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Pacín C, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E, Aboal JR, De Nicola F, Fernández JÁ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in PM 10 and bulk deposition using Mosspheres: A pilot study in an urban environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115406. [PMID: 36746206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Study air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) capturing the spatial variability of their concentrations is not economically feasible with conventional methods. In the present work we tested, for the first time and under real conditions, the suitability for intensive monitoring and mapping these contaminants of innovative, cost-effective passive air samplers known as "Mosspheres". The Mosspheres, filled with a devitalised Sphagnum palustre L. moss clone, were placed in a 575 m. grid in a medium-sized European city for three months. Concentrations in the moss tissues of 15 priority PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene, were determined and converted into PM10 and bulk deposition with the equations proposed in a recent study. Low concentrations of PAHs were detected, with only a few enriched points never exceeding the legal thresholds, near industrial areas and busy roads. Despite these low PAH concentrations, Mosspheres were able to detect spatial structure for several PAHs and high-resolution pollution maps were constructed for these compounds. The results prove the high sensitivity and suitability of Mosspheres for mapping PAH levels and for quantitative (i.e. PAHs with 4 or more rings) and qualitative (3-ring PAHs) monitoring. Thus, this study supports their widespread application and its potential inclusion in European Directives on air quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Pacín
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño Spain
| | | | - Jesús R Aboal
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavia De Nicola
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi del Sannio di Benevento, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - J Ángel Fernández
- CRETUS Center, Department of Functional Biology, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lei F, Tian Y, Miao J, Pan L, Tong R, Zhou Y. Immunotoxicity pathway and mechanism of benzo[a]pyrene on hemocytes of Chlamys farreri in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:208-218. [PMID: 35413479 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a typical PAHs widely existing in the marine environment, has been extensively studied for its immunotoxicity due to its persistence and high toxicity. Nevertheless, the immunotoxicity mechanism remain incompletely understood. In this study, isolated hemocytes of Chlamys farreri were exposed at three concentrations of B[a]P (5, 10 and 15 μg/mL), and the effects of B[a]P on detoxification metabolism, signal transduction, humoral immune factors, exocytosis and phagocytosis relevant proteins and immune function at 0, 6, 12, 24 h were studied. Results illustrated the AhR, ARNT and CYP1A1 were significantly induced by B[a]P at 12 h. Additionally, the content of B[a]P metabolite BPDE increased in a dose-dependent manner with pollutants. Under B[a]P stimulation, the expressions of PTK (Src, Fyn) and PLC-Ca2+-PKC pathway gene increased significantly, while the transcription level of AC-cAMP-PKA pathway gene decreased remarkably. Additionally, the expressions of nuclear transcription factors (CREB, NF-κB), complement system genes and C-type lectin genes up-regulated obviously. The gene expressions of phagocytosis and exocytosis related proteins were also notably affected. 5 μg/mL B[a]P could promote phagocytosis in a transitory time, but with the increase of exposure time and concentration of B[a]P, the phagocytosis, antibacterial and bacteriolytic activities gradually decreased. These results indicated that similar to vertebrates, BPDE, the metabolite of B[a]P, mediated downstream signal transduction via PTK in bivalves. The declined of the immune defense ability of hemocytes might be closely related to the inhibition of AC-cAMP-PKA pathway and the imbalance of intracellular Ca2+ pathway. In addition, the results manifested that complement and lectin systems play a significant role in regulating immune response. In this study, the direct relationship between detoxification metabolism and immune signal transduction in bivalves under B[a]P stress was demonstrated for the first time, which provided important information for the potential molecular mechanism of B[a]P-induced immune system disorder in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjun Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yimeng Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Ruixue Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yueyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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Chen Y, Xie H, Junaid M, Xu N, Zhu Y, Tao H, Wong M. Spatiotemporal distribution, source apportionment and risk assessment of typical hormones and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in environmental and biological samples from the mariculture areas in the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150752. [PMID: 34619214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work studied the levels, distribution, potential sources, ecological and human health risks of typical hormones and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the mariculture areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The environmental levels of 11 hormones (6 estrogens, 4 progestogens, and 1 androgen) and 2 phenolic EDCs were quantified in various matrices including water, sediment, cultured fish and shellfish. