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Yang T, Xiao Y, Zhao X, Li D, Ma Z, Li W, Gong T, Zhang T, Huang N, Xi B. Transformation pathways of the carbon-containing group compounds during municipal sludge pyrolysis treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:26-34. [PMID: 38377766 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Municipal sludge contains abundant amounts of carbon, with contents ranging from 14 % to 38 %. The various carbon-containing group compounds can be converted into beneficial products, but pollutants and greenhouse gases are also released through the municipal sludge pyrolysis process. Ascertaining the pathways by which carbon-containing group compounds is converted and transformed is crucial for addressing pollution concerns and promoting recycling. This study explored the transformation pathways of carbon-containing group compounds during the pyrolysis process of municipal sludge. The results showed that the three major carbon-containing group compounds including protein (61 %), cellulose (9 %), and hemicellulose (7 %), had significantly different pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, 400 °C and 300 °C. In terms of gas pollution, most carbon was fully pyrolyzed into CO2. While the temperature raised up to 500 °C, a part of the CO2 converted into CO. Meanwhile, the various carbon-containing compounds exhibited distinct effects on gas production, which CH4 was produced more with cellulose and protein presenting in the sludge. When temperature increased to 700 °C, the 60 % of the carbon-containing group compounds were transformed into liquid and solid. The pyrolysis liquid in the low-temperature stage (30-300 °C) contained a relatively high aliphatics content and lower organooxygen species (OOSs) content (at 200 °C), suggesting a potential for resource utilization. The yield of CO in the gas rapidly increased as the temperature increased in the high-temperature stage (500-700 °C). The insights from this study hold practical implications for enhancing municipal sludge pyrolysis efficiency, reducing pollution, and facilitating more sustainable and resource-efficient practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710000, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Dongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Zhifei Ma
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Tiancheng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Nannan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
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Zarina R, Mezule L. Opportunities for resource recovery from Latvian municipal sewage sludge. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20435. [PMID: 37810806 PMCID: PMC10556758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sewage sludge is a type of waste that has high health and environmental risks associated with its reuse. Moreover, sludge has been neglected in global circular economy targets because it is generated in considerably lower quantities than municipal solid waste. At the same time, European Union's transition towards circular economy has set the need to reduce the amount of waste and to promote the production of secondary raw materials. Many countries have developed national strategies for sludge management to reach their sustainability goals. In Latvia, the current sludge management approaches include land application, composting and anaerobic digestion which all utilize sludge as an organic fertilizer. As an alternative to current management practices, resource recovery is put forward as a solution that is in agreement with EU policy. Carbohydrates (including cellulose), proteins and lipids were selected as candidates for energy and materials recovery from sludge. For the first time, this study demonstrates a comprehensive assessment of Latvian municipal sewage sludge composition and offers the theoretical yields of secondary resources on a yearly basis. Primary, secondary, and anaerobically digested sludge from 13 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Latvia was characterized in this study. The most abundant sludge type - secondary sludge - contained 18.5% proteins, 9.8% lipids and 2.6% cellulose per TS. On a yearly basis, secondary sludge from all Latvian WWTPs could provide 2530 t proteins, corresponding to 750 t protein-based fertilizer. Primary sludge contained 23.9% proteins, 9.1% lipids and 7.1% cellulose per TS. Primary sludge could provide 763 t/a carbohydrates, including 545 t/a cellulose. The currently available secondary and digested sludge would yield 727 t bioethanol, corresponding to 4.0% of the national biofuel consumption. This work applies the concept of resource recovery to the Latvian wastewater sector and shows the potential of simultaneously addressing waste and wastewater management issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Zarina
- Water Research and Environmental Biotechnology laboratory, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A-263, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Mezule
- Water Research and Environmental Biotechnology laboratory, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A-263, Riga, Latvia
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Chen T, Gao B, Gao H, Wang H. Independent parallel pyrolysis kinetics of model components in sewage sludge analyzed by BPM neural network. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:97486-97497. [PMID: 37594705 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing the kinetic behavior of sewage sludge pyrolysis is essential for the design of efficient reactors to produce biofuel and syngas. To understand the complex pyrolysis process of sewage sludge, we pyrolyzed six model components (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, soluble sugars, and lipid) using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The effects of the heating rate on the pyrolysis process were examined at four different heating rates (5, 15, 25, and 50 °C/min). As temperature increased, the derivative thermogravimetric peaks shifted to higher temperature zones. The temperature ranges of the maximum mass loss rate for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, soluble sugars, and lipid were within 326.1-368.0 °C, 288.7-315.5 °C, 375.1-429.4 °C, 291.9-308.0 °C, 251.0-314.1 °C, and 410.8-454.1 °C, respectively. The apparent activation energies of the model components were obtained using non-isothermal kinetic analysis methods (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose). In addition, a back-propagation artificial neural network with a momentum algorithm (BPM) was developed to predict the relationship between the pyrolysis experiment and the activation value. The best BPM model (BPM5) for predicting the cellulose pyrolysis was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Zhongye Changtian International Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bingli Gao
