - Syed Tahir Ata-Ul-Karim
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Peixin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, State Environmental Protection Administration, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Hua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chahine S, Garau G, Castaldi P, Pinna MV, Melito S, Seddaiu G, Roggero PP. Stabilising fluoride in contaminated soils with monocalcium phosphate and municipal solid waste compost: microbial, biochemical and plant growth impact. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41820-41833. [PMID: 35098453 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of a municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP), alone or combined, on the mobility, toxicity, bioavailability and health risk of fluoride (1000 mg F-·kg-1) in an artificially polluted soil (pH 7.85). The addition of MCP (0.2% w/w) and MSWC (1% w/w) (alone and combined) to the contaminated soil reduced water-soluble (e.g. by more than 50% in MCP and MCP + MSWC-treated soils) and exchangeable F- fractions and increased the residual one. The addition of MSWC and MSWC + MCP to the contaminated soil significantly increased microbial biomass C (SMB-C; 1.3-3.6-fold) while all treatments increased the abundance of culturable heterotrophic bacteria (up to twofold in MSWC + MCP). Overall, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease and phosphomonoesterase activities were enhanced in treated soils and positively correlated with SMB-C, but not with labile F-. All treatments increased carrot yield (up to 3.4-fold in MSWC + MCP), while bean growth was significantly enhanced only by MCP and MCP + MSWC (~ twofold). The opposite trend applied for F- uptake which was especially reduced in the edible part of carrot after soil amendment. A limited influence of MCP and MSWC on hazard quotient (HQ), due to bean and carrot consumption, was also recorded (i.e. HQ generally > 1). Results suggest that MCP and MSWC can be used in the recovery of soil chemical, microbial and biochemical status of F-rich agricultural soils. They also indicate that the bean and carrot cultivars employed in this study are likely unsuitable in such soils due to high F- uptake in edible parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chahine
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo di Ricerca Sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Pinna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Melito
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo di Ricerca Sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Seddaiu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo di Ricerca Sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Roggero
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo di Ricerca Sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Antimony Mobility, Phytotoxicity and Bioavailability in Polluted Soils. SOIL SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems5040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), added at 1 and 2% rates, on the mobility, phytotoxicity, and bioavailability of antimony (Sb) was investigated in two soils (SA: acidic soil; SB: alkaline soil), spiked with two Sb concentrations (100 and 1000 mg kg−1). The impact of MSWC on microbial activity and biochemical functioning within the Sb-polluted soils was also considered. MSWC addition reduced water-soluble Sb and favored an increase in residual Sb (e.g., by 1.45- and 1.14-fold in SA-100 and SA-1000 treated with 2% MSWC, respectively). Significant increases in dehydrogenase activity were recorded in both the amended soils, as well as a clear positive effect of MSWC on the metabolic activity and catabolic diversity of respective microbial communities. MSWC alleviated Sb phytotoxicity in triticale plants and decreased Sb uptake by roots. However, increased Sb translocation from roots to shoots was recorded in the amended soils, according to the compost rate. Overall, the results obtained indicated that MSWC, particularly at a 2% rate, can be used for the recovery of Sb-polluted soils. It also emerged that using MSWC in combination with triticale plants can be an option for the remediation of Sb-polluted soils, by means of assisted phytoextraction.
Collapse
|
8
|
Maldonado-Alameda A, Giro-Paloma J, Rodríguez-Romero A, Serret J, Menargues A, Andrés A, Chimenos JM. Environmental potential assessment of MSWI bottom ash-based alkali-activated binders. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125828. [PMID: 34492789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkali-activated binders (AABs) stand out as a sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as they can be formulated using by-products or waste as raw materials. However, the presence of hazardous compounds in residues can lead to an increase in AABs' toxicity due to the highly alkaline media. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate their environmental risks to validate their use as building materials. This study environmentally assessed AABs prepared with two different fractions (0-30 mm and 8-30 mm) of weathered bottom ash (AA-WBA) from WtE plants. The potential leachate toxicity of AA-WBA was assessed using granular and monolithic leaching tests that simulated end-of-life and service life scenarios, respectively. Furthermore, an acute toxicity test with crustacean Daphnia magna as model organisms was conducted to determine the relationship between the leachate metal(loid) concentrations and the ecotoxicity of AA-WBA. The results showed higher metal(loid) concentrations in AA-WBA specimens prepared with the 0-30 mm fraction of WBA. The service life scenario revealed multiple metal(loid)-release mechanisms. The 48 h EC50 value (close to 10%; moderate toxicity) indicated that the use of the coarse fraction of WBA increased the immobilisation of the metal(loid)s. Finally, the correlation between the concentrations of some of the metal(loid)s and toxicity was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Maldonado-Alameda
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Giro-Paloma
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J Serret
- UTOX. Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Menargues
- UTOX. Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Andrés
- GER Green Engineering and Resources Group, Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain
| | - J M Chimenos