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry analyses showed that all the 13 target compounds were detected in biotic samples, whereas 10 were detected in water and sediment, respectively. The total concentrations ranged from 35.06-364.53 ng/L in water and 6.31-29.30 ng/g in sediment, respectively. The average contaminant levels in shellfish (Ostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis and Mimachlamys nobilis) were significantly higher than those in fish (Culter alburnus, Ephippus orbis and Ephippus orbis). Source apportionment revealed that the pollution of hormones and phenolic EDCs in PRD mariculture areas was resulted from the combination of coastal anthropogenic discharges and mariculture activities. The hazard quotient values of the contaminants were all less than 1, implying no immediate human health risk. Overall, the present study is of great significance for scientific mariculture management, land-based pollution control, ecosystem protection, and safeguarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haiwen Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Youchang Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huchun Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Minghung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Harris KJ, Subbiah S, Tabatabai M, Archibong AE, Singh KP, Anderson TA, Adunyah SE, Ramesh A. Pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites in liver tissue of an animal model of colon cancer. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461126. [PMID: 32376019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since metabolism is implicated in the carcinogenesis of toxicants, an efficient extraction method together with an analytical method is warranted to quantify tissue burdens of a carcinogen and/or its metabolites. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method for measuring metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P; a food-borne carcinogen] from tissue samples. The sample extraction was performed separately by PLE and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). PLE followed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to online fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) was used to quantify separated analytes; and by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS) were used for confirmation purposes. The UHPLC-MS/MS was set-up in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) positive interface with selective reaction monitoring (SRM). The analytical performance characteristics of the PLE technique was assessed at different temperatures, pressure, number of cycles and solvent types. A methanol + chloroform + water mixture (30:15:10, v/v/v) yielded greater recoveries at an extraction temperature range of 60-80°C, pressure of 10 MPa and an extraction time of 10 min. The PLE method was validated by the analysis of spiked tissue samples and measuring recoveries and limits of quantitation for the analytes of interest using HPLC-FLD equipment. The optimized PLE-HPLC-FLD method was used to quantify the concentrations of B(a)P metabolites in liver samples obtained from a colon cancer animal model. Overall, PLE performed better in terms of extraction efficiency, recovery of B(a)P metabolites and shortened sample preparation time when compared with the classic LLE method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mohammad Tabatabai
- School of Graduate Studies & Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Anthony E Archibong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Kamaleshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Samuel E Adunyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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Tian Y, Liu J, Pan L. The mechanism of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases to mediate apoptosis and immunotoxicity induced by Benzo[a]pyrene on hemocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:64-72. [PMID: 32268177 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzo [a]pyrene (B [a]P) has received widespread attention for serious pollution in the sea, which may reduce immunity and lead to the outbreak of disease in bivalves. However, the mechanism of immunotoxicity induced by B [a]P in bivalves was still unclear. Previous studies have found that Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) including three classic pathways (ERK, p38 and JNK) play an important role in mediating this process. Thus, in order to explore the mechanism of immunotoxicity induced by B [a]P in scallop Chlamys farreri, hemocytes were treated with PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) for 1 h and then incubation with B [a]P for 24 h at 1 μg/mL. Indexes including oxidative damage, apoptotic rate, and immune indicators were detected in the present study. The results showed that the increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and DNA damage induced by B [a]P was inhibited with PD98059 and SB203580. Besides, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) damage was promoted by PD98059, while it was opposite when treated with SB203580. Moreover, the ascended apoptosis rate induced by B [a]P was increased significantly after treatment with PD98059, but it was remarkably attenuated by SB203580 and SP600125. However, the opposite pattern was showed in phagocytosis compared with apoptosis rate in all of three inhibitors. In addition, antibacterial activity and bacteriolytic activity were enhanced by SB203580 while inhibited by PD98059. Therefore, these results showed that MAPKs directly or indirectly mediate the decrease of oxidative damage, apoptosis and immune defense ability of C. farreri hemocytes, which suggesting ERK/p38/JNK pathways have different functions in the apoptosis and immunity of C. farreri hemocytes after B [a]P exposure. In conclusion, this study intended to enrich the theoretical basis for immunotoxicology of bivalves exposed to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
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