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Dube N, Smolarz K, Sokołowski A, Świeżak J, Øverjordet IB, Ellingsen I, Wielogórska E, Sørensen L, Walecka D, Kwaśniewski S. Human pharmaceuticals in the arctic - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143172. [PMID: 39182731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have been deemed as 'contaminants of emerging concern' within the Arctic and are a potentially perennial form of pollution. With recent innovations in detection technology for organic compounds, researchers have been able to find substantial evidence of the presence and accumulation of pharmaceutical pollution within the Arctic marine ecosystem. The pharmaceuticals, which are biologically active substances used in diagnosis, treatment or prevention of diseases, may persist in the Arctic environment and may have an impact on the resident marine biota. Thus, to understand the standing of current research on the origin, transport, bioaccumulation and impacts of pharmaceutical pollution on the Arctic marine ecosystem, this study collates research from the early 2000s to the end of 2023 to act as a baseline for future research. The study highlights the fact that there is an evident threat to the Arctic marine ecosystem due to pharmaceutical pollution. It also shows that the impacts of pharmaceuticals within the Arctic ocean are not well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dube
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Smolarz
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Adam Sokołowski
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Justyna Świeżak
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Ida Beathe Øverjordet
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean AS, Brattørkaia 17 C, NO 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid Ellingsen
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean AS, Brattørkaia 17 C, NO 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ewa Wielogórska
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean AS, Brattørkaia 17 C, NO 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean AS, Brattørkaia 17 C, NO 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dominika Walecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences (IO PAN) Ul, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kwaśniewski
- Polish Academy of Sciences (IO PAN) Ul, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
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Lane K, Trueman BF, Locsin J, Gagnon GA. Inorganic contaminants in Canadian First Nation community water systems. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:728-740. [PMID: 33095196 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While previous Canadian studies have examined microbiological water quality in First Nations, there is little published information on inorganic contaminants. In Atlantic Canada, the lead, manganese, and arsenic content of First Nations' drinking water has been measured for more than a decade, but the data have not been analyzed comprehensively. These contaminants are linked with health problems, and high levels in drinking water are a cause for concern. We examined 12 years of data from 47 First Nation community water systems to identify systems experiencing difficulties meeting sampling frequency or regulatory guidelines. While most contaminant concentrations were below guideline values, we identified elevated concentrations and issues with sampling frequency. No system met both sampling frequency requirements - a minimum of one sample per year per analyte - and regulatory guidelines. Exceedance rates for lead, manganese, and arsenic were high in some systems. Moreover, current sampling procedures for lead specify that taps be flushed prior to sampling, which is known to underestimate lead exposure. We find that a switch to random daytime sampling would at least sometimes yield higher estimates of lead at the tap. Our analysis demonstrates the need for increased monitoring and updated sampling procedures to better characterize inorganic contaminant occurrence in First Nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaycie Lane
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada E-mail: ; † These authors contributed equally
| | - Benjamin F Trueman
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada E-mail: ; † These authors contributed equally
| | - Javier Locsin
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada E-mail:
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada E-mail:
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Mosites E, Lefferts B, Seeman S, January G, Dobson J, Fuente D, Bruce M, Thomas T, Hennessy T. Community water service and incidence of respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal infections in rural Alaska, 2013-2015. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113475. [PMID: 32058938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communities in rural Alaska have access to multiple types of water service (piped, vehicle-hauled, and self-hauled) and experience varying levels of water service coverage. We assessed the incidence rate of inpatient and outpatient infectious disease visits among communities with different water service types and coverage levels. METHODS We classified ICD-9 codes for inpatient and outpatient visits to the Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation facilities between 2013 and 2015 into six infectious disease categories. Using Poisson models, we compared the incidence of visits in each category across communities with differing water service coverage levels as defined by water service billing data for the same years. Using census data, we adjusted for community median household income, median age, crowding, and health aide staffing. RESULTS We included 48 communities in this analysis. After adjusting for possible confounders, each 10% increase in piped water coverage was associated with a 4% lower incidence of pneumonia/influenza visits (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.98), a 2% lower incidence of other respiratory infection visits (adjusted IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99), an 8% lower incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus visits (adjusted IRR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.97), and a 4% lower incidence of other skin infections visits (adjusted IRR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95-0.98). Each 10% increase in vehicle-hauled water coverage was associated with a 2% lower incidence of respiratory infection visits (adjusted IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.996) and a 3% lower incidence of skin infection visits (adjusted IRR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99), also after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of water service coverage were associated with lower incidence rates of visits for several infectious disease categories. These associations were more pronounced for communities with piped water service compared to vehicle-hauled water service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mosites
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA.