- Planning and Construction Bureau of Xiong'an New Area, Xiong'an, 071700, Hebei, China
| | - Hang Gao
- School of Emergency Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, Jilin, 130018, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Wang X, Liu G, Sun W, Cao Z, Liu H, Xiong Y, Li B, Sun X, Li Y, Xu R, Huang D, Gao P. Removal of toilet paper fibers from residential wastewater: a life cycle assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:84254-84266. [PMID: 37365358 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Toilet paper has been reported as one of the major insoluble pollutant components in the influent of wastewater treatment plants. Toilet paper fibers contribute to a large production of sewage sludge, resulting in a high treatment cost and high energy consumption. To find energy-efficient, cost-effective, and environment-friendly technologies for fiber removal and resource recovery from wastewater, a life-cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to analyze the wastewater treatment processes, including a sieving process for removing and recovering suspended solids before the biodegradation units. Based on the LCA results, it was estimated that the sieve screening process saved 8.57% of energy consumption. The construction phase of sieving consumed 1.31% energy cost compared with the operation phase. Environmental impact analysis showed that sieving reduced the impacts of climate change, human toxicity, fossil depletion, and particulate matter formation, which reduced the total normalized environmental impacts by 9.46%. The life-cycle analysis of the removal of toilet paper fibers from wastewater revealed the need to use more efficient methods to enhance the recovery of cellulose fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Huaqing Liu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yiqun Xiong
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Baoqin Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoxu Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongbin Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Rui Xu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Duanyi Huang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Pin Gao
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agroenvironmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Nguyen Ngo TT, Phan TH, Thong Le TM, Tu Le TN, Huynh Q, Trang Phan TP, Hoang M, Vo TP, Nguyen DQ. Producing bacterial cellulose from industrial recycling paper waste sludge. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17663. [PMID: 37456030 PMCID: PMC10338368 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to produce bacterial cellulose from paper waste sludge (PWS) as a method of utilizing the cellulose source from the remaining pulp in the material. Initially, PWS was hydrolyzed by sulfuric acid to create an enriched-reducing sugar hydrolysate. One-factor experiments were conducted with a fixed amount of PWS (5 g) to investigate the influence of hydrolysis conditions, including water, sulfuric acid addition, temperature, and retention time, on the production yield of reducing sugars. Based on these results, the Box-Behnken model was designed to optimize the hydrolysis reaction. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were 10 ml/g of the sulfuric acid solution (30.9%) at 105.5 °C for 90 min of retention time 0.81 (gGE/g PWS), corresponding to a conversion yield of 40.5%). Subsequently, 100 ml of the filtered and neutralized PWS hydrolysate was used as the culture to produce the bacterial cellulose (BC) using Acetobacter xylinum, which produced 12 g/L of bacterial cellulose. The conversion yield of bacterial cellulose calculated as the ratio of the weight of produced bacterial cellulose to that of cellulose in PWS reached 33.3%. The structure of the obtained BC was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to indicate the formation of nano-cellulose fiber networks. This research proposed a combined method to convert paper waste sludge into bacterial cellulose, demonstrating the potential for waste utilization and sustainable production of paper industries for added-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Tri Nguyen Ngo
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy Han Phan
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tuan Minh Thong Le
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tan Nhan Tu Le
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Quyen Huynh
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Natural Resources and Environment, 236B Le Van Sy, Ward 1, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Phuong Trang Phan
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Manh Hoang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Tan Phat Vo
