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Mondaca P, Valenzuela P, Quiroz W, Valdenegro M, Abades S, Celis-Diez JL. Environmental conditions and plant physiology modulate Cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114179. [PMID: 36244170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Foliar Cu concentration has been widely used as a biomarker of plant growth in phytotoxicity bioassays. This relation has helped find plant processes altered by Cu in dose-response experiments (a bivariate approach). However, when plants are grown in field conditions, their responses can vary in function of multiple variables, such as the environment, plant physiology, and other elements in plant (plant ionome). These sources of variability are commonly unreported, which could limit bioassays' utility. Thus, the present study aimed to assess and integrate the mentioned sources of variability on Cu phytotoxicity. Lettuce was used as plant model. Lettuces were grown in growth chambers with contrasting light and air humidity conditions and on two different field-contaminated soils (sandy and loamy soils). Results showed that environmental conditions significantly affected foliar Cu and plant growth, but this effect differed in the two studied soils. Foliar Cu was not a good biomarker of plant growth. In contrast, integrating the potential phytotoxicity effect with the plant's nutritional status allowed a better understanding of plant growth. We remarked on using a structural equation modeling approach (SEM) to integrate plant physiology and plant ionome as moderators of plant growth. Results showed that plant growth was primarily related to plant nutritional status rather than Cu phytotoxicity. Also, the foliar Cu concentration would affect plant nutritional status due to photosynthesis-related plant processes and cation balance. Finally, this research invites to state and include sources of variability when assessing phytotoxicity. This way, it is possible to advance toward understanding complex linked processes occurring in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mondaca
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Valenzuela
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Waldo Quiroz
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Monika Valdenegro
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sebastián Abades
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan L Celis-Diez
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Chile.
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Martínez-Sánchez MJ, Pérez-Sirvent C, Martínez-Lopez S, García-Lorenzo ML, Agudo I, Martínez-Martínez LB, Hernández-Pérez C, Bech J. Uptake of potentially toxic elements by edible plants in experimental mining Technosols: preliminary assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1649-1665. [PMID: 34676509 PMCID: PMC9033688 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out to evaluate the absorption of potentially toxic elements from mining Technosols by three types of vegetable plants (broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and onion (Allium cepa)), the different parts of which are intended for human and farm animal consumption (leaves, roots, edible parts). The preliminary results obtained highlight the importance of the design of the mining Technosols used for agricultural purposes, obtained from soils and sediments of mining origin and amended with residues of high calcium carbonate concentrations (limestone filler and construction and demolition wastes). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, and the total metal(loid)s concentration (As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) of the soil, rhizosphere, aqueous leachates and plant samples was monitored, the translocation and bioconcentration factors (TF and BCF, respectively) being calculated. The characterization of the soils included a mobilization study in media simulating different environmental conditions that can affect these soils and predicting the differences in behavior of each Technosol. The results obtained showed that the levels of potentially toxic elements present in the cultivated species are within the range of values mentioned in the literature when they were cultivated in soils with calcareous amendments. However, when the plants were grown in contaminated soils, the potentially toxic elements levels varied greatly according to the species, being higher in onions than in lettuce. Experiments with the use of lime filler or construction and demolition wastes for soil remediation result in crops that, in principle, do not present health risks and are similar in development to those grown on non-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Sirvent
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Salvadora Martínez-Lopez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mari Luz García-Lorenzo
- Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology, Moncloa Campus of International Excellence, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Agudo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucia Belen Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Hernández-Pérez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jaume Bech
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Galagarza OA, Ramirez-Hernandez A, Oliver HF, Álvarez Rodríguez MV, Valdez Ortiz MDC, Pachari Vera E, Cereceda Y, Diaz-Valencia YK, Deering AJ. Occurrence of Chemical Contaminants in Peruvian Produce: A Food-Safety Perspective. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071461. [PMID: 34202592 PMCID: PMC8307517 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of chemical contaminants in agricultural products is a continued food-safety challenge in Peru. This country has robust agriculture potential, but its output of fruits and vegetables is severely impacted by massive mining activities, as well as poor farming practices, including the use of polluted irrigation water, misuse of pesticides, and inadequate postharvest conditions. This review examines the current scientific knowledge on the levels of pesticide residues, heavy metals, and mycotoxins on crops produced in Peru. The available data shows that several crop varieties are contaminated with these classes of chemical contaminants, and at levels that exceed the national and international permissible limits. The abundance of chemical contaminants in produce indicates a relevant food-safety issue, which increases the risks of chronic human diseases, like cancer—a leading cause of death in Peru. Finally, this review presents recommendations to address these contamination problems in produce grown in the Andean country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Galagarza
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.R.-H.); (H.F.O.); (A.J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-824-2607
| | - Alejandra Ramirez-Hernandez
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.R.-H.); (H.F.O.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Haley F. Oliver
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.R.-H.); (H.F.O.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Mariel V. Álvarez Rodríguez
- Academic Department of Process Engineering, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (M.V.Á.R.); (E.P.V.); (Y.K.D.-V.)
