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Yui K, Imataka G, Shiohama T. Lipid Peroxidation of the Docosahexaenoic Acid/Arachidonic Acid Ratio Relating to the Social Behaviors of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Relationship with Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14796. [PMID: 37834244 PMCID: PMC10572946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) undergo lipid peroxidation and conversion into malondialdehyde (MDA). MDA reacts with acetaldehyde to form malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL). We studied unsettled issues in the association between MDA-LDL and the pathophysiology of ASD in 18 individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and eight age-matched controls. Social behaviors were assessed using the social responsiveness scale (SRS). To overcome the problem of using small samples, adaptive Lasso was used to enhance the interpretability accuracy, and a coefficient of variation was used for variable selections. Plasma levels of the MDA-LDL levels (91.00 ± 16.70 vs. 74.50 ± 18.88) and the DHA/arachidonic acid (ARA) ratio (0.57 ± 0.16 vs. 0.37 ± 0.07) were significantly higher and the superoxide dismutase levels were significantly lower in the ASD group than those in the control group. Total SRS scores in the ASD group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The unbeneficial DHA/ARA ratio induced ferroptosis via lipid peroxidation. Multiple linear regression analysis and adaptive Lasso revealed an association of the DHA/ARA ratio with total SRS scores and increased MDA-LDL levels in plasma, resulting in neuronal deficiencies. This unbeneficial DHA/ARA-ratio-induced ferroptosis contributes to autistic social behaviors and is available for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Yui
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu 321-0293, Japan;
| | - George Imataka
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu 321-0293, Japan;
| | - Tadashi Shiohama
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan;
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2
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Zhang J, Yan E, Zhang L, Wang T, Wang C. Curcumin reduces oxidative stress and fat deposition in longissimus dorsi muscle of intrauterine growth-retarded finishing pigs. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13741. [PMID: 35707899 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary curcumin possessing multiple biological activities may be an effective way to alleviate oxidative damage and fat deposition in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) finishing pigs. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary curcumin on meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and fat deposition of longissimus dorsi muscle in IUGR finishing pigs. Twelve normal birth weight (NBW) and 24 IUGR female piglets at 26 days of age were divided into 3 dietary groups: NBW (basal diet), IUGR (basal diet), and IUGR + Cur (basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg curcumin). The trial lasted for 169 days. Results showed that IUGR increased concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC) and fat deposition in longissimus dorsi muscle. However, curcumin decreased the intramuscular fat content and the levels of MDA and PC and improved meat quality in IUGR pigs. Furthermore, curcumin inhibited the decrease of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression and decreased peroxisome pro liferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) expression in IUGR pigs. These findings suggested that dietary addition of 200 mg/kg curcumin could improve meat quality, alleviate oxidative stress through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, and reduce fat deposition via inhibiting PPARγ expression in longissimus dorsi muscle of IUGR finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Enfa Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Liu X, Lin J, Zhang H, Khan NU, Zhang J, Tang X, Cao X, Shen L. Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder-Current Progress of Mechanisms and Biomarkers. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:813304. [PMID: 35299821 PMCID: PMC8921264 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.813304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that has been diagnosed in an increasing number of children around the world. Existing data suggest that early diagnosis and intervention can improve ASD outcomes. However, the causes of ASD remain complex and unclear, and there are currently no clinical biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder. More mechanisms and biomarkers of autism have been found with the development of advanced technology such as mass spectrometry. Many recent studies have found a link between ASD and elevated oxidative stress, which may play a role in its development. ASD is caused by oxidative stress in several ways, including protein post-translational changes (e.g., carbonylation), abnormal metabolism (e.g., lipid peroxidation), and toxic buildup [e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. To detect elevated oxidative stress in ASD, various biomarkers have been developed and employed. This article summarizes recent studies about the mechanisms and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Potential biomarkers identified in this study could be used for early diagnosis and evaluation of ASD intervention, as well as to inform and target ASD pharmacological or nutritional treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukun Liu
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Lin
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Naseer Ullah Khan