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Dinh Quan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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Tian D, Huang L, Zhang Z, Tian Z, Ge S, Wang C, Hu Y, Wang Y, Yang J. A novel approach for quantitative determination of cellulose content in tobacco via 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 2023; 526:108790. [PMID: 36933368 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an important component of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cell walls, which can be precursors for many harmful compounds in smoke. Traditional cellulose content analysis methods involve sequential extraction and separation steps, which are time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. In this study, a novel method was first introduced to analyze cellulose content in tobacco via two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. The method was based on derivatization approach to allow the dissolution of insoluble polysaccharide fractions of tobacco cell walls in DMSO‑d6/pyridine-d5 (4:1 v/v) for NMR analysis. The NMR results suggested that besides the main NMR signals of cellulose, partial signals of hemicellulose including mannopyranose, arabinofuranose, and galactopyranose units could also be identified. In addition, the utilization of relaxation reagents has proved to be an effective way to improve the sensitivity of 2D NMR spectroscopy, which was beneficial for quantification of biological samples with limited quantities. To overcome the limitations of quantification using 2D NMR, the calibration curve of cellulose with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as internal reference was constructed and thus the accurate measurement of cellulose in tobacco was achieved. Compared with the chemical method, the interesting method was simple, reliable, and environmentally friendly, which provided a new insight for quantitative determination and structure analysis of plant macromolecules in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Huang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Tian
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolin Ge
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry in Anhui Province, China Tobacco Auhui Industrial Co., Ltd., No.9 Tianda Road, Hefei, 230088, People's Republic of China.
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Escamilla-García M, García-García MC, Gracida J, Hernández-Hernández HM, Granados-Arvizu JÁ, Di Pierro P, Regalado-González C. Properties and Biodegradability of Films Based on Cellulose and Cellulose Nanocrystals from Corn Cob in Mixture with Chitosan. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810560. [PMID: 36142471 PMCID: PMC9503148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in consumer demand for more sustainable packaging materials represents an opportunity for biopolymers utilization as an alternative to reduce the environmental impact of plastics. Cellulose (C) and chitosan (CH) are attractive biopolymers for film production due to their high abundance, biodegradability and low toxicity. The objective of this work was to incorporate cellulose nanocrystals (NC) and C extracted from corn cobs in films added with chitosan and to evaluate their properties and biodegradability. The physicochemical (water vapor barrier, moisture content, water solubility and color) and mechanical properties of the films were evaluated. Component interactions using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface topography by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), biodegradability utilizing a fungal mixture and compostability by burying film discs in compost were also determined. The C-NC-CH compared to C-CH films presented a lower moisture content (17.19 ± 1.11% and 20.07 ± 1.01%; w/w, respectively) and water vapor permeability (g m−1 s−1 Pa−1 × 10−12: 1.05 ± 0.15 and 1.57 ± 0.10; w/w, respectively) associated with the NC addition. Significantly high roughness (Rq = 4.90 ± 0.98 nm) was observed in films added to NC, suggesting a decreased homogeneity. The biodegradability test showed larger fungal growth on C-CH films than on CH films (>60% and <10%, respectively) due to the antifungal properties of CH. C extracted from corn cobs resulted in a good option as an alternative packaging material, while the use of NC improved the luminosity and water barrier properties of C-CH films, promoting strong interactions due to hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Escamilla-García
- Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Mónica Citlali García-García
- Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Jorge Gracida
- Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Hilda María Hernández-Hernández
- CONACYT—Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the Jalisco State, A.C. (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
| | - José Ángel Granados-Arvizu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Próspero Di Pierro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlos Regalado-González
- Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-442-123-8332
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Process Optimization for Acid Hydrolysis and Characterization of Bioethanol from Leftover Injera Waste by Using Response Surface Methodology: Central Composite Design. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:4809589. [PMID: 35432546 PMCID: PMC9007663 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4809589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, leftover injera waste from the southwestern parts of Ethiopia was used as a raw material for bioethanol production. The conversion of this biomass into ethanol involved processing techniques, which include hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. This research focuses on determining optimal parameters that are temperature, acid concentration, and hydrolyzing time in a hydrolysis stage. Using response surface analysis, the suggested model is quadratic and has three independent factors, which had significant effects on the yield of ethanol. In this analysis, the temperature and hydrolyzing time had a positive relationship with the yield of ethanol whereas acid concentration had a negative relation. The optimum yield of ethanol obtained was 79.07%. The yield optimized in g/g was 29.99, which was obtained at a temperature of 109.99°C, at an acid concentration of 1.00%, and hydrolyzing time of 49.59 minutes. For this analysis, the mathematical model equation was developed and the R2 value was 99.9% and its desirability was 0.8867. The property of ethanol was characterized by the many parameters used in different standardization. The density, viscosity, flammability, boiling points, and pH were determined as 0.803 gcm−3, 1.1 cP, 14°C, 80°C, and 6.65, respectively.