- DIOPMA Design and Optimization of Processes and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Diquattro S, Castaldi P, Ritch S, Juhasz AL, Brunetti G, Scheckel KG, Garau G, Lombi E. Insights into the fate of antimony (Sb) in contaminated soils: Ageing influence on Sb mobility, bioavailability, bioaccessibility and speciation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145354. [PMID: 33736407 PMCID: PMC8064402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of long-term ageing (up to 700 days) on the mobility, potential bioavailability and bioaccessibility of antimony (Sb) was investigated in two soils (S1: pH 8.2; S2: pH 4.9) spiked with two Sb concentrations (100 and 1000 mg·kg-1). The Sb mobility decreased with ageing as highlighted by sequential extraction, while its residual fraction significantly increased. The concentration of Sb (CDGT), as determined by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), showed a reduction in potential contaminant bioavailability during ageing. The DGT analysis also showed that Sb-CDGT after 700 days ageing was significantly higher in S1-1000 compared to S2-1000, suggesting soil pH plays a key role in Sb potential bioavailability. In-vitro tests also revealed that Sb bioaccessibility (and Hazard Quotient) decreased over time. Linear combination fitting of Sb K-edge XANES derivative spectra showed, as a general trend, an increase in Sb(V) sorption to inorganic oxides with ageing as well as Sb(V) bound to organic matter (e.g. up to 27 and 37% respectively for S2-100). The results indicated that ageing can alleviate Sb ecotoxicity in soil and that the effectiveness of such processes can be increased at acidic pH. However, substantial risks due to Sb mobility, potential bioavailability and bioaccessibility remained in contaminated soils even after 700 days ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Diquattro
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Susie Ritch
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Gianluca Brunetti
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garau M, Castaldi P, Patteri G, Roggero PP, Garau G. Evaluation of Cynara cardunculus L. and municipal solid waste compost for aided phytoremediation of multi potentially toxic element-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3253-3265. [PMID: 32910403 PMCID: PMC7788029 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The suitability for aided phytoremediation of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) applied at 2% and 4 % rates was evaluated in a multi potentially toxic element (PTE)-contaminated mining soil (Pb ~ 15,383 mg kg-1, Zn ~ 4076 mg kg-1, As ~ 49 mg kg-1, Cd ~ 67 mg kg-1, Cu ~ 181 mg kg-1, and Sb ~ 109 mg kg-1). The growth of C. cardunculus significantly increased with compost amendment and followed the order: MSWC-4% > MSWC-2% > Control. PTE concentrations in the roots of plants grown on amended soils decreased compared with control plants (i.e., less than ~ 82, 94, and 88% for Pb, Zn, and Cd respectively). PTE translocation from roots to shoots depended on both PTE and amendment rate but values were generally low (i.e., < 1). However, PTE mineralomasses were always higher for plants grown on MSWC-amended soils because of their higher biomass production, which favored an overall PTE bioaccumulation in roots and shoots. After plant growth, labile As and Sb increased in amended soils, while labile Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd significantly decreased. Likewise, dehydrogenase and urease activities increased significantly in planted soils amended with MSWC. Also, the potential metabolic activity and the catabolic versatility of soil microbial communities significantly increased in planted soils amended with MSWC. Overall, our results indicate that C. cardunculus and MSWC can be effective resources for the aided phytoremediation of multi PTE-contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Patteri
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Roggero
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Selective Immobilization of Antimony Using Brucite-rich Precipitate Produced during In Situ Hypochlorous Acid Formation through Seawater Electrolysis in a Nuclear Power Plant. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13174493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study has investigated the selective immobilization of antimony using the brucite (magnesium hydroxide)-rich precipitate (BP) collected from a hypochlorous storage tank in a nuclear power plant of South Korea. The energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the BP mainly consisted of magnesium (72.5%) and its dominant mineral phase was brucite (Mg(OH)2). Therefore, brandholzite (Mg[Sb(OH)6]2·6H2O) was newly formed through the surface-induced precipitation during the adsorption of antimony using the BP. The adsorbed amount of antimony increased with decreasing pH values because of the increased positive surface charge of the BP (pHpzc = 9.6). The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of BP, calculated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm, was 11.02 mg/g. The presence of competitive anions did not significantly affect the adsorption of antimony toward the BP due to its high selectivity. These results suggest that the facile utilization of the BP as a low-cost adsorbent seems to be a practical option for the selective removal of antimony from wastewater.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mudhoo A, Ramasamy DL, Bhatnagar A, Usman M, Sillanpää M. An analysis of the versatility and effectiveness of composts for sequestering heavy metal ions, dyes and xenobiotics from soils and aqueous milieus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110587. [PMID: 32325327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The persistence and bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants in water bodies, soils and living tissues remain alarmingly related to environmental protection and ecosystem restoration. Adsorption-based techniques appear highly competent in sequestering several environmental pollutants. In this review, the recent research findings reported on the assessments of composts and compost-amended soils as adsorbents of heavy metal ions, dye molecules and xenobiotics have been appraised. This review demonstrates clearly the high adsorption capacities of composts for umpteen environmental pollutants at the lab-scale. The main inferences from this review are that utilization of composts for the removal of heavy metal ions, dye molecules and xenobiotics from aqueous environments and soils is particularly worthwhile and efficient at the laboratory scale, and the adsorption behaviors and effectiveness of compost-type adsorbents for agrochemicals (e.g. herbicides and insecticides) vary considerably because of variabilities in structure, topology, bond connectivity, distribution of functional groups and interactions of xenobiotics with the active humic substances in composts. Compost-based field-scale remediation of environmental pollutants is still sparse and arguably much challenging to implement if, furthermore, real-world soil and water contamination issues are to be addressed effectively. Hence, significant research and process development efforts should be promptly geared and intensified in this direction by extrapolating the lab-scale findings in a cost-effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ackmez Mudhoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius.