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueshan Cao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Likhitweerawong N, Thonusin C, Boonchooduang N, Louthrenoo O, Nookaew I, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Profiles of urine and blood metabolomics in autism spectrum disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1641-1671. [PMID: 34338974 PMCID: PMC8502415 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pose challenges. The current diagnostic approach for ASD is mainly clinical assessment of patient behaviors. Biomarkers-based identification of ASD would be useful for pediatricians. Currently, there is no specific treatment for ASD, and evidence for the efficacy of alternative treatments remains inconclusive. The prevalence of ASD is increasing, and it is becoming more urgent to find the pathogenesis of such disorder. Metabolomic studies have been used to deeply investigate the alteration of metabolic pathways, including those associated with ASD. Metabolomics is a promising tool for identifying potential biomarkers and possible pathogenesis of ASD. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the abnormal metabolic pathways in ASD children, as indicated by evidence from metabolomic studies in urine and blood. In addition, the targeted interventions that could correct the metabolomic profiles relating to the improvement of autistic behaviors in affected animals and humans have been included. The results revealed that the possible underlying pathophysiology of ASD were alterations of amino acids, reactive oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, and microbiota-gut-brain axis. The potential common pathways shared by animal and human studies related to the improvement of ASD symptoms after pharmacological interventions were mammalian-microbial co-metabolite, purine metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation. The content of this review may contribute to novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD and possible therapeutic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narueporn Likhitweerawong
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chanisa Thonusin
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nonglak Boonchooduang
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Orawan Louthrenoo
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkanasa, USA
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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5
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Imataka G, Yui K, Shiko Y, Kawasaki Y, Sasaki H, Shiroki R, Yoshihara S. Urinary and Plasma Antioxidants in Behavioral Symptoms of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:684445. [PMID: 34539458 PMCID: PMC8446379 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.684445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress-induced free radicals may be crucial in the pathophysiological development factor of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We measured the following urinary and plasma biomarker levels of oxidative stress and antioxidants. As urinary biomarkers, (1) hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), which is a new biomarker of oxidative stress, (2) the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and (3) 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as a product of oxidative modifications to DNA; and the plasma levels of (4) the antioxidant protein superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is the crucial defense again oxygen reactive species, and (5) transferrin and (6) ceruloplasmin, which are biomarkers of iron and copper neurotransmission and oxidant-antioxidant systems. We examined the relationship between these urinary and plasma biomarkers and behavioral symptoms in 19 individuals with ASD (mean age, 10.8 ± 5.2 years) and 10 age-matched healthy controls (mean age, 14.2 ± 7.0 years). Behavioral symptoms were estimated using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). Urinary TAC levels were significantly lower, whereas urinary HEL levels were significantly increased in the ASD group as compared with the control group. The five ABC subscale and total scores were significantly raised in the autism group than in the control group. The results of a linear regression analysis revealed that plasma SOD levels may be a more accurate predictor of differences in ABC scores between individuals with ASD and control individuals. The present study firstly revealed the important findings that the cooperation between the urinary antioxidant TAC and plasma SOD levels may contribute to the ABC subscale scores of stereotypy. Urinary TAC activity and antioxidant protein SOD may be associated with incomplete mineral body store and antioxidant-related transcription factor and browning reactions. Consequently, a critical imbalance between TAC urinary levels and plasma SOD levels may be an important contributor to autistic behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Imataka
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Kunio Yui
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiko
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sasaki
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Shiroki
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Bjørklund G, Meguid NA, El-Bana MA, Tinkov AA, Saad K, Dadar M, Hemimi M, Skalny AV, Hosnedlová B, Kizek R, Osredkar J, Urbina MA, Fabjan T, El-Houfey AA, Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Gątarek P, Chirumbolo S. Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2314-2332. [PMID: 32026227 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of July 11, 2016, the reported average incidence of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was 1 in 68 (1.46%) among 8-year-old children born in 2004 and living within the 11 monitoring sites' surveillance areas in the United States of America (USA) in 2012. ASD is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder that is also considered a hidden disability, as, for the most part; there are no apparent morphological differences between children with ASD and typically developing children. ASD is diagnosed based upon a triad of features including impairment in socialization, impairment in language, and repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. The increasing incidence of ASD in the pediatric population and the lack of successful curative therapies make ASD one of the most challenging disorders for medicine. ASD neurobiology is thought to be associated with oxidative stress, as shown by increased levels of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid peroxidation, as well as an increase in other indicators of oxidative stress. Children with ASD diagnosis are considered more vulnerable to oxidative stress because of their imbalance in intracellular and extracellular glutathione levels and decreased glutathione reserve capacity. Several studies have suggested that the redox imbalance and oxidative stress are integral parts of ASD pathophysiology. As such, early assessment and treatment of antioxidant status may result in a better prognosis as it could decrease the oxidative stress in the brain before it can induce more irreversible brain damage. In this review, many aspects of the role of oxidative stress in ASD are discussed, taking into account that the process of oxidative stress may be a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Nagwa A Meguid