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Abstract
The excess biomass of drifting algae and their casting to the Baltic Sea coast imposes a significant environmental burden. The analysis of beach-cast algae showed that the dominant species are macroalgae Ulva sp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Cladophora sp., and Polysiphonia fucoides. The biomass of Furcellaria and Polysiphonia algae, containing 25.6% and 19.98% sugars, respectively, has the greatest resource potential in terms of obtaining carbohydrates. Fucose, glucose, and galactose were found to be the most common carbohydrates. The lipid content did not exceed 4.3% (2.3–4.3%), while the fatty acid composition was represented by saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, methyloleic, behenic, etc.). The highest content of crude protein was found in samples of macroalgae of the genus Polysiphonia and amounted to 28.2%. A study of the elemental composition of drifting algae revealed that they have a high carbon content (31.3–37.5%) and a low hydrogen (4.96–5.82%), and sulfur (1.75–3.00%) content. Red algal biomass has the most resource potential in terms of biofuel generation, as it has a high number of lipids and proteins that can produce melanoidins during hydrothermal liquefaction, enhancing the fuel yield. The study noted the feasibility of using the biomass of the studied algae taxa to produce polysaccharides and biofuels. The analyses of antioxidant properties, fat content, and fat composition do not provide convincing evidence of the viability of using the aforementioned macroalgae for their production.
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Identification and Apportionment of Potential Pollution Sources Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and APCS-MLR Model to Assess Surface Water Quality in Imjin River Watershed, South Korea. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reliable water quality monitoring data, identifying potential pollution sources, and quantifying the corresponding potential pollution source apportionment are essential for future water resource management and pollution control. Here, we collected water quality data from seven monitoring sites to identify spatiotemporal changes in surface water in the Imjin River Watershed (IRW), South Korea, distinguish potential pollution sources, and quantify the source apportionment from 2018–2020. An analysis was performed based on multivariate statistical techniques (MST) and the absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model. Statistically significant groups were created based on spatiotemporally similar physicochemical water quality characteristics and anthropogenic activities: low-pollution (LP) and high-pollution (HP) regions, and dry season (DS) and wet season (WS). There were statistically significant mean differences in water quality parameters between spatial clusters, rather than between temporal clusters. We identified four and three potential factors that could explain 80.75% and 71.99% in the LP and HP regions, respectively. Identification and quantitative evaluation of potential pollution sources using MST and the APCS-MLR model for the IRW may be useful for policymakers to improve the water quality of target watersheds and establish future management policies.