| | - Brian Lefferts
- Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation, Bethel, AK, USA
| | - Sara Seeman
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Gerald January
- Records and Verification Electronic Network (RAVEN) Team, Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation, Bethel, AK, USA
| | - Jennifer Dobson
- Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation, Bethel, AK, USA
| | - David Fuente
- School of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Timothy Thomas
- Clinical Research Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Thomas Hennessy
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Lack of in-home piped water and reported consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among adults in rural Alaska. Public Health Nutr 2019; 23:861-868. [PMID: 31547892 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether a community water service is associated with the frequency of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption, obesity, or perceived health status in rural Alaska. DESIGN We examined the cross-sectional associations between community water access and frequency of SSB consumption, body mass index categories, and perceived health status using data from the 2013 and 2015 Alaska Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Participants were categorized by zip code to 'in-home piped water service' or 'no in-home piped water service' based on water utility data. We evaluated the univariable and multivariable (adjusting for age, household income and education) associations between water service and outcomes using log-linear survey-weighted generalized linear models. SETTING Rural Alaska, USA. SUBJECTS Eight hundred and eighty-seven adults, aged 25 years and older. RESULTS In unadjusted models, participants without in-home water reported consuming SSB more often than participants with in-home water (1·46, 95 % CI: 1·06, 2·00). After adjustment for potential confounders, the effect decreased but remained borderline significant (1·29, 95 % CI: 1·00, 1·67). Obesity was not significantly associated with water service but self-reported poor health was higher in those communities without in-home water (1·63, 95 % CI: 1·05, 2·54). CONCLUSIONS Not having access to in-home piped water could affect behaviours surrounding SSB consumption and general perception of health in rural Alaska.
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Wu T, Englehardt JD, Guo T, Gassie L, Dotson A. Applicability of energy-positive net-zero water management in Alaska: technology status and case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33025-33037. [PMID: 29168139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Challenges of water and wastewater management in Alaska include the potential need for above-grade and freeze-protected piping, high unit energy costs and, in many rural areas, low population density and median annual income. However, recently developed net-zero water (NZW), i.e., nearly closed-loop, direct potable water reuse systems, can retain the thermal energy in municipal wastewater, producing warm treated potable water without the need for substantial water re-heating, heat pumping or transfer, or additional energy conversion. Consequently, these systems are projected to be capable of saving more energy than they use in water treatment and conveyance, in the temperate USA. In this paper, NZW technology is reviewed in terms of potential applicability in Alaska by performing a hypothetical case study for the city of Fairbanks, Alaska. Results of this paper study indicate that in municipalities of Alaska with local engineering and road access, the use of NZW systems may provide an energy-efficient water service option. In particular, case study modeling suggests hot water energy savings are equivalent to five times the energy used for treatment, much greater savings than in mid-latitudes, due largely to the substantially higher energy needed for heating water from a conventional treatment system and lack of need for freeze-protected piping. Further study of the applicability of NZW technology in cold regions, with expanded evaluation in terms of system-wide lifecycle cost, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 5000 Technology Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - James D Englehardt
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, PO BOX 248294, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0630, USA.
| | - Tianjiao Guo
- Zhejiang JuNeng Co., Ltd., 1500 Daole Road, Tongxiang, Zhejiang, 314500, China
| | - Lucien Gassie
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, PO BOX 248294, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0630, USA
| | - Aaron Dotson
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
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