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A El-Bana
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Maha Hemimi
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Božena Hosnedlová
- CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joško Osredkar
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (KIKKB), Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teja Fabjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (KIKKB), Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amira A El-Houfey
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Sabia University College, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gątarek
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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Hartman RE, Patel D. Dietary Approaches to the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 24:547-571. [PMID: 32006373 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature surrounding autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their relation to gastrointestinal (GI), behavioral, neurological, and immunological functioning. Individuals with ASD often have poor GI health, including bowel motility issues, autoimmune and/or other adverse responses to certain foods, and lack of necessary nutrient absorption. These issues may be caused or exacerbated by restrictive behavioral patterns (e.g., preference for sweet and salty foods and/or refusal of healthy foods). Those individuals with GI issues tend to demonstrate more behavioral deficits (e.g., irritability, agitation, hyperactivity) and also tend to have an imbalance in overall gut microbiome composition, thus corroborating several studies that have implicated brain-gut pathways as potential mediators of behavioral dysfunction.We examine the literature regarding dietary approaches to managing ASDs, including elimination diets for gluten, casein, or complex carbohydrates, a ketogenic diet, and a low oxalate diet. We also explore the research examining dietary supplements such as fatty acids, pro- and prebiotics, vitamins, minerals, glutathione, phytochemicals, and hormones. The research on dietary approaches to managing ASDs is limited and the results are mixed. However, a few approaches, such as the gluten-free/casein-free diet, fatty acid supplementation, and pre/probiotics have generally demonstrated improved GI and associated behavioral symptoms. Given that GI issues seem to be overrepresented in ASD populations, and that GI issues have been associated with a number behavioral and neurological deficits, dietary manipulation may offer a cheap and easily implemented approach to improve the lives of those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Dhira Patel
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Kilicaslan F, Ayaydin H, Celik H, Kutuk MO, Kandemir H, Koyuncu I, Kirmit A. Antineuronal antibodies and 8-OHdG an indicator of cerebellar dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: a case–control study. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1674241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fethiye Kilicaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mehmet Akıf Inan Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Hamza Ayaydin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Hakim Celik
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Meryem Ozlem Kutuk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Adnan Kirmit
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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Osredkar J, Gosar D, Maček J, Kumer K, Fabjan T, Finderle P, Šterpin S, Zupan M, Jekovec Vrhovšek M. Urinary Markers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060187. [PMID: 31226814 PMCID: PMC6616645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, restricted interest and repetitive behavior. Oxidative stress in response to environmental exposure plays a role in virtually every human disease and represents a significant avenue of research into the etiology of ASD. The aim of this study was to explore the diagnostic utility of four urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress. Methods: One hundred and thirty-nine (139) children and adolescents with ASD (89% male, average age = 10.0 years, age range = 2.1 to 18.1 years) and 47 healthy children and adolescents (49% male, average age 9.2, age range = 2.5 to 20.8 years) were recruited for this study. Their urinary 8-OH-dG, 8-isoprostane, dityrosine and hexanoil-lisine were determined by using the ELISA method. Urinary creatinine was determined with the kinetic Jaffee reaction and was used to normalize all biochemical measurements. Non-parametric tests and support vector machines (SVM) with three different kernel functions (linear, radial, polynomial) were used to explore and optimize the multivariate prediction of an ASD diagnosis based on the collected biochemical measurements. The SVM models were first trained using data from a random subset of children and adolescents from the ASD group (n = 70, 90% male, average age = 9.7 years, age range = 2.1 to 17.8 years) and the control group (n = 24, 45.8% male, average age = 9.4 years, age range = 2.5 to 20.8 years) using bootstrapping, with additional synthetic minority over-sampling (SMOTE), which was utilized because of unbalanced data. The computed SVM models were then validated using the remaining data from children and adolescents from the ASD (n = 69, 88% male, average age = 10.2 years, age range = 4.3 to 18.1 years) and the control group (n = 23, 52.2% male, average age = 8.9 years, age range = 2.6 to 16.7 years). Results: Using a non-parametric test, we found a trend showing that the urinary 8-OH-dG concentration was lower in children with ASD compared to the control group (unadjusted p = 0.085). When all four biochemical measurements were combined using SVMs with a radial kernel function, we could predict an ASD diagnosis with a balanced accuracy of 73.4%, thereby accounting for an estimated 20.8% of variance (p < 0.001). The predictive accuracy expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) was solid (95% CI = 0.691-0.908). Using the validation data, we achieved significantly lower rates of classification accuracy as expressed by the balanced accuracy (60.1%), the AUC (95% CI = 0.502-0.781) and the percentage of explained variance (R2 = 3.8%). Although the radial SVMs showed less predictive power using the validation data, they do, together with ratings of standardized SVM variable importance, provide some indication that urinary levels of 8-OH-dG and 8-isoprostane are predictive of an ASD diagnosis. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the examined urinary biomarkers in combination may differentiate children with ASD from healthy peers to a significant extent. However, the etiological importance of these findings is difficult to assesses, due to the high-dimensional nature of SVMs and a radial kernel function. Nonetheless, our results show that machine learning methods may provide significant insight into ASD and other disorders that could be related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joško Osredkar