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11
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Kim M, Elbahrawi M, Aryaei A, Nakhla G, Santoro D, Batstone DJ. Kinetics of aerobic cellulose degradation in raw municipal wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149852. [PMID: 34461471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose contributes approximately one third of the influent suspended solids to wastewater treatment plants and is a key target for resource recovery. This study investigated the temperature impact on biological aerobic degradation of cellulose in laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR) at four different temperatures (10-33 °C) and two different solids retention times (SRT) of 15 days and 3 days. The degradation efficiency of cellulose was observed to increase with temperature and was slightly dependent on SRT (80%-90% at an SRT of 15 days, and 78%-85% at an SRT of 3 days). Hydrolysis followed 1st order kinetics, rather than the biomass dependent Contois kinetics (default in the activated sludge models), with a hydrolysis coefficient at 20 °C of 1.14 ± 0.01 day-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingu Kim
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Moustafa Elbahrawi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Azardokht Aryaei
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - George Nakhla
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Damien J Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Wu J, Yan S, Wang C, Lay CH, Wang X, Wang X, Huo M. Fabrication of ordered mesoporous POMs/SiO 2-NH 2 nanofibers for production of DFF from 5-HMF for cellulose wastewater resource recovery. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130316. [PMID: 33774240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a biomass cellulose platform product that can be transformed into the valuable resource 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). Polyoxometalates (POMs) have important applications in resource recovery technologies and cellulose wastewater treatment. Ordered mesoporous H5PMo10V2O40/SiO2-NH2 (wt%) nanofibers (HPMoV/meso-SiO2-NH2 (wt%)) were synthesized by the combining in-situ fabrication and electrospinning techniques, using H5PMo10V2O40 (HPMoV) and organic-silica as precursors. Aiming the recovery and transformation of 5-HMF, aerobic oxidation of 5-HMF was explored using these nanofibers as catalysts, while the best yield of DFF (90.0%) was obtained upon HPMoV/meso-SiO2-NH2 (23%) nanofibers after 8 h at 120 °C using oxygen (1.0 MPa). The selectivity to DFF was improved by changing the hydrophilicity of the HPMoV@SiO2 nanofibers to hydrophobicity by modifying SiO2 nanofibers with -NH2R compared to mesoporous SiO2 nanofibers, which allowed the formed DFF to be isolated. In the recycling test, HPMoV@SiO2-NH2 showed good performance, and no leaching of active sites from SiO2-NH2 due to the interactions between them occurred after 10 cycles. The production of DFF from the real cellulosic wastewater was obtained with 118% yield based on 5-HMF conversion by HPMoV/meso-SiO2-NH2 (23) and oxygen, which was contributed to the one-pot conversion of sugar, furan and 5-HMF in the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Wu
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Siqi Yan
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Chi Wang
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Chyi-How Lay
- General Education Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Xianze Wang
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Mingxin Huo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
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Zhuang H, Lee PH, Wu Z, Jing H, Guan J, Tang X, Tan GYA, Leu SY. Genomic driven factors enhance biocatalyst-related cellulolysis potential in anaerobic digestion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125148. [PMID: 33878497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising technology to recover bioenergy from biodegradable biomass, including cellulosic wastes. Through a few fractionation/separation techniques, cellulose has demonstrated its potential in AD, but the performance of the process is rather substrate-specific, as cellulolysis bacteria are sensitive to the enzyme-substrate interactions. Cellulosome is a self-assembled enzyme complex with many functionalized modules in the bacteria which has been gradually studied, however the genomic fingerprints of the culture-specific cellulosome in AD are relatively unclear especially under processing conditions. To clarify the key factors affecting the cellulosome induced cellulolysis, this review summarized the most recent publications of AD regarding the fates of cellulose, sources and functional genes of cellulosome, and omics methods for functional analyses. Different processes for organic treatment including applying food grinds in sewer, biomass valorization, cellulose fractionation, microaeration, and enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced fermentation, were highlighted to support the sustainable development of AD technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichuan Zhuang
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Po-Heng Lee
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Zhuoying Wu
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Houde Jing
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jianyu Guan
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaojing Tang
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Giin-Yu Amy Tan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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14