| | | | - Erika Pachari Vera
- Academic Department of Process Engineering, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (M.V.Á.R.); (E.P.V.); (Y.K.D.-V.)
| | - Yakelin Cereceda
- Department of Sociology, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa 04001, Peru;
| | - Yemina K. Diaz-Valencia
- Academic Department of Process Engineering, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (M.V.Á.R.); (E.P.V.); (Y.K.D.-V.)
| | - Amanda J. Deering
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.R.-H.); (H.F.O.); (A.J.D.)
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Abstract
Modern sweet corn is distinguished from other vegetable corns by the presence of one or more recessive alleles within the maize endosperm starch synthesis pathway. This results in reduced starch content and increased sugar concentration when consumed fresh. Fresh sweet corn originated in the USA and has since been introduced in countries around the World with increasing popularity as a favored vegetable choice. Several reviews have been published recently on endosperm genetics, breeding, and physiology that focus on the basic biology and uses in the US. However, new questions concerning sustainability, environmental care, and climate change, along with the introduction of sweet corn in other countries have produced a variety of new uses and research activities. This review is a summary of the sweet corn research published during the five years preceding 2021.
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Romero-Estévez D, Yánez-Jácome GS, Simbaña-Farinango K, Vélez-Terreros PY, Navarrete H. Determination of cadmium and lead in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) consumed in Quito, Ecuador. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:893-899. [PMID: 32742937 PMCID: PMC7388161 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium content was lower than 0.100 mg/kg (tomato) and 0.200 mg/kg (lettuce). Lead content above or close to 0.100 mg/kg was found in 25 % of tomato samples. Organic products had similar lead and cadmium content as nonorganic ones.
Vegetables are one of the most important components in the human diet, but despite their multiple nutritional components, studies have demonstrated the presence of trace metals in their edible parts. In Ecuador, two of the most consumed crops are tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The importance of these two crops in the Ecuadorian diet, especially in large and touristic locations like the Metropolitan District of Quito, implies food safety-related concerns for locals and visitors. However, no previous studies have quantified the cadmium and lead levels in these two vegetables using samples from Quito markets. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the cadmium and lead content in both tomato and lettuce products from main nonorganic and organic markets in Quito using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the cadmium levels were lower than 0.058 in tomatoes and 0.034 mg/kg in lettuce, which are under the respective threshold values (0.100 and 0.200 mg/kg). Regarding lead, levels lower than 0.066 mg/kg were detected in lettuce, which did not exceed the CXS 193–1995 threshold value, while levels in tomatoes were near or exceeded the threshold value (0.100 mg/kg) from four markets (0.209, 0.162, 0.110, 0.099 mg/kg), suggesting a possible risk from tomato consumption. In addition, most vegetables marketed as organic had higher metal content than those coming from nonorganic markets. Based on these results, local health and commercial control authorities should monitor contaminants in food products sold in Quito and other places in Ecuador to ensure their safety.
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Key Words
- AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists
- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
- CXS, General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed Codex
- DMQ, Metropolitan District of Quito
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization
- Fairs
- HQ, hazard quotients
- INEN, Ecuadorian Standardization Service
- Markets
- NTE, Ecuadorian Technical Standard
- Nonorganic crops
- Organic crops
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- TM, trace metal
- Trace metals
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- David Romero-Estévez
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química CESAQ-PUCE, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela S Yánez-Jácome
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química CESAQ-PUCE, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
| | - Karina Simbaña-Farinango
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química CESAQ-PUCE, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
| | - Pamela Y Vélez-Terreros
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química CESAQ-PUCE, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
| | - Hugo Navarrete
- Herbario QCA, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito. Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
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