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - David Gosar
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jerneja Maček
- Center for Autism, Unit of Child Psychiatry, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Kumer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Teja Fabjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Finderle
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Saša Šterpin
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mojca Zupan
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Maja Jekovec Vrhovšek
- Center for Autism, Unit of Child Psychiatry, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Liu A, Zhou W, Qu L, He F, Wang H, Wang Y, Cai C, Li X, Zhou W, Wang M. Altered Urinary Amino Acids in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:7. [PMID: 30733669 PMCID: PMC6354128 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) affect 1% of children. Although there is no cure, early diagnosis and behavioral intervention can relieve the symptoms. The clinical heterogeneity of ASD has created a need for improved sensitive and specific laboratory diagnostic methods. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based analysis of the metabolome has shown great potential to uncover biomarkers for complex diseases such as ASD. Here, we used a two-step discovery–validation approach to identify potential novel metabolic biomarkers for ASD. Urine samples from 57 children with ASD and 81 matched children with typical development (TD) were analyzed by LS-MS/MS to assess differences in urinary amino acids and their metabolites (referred to as UAA indicators). A total of 63 UAA indicators were identified, of which 21 were present at significantly different levels in the urine of ASD children compared with TD children. Of these 21, the concentrations of 19 and 10 were higher and lower, respectively, in the urine of ASD children compared with TD children. Using support vector machine modeling and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we identified a panel of 7 UAA indicators that discriminated between the samples from ASD and TD children (lysine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine, proline, aspartate, arginine/ornithine, and 4-hydroxyproline). Among the significantly changed pathways in ASD children were the ornithine/urea cycle (decreased levels of the excitatory amino acid aspartate [p = 2.15 × 10-10] and increased arginine/ornithine [p = 5.21 × 10-9]), tryptophan metabolism (increased levels of inhibitory 5-hydroxytryptamine p = 3.62 × 10-9), the methionine cycle (increased methionine sulfoxide [p = 1.46 × 10-10] and decreased homocysteine [p = 2.73 × 10-7]), and lysine metabolism (reduced lysine [p = 7.8 × 10-9], α-aminoadipic acid [p = 1.16 × 10-9], and 5-aminovaleric acid [p = 1.05 × 10-5]). Collectively, the data presented here identify a possible imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acid metabolism in ASD children. The significantly altered UAA indicators could therefore be potential diagnostic biomarkers for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Liu
- Shiyan Prevention and Health Care Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Division of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuhong Qu
- Division of Neonatology, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Huadu District, Huadu Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hui Wang
- Xiamen Branch of Children's Hospital of Fudan University (Xiamen Children's Hospital), Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Neonatology, The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Huadu District, Huadu Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunquan Cai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoge Li
- Tianjin Jinnan Xiaozhan Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingbang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Division of Neonatology, Xiamen Branch of Children's Hospital of Fudan University (Xiamen Children's Hospital), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, China
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11
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Alfawaz H, Al-Onazi M, Bukhari SI, Binobead M, Othman N, Algahtani N, Bhat RS, Moubayed NMS, Alzeer HS, El-Ansary A. The Independent and Combined Effects of Omega-3 and Vitamin B12 in Ameliorating Propionic Acid Induced Biochemical Features in Juvenile Rats as Rodent Model of Autism. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:403-413. [PMID: 30284229 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites of proper fatty acids modulate the inflammatory response and are essential for normal brain development; equally, abnormal fatty acid metabolism plays a critical role in the pathology of autism. Currently, dietary supplements are often used to improve the core symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study analyzed the effects of orally supplemented omega-3 (ω-3) and vitamin B12 on ameliorating oxidative stress and impaired lipid metabolism in a propionic acid (PPA)-induced rodent model of autism, together with their effect on the gut microbial composition, where great fluctuations in the bacterial number and strains were observed; interestingly, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 induced higher growth of the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and decreased the survival rates of Clostridia sp. as well as other enteric bacterial strains. Thirty-five