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Hashimoto K, Kubota N, Marushima T, Ohno M, Nakai S, Motoshige H, Nishijima W. A quantitative analysis method to determine the amount of cellulose fibre in waste sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1225-1235. [PMID: 31475875 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1662097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel quantitative analysis method for cellulose fibre was developed to understand its behaviour in biological wastewater treatment and waste sludge processes. The method developed in this study was designed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa to remove it by dissolving all the organic components except cellulose from the sludge due to needing the solubilisation of bacteria occupied almost of sludge matrix and quantifying the amount of remaining cellulose. The results of this study indicated that a combined treatment process that employed 2,000 U/L protease, 2 M hydrogen peroxide, and 2 mM potassium hydroxide after pre-treatment for floc dispersion with an ultrasonic treatment at 26 W for 1 min resulted in a solubilisation of 96% of P. aeruginosa without losing the cellulose fibre. When it was applied to the cellulose fibre added in the sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment facility, 99.5% of the cellulose fibre was recovered by using the high-speed centrifuge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurumi Hashimoto
- Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Narumi Kubota
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toru Marushima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohno
- Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Nishijima
- Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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Ahmed AS, Khalil A, Ito Y, van Loosdrecht MCM, Santoro D, Rosso D, Nakhla G. Dynamic impact of cellulose and readily biodegradable substrate on oxygen transfer efficiency in sequencing batch reactors. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116724. [PMID: 33310442 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aeration is a major contributor to the high energy demand in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Thus, it is important to understand the dynamic impact of wastewater characteristics on oxygen transfer efficiency to develop suitable control strategies for minimizing energy consumption since aeration efficiency is influenced by the biodegradation of pollutants in the influent. The real-time impact of acetate as a readily biodegradable substrate and cellulose as a slowly biodegradable substrate were studied at different operational conditions. Cellulose in the influent wastewater can be removed efficiently using primary treatment technologies, such as the rotating belt filter (RBF). At an ambient DO of 2 mg l-1 and air flow of 1.02 m3h-1 (0.6 SCFM), the α-factor was more sensitive to readily biodegradable substrates than to cellulose. On average, α-factor decreased by 48% and 19% due to the addition of acetate and cellulose, respectively. At a DO of 4 mg l-1 and air flow of 1.7 m3h-1 (1 SCFM), α-factor remained constant irrespective of cellulose and acetate concentrations. Without active biomass, α-factor decreased by 47% and 43% at a DO of 2 mg l-1 (air flow of 1.02 m3h-1) and high DO of 5 mg l-1 (air flow of 1.7 m3h-1), respectively. An inverse correlation between α-factor and sCOD was defined and incorporated into a dynamic model to estimate the real-time airflow rates associated with the improvement of the oxygen transfer efficiency due to biodegradation. Finally, the RBF operated with a 158-μm mesh selectively removed cellulose, thus reducing air requirements, and energy by 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shawki Ahmed
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Yuichi Ito
- HORIBA Advanced Techno,Co. Ltd., Kyoto 601-8551 Japan
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Dept. Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Diego Rosso
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175 USA; Water-Energy Nexus Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175 USA
| | - George Nakhla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9 Canada; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9 Canada.
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16
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Bahreini G, Elbeshbishy E, Jimenez J, Santoro D, Nakhla G. Integrated fermentation and anaerobic digestion of primary sludges for simultaneous resource and energy recovery: Impact of volatile fatty acids recovery. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:341-349. [PMID: 32927387 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research assessed the impact of volatile fatty acids (VFA) recovery and biomethane potential in an integrated fermentation-digestion process with a single stage digestion of primary and rotating belt filtration (RBF) sludges. Implementing semi-continuous fermentation at 1, 2, and 4 days solids retention time (SRT) showed a direct impact on the hydrolysis and VFA recovery which increased as SRT increased, while also improving the dewaterability by reducing the concentrated sludge volume index of the processed sludge. pH-controlled fermentation was effective improving the VFA yields by up to 93% and 72% at pH 9 (relative to no pH control), for RBF and primary sludges, respectively; although fermentation at pH 6 (optimum) showed promise for enhancing VFAs while lowering the required chemicals significantly. Although cellulose constituted only 21.0% and 29.5% of the TSS in primary and RBF sludges, it contributed 38-41% of the methane production for the two sludges, respectively. Experimental results of integrated fermentation-digestion and single stage digestion processes were incorporated in techno-economic analysis. Results confirmed the economic viability of fermentation with payback periods of 2.7 ± 1.1 years (RBF), and 3.6 ± 2.7 years (PS), while also revealed that VFA recovery could save up to 7.2 ± 2.0% (RBF), and 7.6 ± 2.7% (PS) of the respective total sludge handling and disposal costs, despite an average of 12.7% and 8.4% decrease in biogas production due to VFA extraction in the integrated systems of RBF and primary sludges, respectively. Overall, the integrated fermentation-digestion system economically outperformed the single stage digestion for both sludge types under all studied scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Bahreini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Elsayed Elbeshbishy
- Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | | | | | - George Nakhla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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17