| | - Deepika Lakshmi Ramasamy
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Muhammad Usman
- PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Diquattro S, Garau G, Mangia NP, Drigo B, Lombi E, Vasileiadis S, Castaldi P. Mobility and potential bioavailability of antimony in contaminated soils: Short-term impact on microbial community and soil biochemical functioning. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110576. [PMID: 32279000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) and its compounds are emerging priority pollutants which pose a serious threat to the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term fate of antimonate added to different soils (S1 and S2) with respect to its mobility and impact on soil microbial communities and soil biochemical functioning. To this end, S1 (sandy clay loam, pH 8.2) and S2 (loamy coarse sand, pH 4.9) soils were spiked with 100 and 1000 mg Sb(V) kg-1 soil and left in contact for three months. Sequential extractions carried out after this contact time indicated a higher percentage of labile antimony in the Sb-spiked S1 soils than S2 (e.g. ~13 and 4% in S1 and S2 treated with 1000 mg Sb(V) kg-1 respectively), while the opposite was found for residual (hardly bioavailable) Sb. Also, a reduced number of culturable heterotrophic bacteria was recorded in Sb-spiked S1 soil (compared to the unpolluted S1), while an increased one was found in S2. Heterotrophic fungi followed the opposite trend. Actinomycetes and heat-resistant aerobic bacterial spores showed a variable trend depending on the soil type and Sb(V) treatment. The Biolog community level physiological profile indicated a reduced metabolic activity potential of microbial communities from the Sb-spiked S1 soils (e.g. <50% for Sb-1000 compared to the unpolluted S1), while an increase was recorded for those extracted from the Sb-spiked S2 soils (e.g. >2-fold for Sb-1000). The soil dehydrogenase activity followed the same trend. High-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis revealed that Sb did not influence the bacterial α-diversity in both soils, while significantly affected the composition of the respective soil bacterial communities. Several phyla (e.g. Nitrosospira Nitrososphaeraceae, Adheribacter) were found positively correlated with the concentration of water-soluble Sb in soil. Overall, the results obtained suggest that the risk assessment in soils polluted with antimony should be a priority especially for alkaline soils where the high mobility of the anionic Sb(OH)6- species can pose, at least in the short-term, a serious threat for soil microbial abundance, diversity and functionality, soil fertility and eventually human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Diquattro
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta P Mangia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Barbara Drigo
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Lab of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abou Jaoude L, Castaldi P, Nassif N, Pinna MV, Garau G. Biochar and compost as gentle remediation options for the recovery of trace elements-contaminated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134511. [PMID: 32000305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic-based amendments for gentle remediation options (GRO), i.e. the stabilization of trace elements (TE) in polluted soils and the reduction of their impact on soil microbial and biochemical features, has been constantly growing in last 10 years. To verify the effectiveness of biochar and compost in such context, biochar (1 and 3% w/w), compost (3% w/w) and their combination (compost 2% + biochar 2% w/w) were added to two sub-alkaline soils (FS and MS) contaminated with Sb (41-99 mg kg-1 respectively), As (~18 mg kg-1), and trace metals such as Ni (103-172 mg kg-1 respectively) and Cr (165-132 mg kg-1 respectively). Most of the treatments (especially 3% biochar) reduced labile TE pools (water-soluble and exchangeable) and increased their residual (non-extractable) fractions (e.g. +48, 56, 66, and 68% of residual Sb, As, Cr and Ni in MS-treated soil compared to the untreated control). The amendments addition had both stimulating and inhibiting effects on the activity of soil microbial communities, as shown by the Biolog community level physiological profiles. However, in both soils, 3% biochar produced the highest increase of metabolic potential as well as the use of carboxylic acids and polymers by the soil microbial communities. Likewise, soil dehydrogenase (DHG), β-glucosidase (β-GLU) and urease (URE) activities were significantly enhanced in FS and MS soils treated with 3% biochar (e.g. +77, 48, and 17% for DHG, URE and β-GLU in FS-3% biochar with respect to untreated FS). Overall, the results from this study showed that the amendments investigated (particularly 3% biochar) can be effectively used for GRO of sub-alkaline soils, being able to reduce labile TE and to increase the metabolic potential and actual biochemical activities of the respective soil microbial communities. The manifold environmental implications of such effects are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Abou Jaoude