young male western albino rats were divided into five equal groups. The first group served as the control; the second group was given an oral neurotoxic dose of PPA (250 mg/kg body weight/day) for 3 days. The third group received an oral dose of ω-3 (200 mg/kg body weight/day) for 30 days after the 3-day PPA treatment. Group four was given an oral dose of vitamin B12 (16.7 mg/kg/day) for 30 days after PPA treatment. Finally, group five was given a combination of both ω-3 and vitamin B12 at the same dose for the same duration after PPA treatment. Biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress and impaired fatty acid metabolism were investigated in the brain homogenates of each group. The effects of the dietary supplements on the gut microbiota were also observed. The PPA-treated autistic model expressed significantly higher levels of lipid peroxides and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and significantly less glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) than the control group. However, a remarkable amelioration of most of the impaired markers was observed with oral supplementation with ω-3 and vitamin B12, either alone or in combination. Our results concluded that impairment at various steps of the lipid metabolic pathways may contribute to the development of autism; however, supplementation with ω-3 and vitamin B12 can result in a positive therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Al-Onazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Binobead
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa Othman
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Algahtani
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadine M S Moubayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O box 22452, Riyadh, Zip code 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya S Alzeer
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Coenzyme Q 10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant enzyme activity in children with autism spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:62-69. [PMID: 29684771 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants and oxidative stress can participate in pathobiochemical mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The aim was to identify the effects of early CoQ10 supplementation on oxidative stress in children with ASDs. Ninety children with ASDs were included in this study, based on DSM-IV criteria and using Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. Concentrations of CoQ10, MDA, total antioxidant status (TAS) assay, and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase or SOD and glutathione peroxidase or GPx) activity were determined in serum before and after 100 days of supportive therapy with CoQ10 at daily doses of 30 and 60 mg. Data on children's behavior were collected from parents and babysitters. CoQ10 supportive therapy was determined after three months with daily dose 2 ͯ 30 mg improved oxidative stress in the children with ASDs. A relation was seen between serum MDA (r2 = 0.668) and TAS (r2 = 0.007), and antioxidant enzymes (SOD [r2 = 0.01] and GPx [r2 = 0.001]) activity and CARS score. Based on the results, high doses of CoQ10 can improve gastrointestinal problems (P = 0.004) and sleep disorders (P = 0.005) in children with ASDs with an increase in the CoQ10 of the serum. We concluded that the serum concentration of CoQ10 and oxidative stress could be used as relevant biomarkers in helping the improvement of ASDs.
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Altun H, Şahin N, Kurutaş EB, Karaaslan U, Sevgen FH, Fındıklı E. Assessment of malondialdehyde levels, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity in children with autism spectrum disorders. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1470360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Altun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Nilfer Şahin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Ergül Belge Kurutaş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Umut Karaaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Feyza Hatice Sevgen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ebru Fındıklı
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Ruban VV, Archana PT, Sundararajan M, Geraldine P, Thomas PA. Inflammation and oxidative stress in corneal tissue in experimental keratitis due to Fusarium solani: Amelioration following topical therapy with voriconazole and epigallocatechin gallate. Mycoses 2017; 61:159-171. [PMID: 29064157 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Combined antifungal and antioxidant therapy may help to reduce oxidative stress in fungal keratitis. Experimental Fusarium solani keratitis was induced by application of F. solani conidia to scarified cornea (right eye) of 16 rabbits (another four rabbits were negative controls [Group I]). Five days later, F. solani-infected animals began receiving hourly topical saline alone (Group II), voriconazole (10 mg/mL) alone (Group III), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 10 mg/mL) alone (Group IV) or voriconazole and EGCG (Group V). Twenty days post-inoculation, corneal lesions were graded. After animal sacrifice, excised corneas underwent histopathological and microbiological investigations. Corneal tissue levels/activities of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene mRNA transcripts, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were also measured. Clinical and histopathological scores (severity of corneal lesions; [P < .05]) and mean levels (P < .05) of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA transcripts, MMP 2, MMP 9 and MDA were Group II > Groups IV and III > Groups V and I. Mean SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH levels (P < .05) were Group II < Groups IV and III < Groups V and I. Topical voriconazole with EGCG apparently reduces inflammation in experimental F. solani keratitis, as manifested by improved clinical, histological, microbiological and molecular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthakumar V Ruban
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip T Archana
- Thomas Diagnostic and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalingam Sundararajan
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philip A Thomas
- Thomas Diagnostic and Research Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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