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Bahreini G, Nazari L, Ho D, Flannery CC, Elbeshbishy E, Santoro D, Nakhla G. Enzymatic pre-treatment for enhancement of primary sludge fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 305:123071. [PMID: 32114298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research showed the interrelated impact of cellulase enzyme, temperature, and SRT on enhancement of primary and rotating belt filter (PS, RBF) sludges fermentation. SRTs of 1, 2, and 4-days were tested at 25 °C and 35 °C. Enzymatic enhancement was examined using three different doses of enzyme (i.e. 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of the total solids in the feed). The results showed a positive impact of enzyme dose as well as temperature and SRT on VFA and soluble COD production. For the RBF sludge, enzyme addition enhanced the VFA yield of fermentation at room temperature (25 °C) from 52-103 mgCOD/g VS to 93-188 mgCOD/g VS, as compared with increase from 78-192 to 87-202 mgCOD/gVS in PS. Intensification of the fermentation process, particularly for the cellulose-rich RBF sludge, by enzyme addition confirms process viability as an alternative to the extraneous carbon sources for biological nutrient removal in wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Bahreini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Laleh Nazari
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Dang Ho
- Suez Water Technologies and Solutions, Oakville, ON, L6M 4B2, Canada
| | | | - Elsayed Elbeshbishy
- Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Trojan Technologies, London, ON, N5V 4T7, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - George Nakhla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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18
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Angell IL, Bergaust L, Hanssen JF, Aasen EM, Rudi K. Ecological Processes Affecting Long-Term Eukaryote and Prokaryote Biofilm Persistence in Nitrogen Removal from Sewage. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040449. [PMID: 32326022 PMCID: PMC7230490 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors affecting long-term biofilm stability in sewage treatment remain largely unexplored. We therefore analyzed moving bed bioreactors (MBBRs) biofilm composition and function two years apart from four reactors in a nitrogen-removal sewage treatment plant. Multivariate ANOVA revealed a similar prokaryote microbiota composition on biofilm carriers from the same reactors, where reactor explained 84.6% of the variance, and year only explained 1.5%. Eukaryotes showed a less similar composition with reactor explaining 56.8% of the variance and year 9.4%. Downstream effects were also more pronounced for eukaryotes than prokaryotes. For prokaryotes, carbon source emerged as a potential factor for deterministic assembly. In the two reactors with methanol as a carbon source, the bacterial genus Methylotenera dominated, with M. versatilis as the most abundant species. M. versatilis showed large lineage diversity. The lineages mainly differed with respect to potential terminal electron acceptor usage (nitrogen oxides and oxygen). Searches in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database indicate a global distribution of the M. versatilis strains, with methane-containing sediments as the main habitat. Taken together, our results support long-term prokaryote biofilm persistence, while eukaryotes were less persistent.
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19
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Ahmed AS, Bahreini G, Ho D, Sridhar G, Gupta M, Wessels C, Marcelis P, Elbeshbishy E, Rosso D, Santoro D, Nakhla G. Fate of cellulose in primary and secondary treatment at municipal water resource recovery facilities. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1479-1489. [PMID: 31099937 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose from toilet paper is a significant fraction of particulate organics, which is recoverable. For the first time, comprehensive mapping and tracking the fate of cellulose across various unit processes at full-scale in two water resource recovery facilities located in North America and Europe was undertaken. The influent cellulose content accounted for approximately one-third of the total suspended solids (TSS). Although about 80% of the raw wastewater cellulose was removed in primary treatment, the type of primary treatment process (rotating belt filter [RBF] vs. primary clarification [PC]) had a significant impact on cellulose capture and diversion. The high cellulose content of the RBF sludge accounting for 35% of the TSS facilitates cellulose recovery. For the North American plant, with a conventional activated sludge process (SRT of 6-7 days, preceded by PC), cellulose biodegradation efficiencies of 70%-90% of the PC effluent were observed in summer and winter. For the European plant, with a modified University of Cape Town process (SRT of 14 days, without primary treatment in train 2, or preceded by RBF in train 1), comparable cellulose biodegradation efficiencies were also observed. Results from laboratory SBRs indicated that cellulose biodegradation efficiency at room temperature was 86% of the influent cellulose. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Cellulose fate was tracked across two different WWTPs in two different geographies. Cellulose in the influent wastewater accounted for 1/3 of the total suspended solids. Primary treatments were able to capture more than 80% of the influent cellulose. Cellulose was biodegraded in secondary treatment, resulting an effluent of 2-3 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shawki Ahmed
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gholamreza Bahreini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dang Ho
- Suez Water Technologies and Solutions, Oakville, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ganesh Sridhar
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Medhavi Gupta
- Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Diego Rosso
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
- Water-Energy Nexus Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Trojan Technologies, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Nakhla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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