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Nadine Nassif
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria Vittoria Pinna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali e Alimentari, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali e Alimentari, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Garau M, Garau G, Diquattro S, Roggero PP, Castaldi P. Mobility, bioaccessibility and toxicity of potentially toxic elements in a contaminated soil treated with municipal solid waste compost. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109766. [PMID: 31605957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) on the mobility, bioaccessibility and toxicity of several potentially toxic elements (PTE), i.e. Pb (15,383 mg kg-1), Zn (4076 mg kg-1), Cu (181 mg kg-1), Sb (109 mg kg-1), Cd (67 mg kg-1) and As (49 mg kg-1), present in a contaminated sub-acidic soil (pH = 5.93). The addition of MSWC at 2 and 4% rates significantly decreased the labile fractions of PTE (with the exception of Cu and As) and at the same time increased the residual fractions of Zn and Sb. In-vitro tests also showed that compost amendment was able to decrease Cd and Cu gastric bioaccessibility, with respect to untreated soil (-19 and 13% of Cd and Cu in MSWC-4% respectively), while a significant increase of As intestinal bioaccessibility was recorded. This increment was attributed to the pH rise (up to 7.0) during the in-vitro intestinal phase, which likely favoured a release of the arsenic non-specifically bonded to MSWC. Soil enzyme activities, i.e. dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase, were significantly enhanced in MSWC-amended soils (i.e. up to ~6.0 and 1.4 times higher in MSWC-4% than in control soil, respectively), as well as soil basal respiration, and the potential metabolic activity and catabolic versatility of soil microbial communities (as assessed by the Biolog ecoplate community level physiological profile). Overall, the results obtained suggested that MSWC, particularly at 4% rate, could be useful to stabilise PTE in sub-acidic contaminated soils and to increase the microbial activity and functionality in these latter soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Stefania Diquattro
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Roggero
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmacia, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Garau G, Lauro GP, Diquattro S, Garau M, Castaldi P. Sb(V) adsorption and desorption onto ferrihydrite: influence of pH and competing organic and inorganic anions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27268-27280. [PMID: 31321722 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the Sb(V) adsorption on ferrihydrite (Fh) at different pH values, in the presence and absence of common competing anions in soil such as phosphate (P(V)) and arsenate (As(V)). Batch adsorption experiments, carried out at pH 4.5, 6.0, and 7.0, showed a greater affinity of Fh towards P(V) and As(V) with respect to Sb(V), especially at higher pH values, while the opposite was true at acidic pH. The capacity of Fh to accumulate greater amounts of phosphate and arsenate in the 6.0-7.0 pH range was mainly linked to the different acid properties of P(V), As(V), and Sb(V) oxyanions. The Sb(V) adsorption on Fh was highly pH-dependent and followed the following order: pH 4.5 (0.957 mmol·g-1 Fh) > pH 6.0 (0.701 mmol·g-1 Fh) > pH 7.0 (0.583 mmol·g-1 Fh). Desorption of antimonate from Sb(V)-saturated Fh, treated with citric and malic acid solutions, was ~equal to 55, 68, and 76% of that sorbed at pH 4.5, 6.0, and 7.0, respectively, while phosphate, arsenate, and sulfate were able to release significantly lower Sb(V) amounts. The FT-IR spectra revealed substantial absorbance shifts related to the surface hydroxyl groups of Fh, which were attributed to the formation of Fe-O-Sb(V) bonds and supported the formation of inner-sphere bonding between Sb(V) and Fh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali e Alimentari, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Lauro
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali e Alimentari, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefania Diquattro
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali e Alimentari, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Matteo Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali e Alimentari, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiao M, Zhao Y, Li S. Facile synthesis of chrysanthemum-like mesoporous α-FeOOH and its adsorptive behavior of antimony from aqueous solution. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1637263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization (Ministry of Education), China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization (Ministry of Education), China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Treatment and Recycling of Industrially Discharged Heavy Metals, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|