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Liu X, He X, Zhang C, Song Y, Xie S, Liu C, Liu P, Zhang Y, Mu Y, Liu J. Characteristics and sources of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the rural North China Plain: Results from 1-year continuous observations. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:719-731. [PMID: 38135434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important photochemical pollutant in the troposphere, whereas long-term measurements are scarce in rural areas in North China Plain (NCP), resulting in unclear seasonal variations and sources of PAN in rural NCP. In this study, we conducted a 1-year observation of PAN during 2021-2022 at the rural NCP site. The average concentrations of PAN were 1.10, 0.75, 0.65, and 0.88 ppbv in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, with a 1-year average of 0.81 ± 0.60 ppbv. Calculations indicate that the loss of PAN through thermal decomposition in summer accounts for 43.2% of the total formed PAN, which is an important reason for the low concentration of PAN in summer. We speculate that since the correlation between PAN and O3 in winter is significantly lower than that in other seasons, the observed regional transport of PAN cannot be ignored in winter. Through budget analysis, regional transport accounted for 12.8% and 55.9% of the observed PAN on the spring and winter pollution days, respectively, which showed that regional transport played key roles during the photochemical pollution of the rural NCP in winter. The potential source contribution function revealed that the transported PAN mainly comes from southern Hebei in spring. In winter, the transported PAN was mainly from Langfang, Hengshui, and southern Beijing. Our findings may aid in understanding PAN variations in different seasons in rural areas and highlight the impact of regional transport on the PAN budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Song
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyang Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Qiao X, Sun M, Wang Y, Zhang D, Zhang R, Zhao B, Zhang J. Strong relations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation to alkene and nitrous acid during various episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121465. [PMID: 36958651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is one of the critical secondary pollutants in photochemical smog. This study investigated the relationship between PAN and PAN precursors with the Regional Atmospheric Chemical Mechanism version 2 model in six episodes recorded in Zhengzhou. In all episodes, peroxyacetyl radical (PA) was primarily produced by acetaldehyde oxidation, with more than 70% contributions. In photochemical episodes and photochemical-haze co-occurring episodes (combined episodes), methylglyoxal secondarily contributes 8.1%-10.6% to PA while in haze pollution, the propagation of other radicals to PA is the second most important source (12.0%-19.1%). Among anthropogenic non-methane hydrocarbons, alkene restricted PAN formation as first-generation precursors, with the relative incremental reactivity of PAN (RIRPAN) more than 0.6 during three-type episodes. Nitrous acid (HONO) also played important role in PAN formation. Especially during photochemical episodes, RIRPAN(HONO) reached 0.79, which was comparable to the RIRPAN value of alkene. Through sensitivity analysis of the relative formation of PAN to O3 (the amount of PAN generated when 100 ppb O3 formed), HONO was identified as the key precursor of PAN in haze pollution by promoting the oxidation of NMHC, while alkene predominated the relative formation of PAN to O3 in photochemical and combined pollution through producing acetaldehyde. The sensitivity of PAN to HONO is obviously enhanced with higher NOx/VOC ratios during photochemical and combined pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing, 100161, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School for Environment and Sustainability and Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Sun M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Qiao X, Wang J, Zhang J. Heterogeneous Reaction of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate on Real-World PM 2.5 Aerosols: Kinetics, Influencing Factors, and Atmospheric Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9325-9334. [PMID: 35704858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation and decomposition of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), an important atmospheric nitrogen oxide reservoir, can impact the level and cycling of free radicals and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere. PAN sinks are poorly understood, highlighting the importance of elucidating the heterogeneous reaction of PAN on aerosol surfaces. Here, we report for the first time the uptake behavior, kinetics, and potential mechanism of PAN uptake on real-world aerosol PM2.5 using a flow tube system. The uptake coefficients (γ) of PAN increased non-linearly from (1.5 ± 0.7) × 10-5 at 0% relative humidity (RH) to (9.3 ± 2.0) × 10-5 at 80% RH. The γ decrease with increasing initial PAN concentration is consistent with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Organic components of aerosols may promote heterogeneous loss of PAN through redox reactions. Higher γ occurs with higher water content, lower pH, and lower ionic strength in the aqueous phase of aerosols. The present study suggests that heterogeneous reaction of PAN on ambient aerosols plays a non-negligible role in the atmospheric PAN budget and provides new insights into the role of PAN in promoting atmospheric oxidation capacity during hazy periods with cold and wet weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Li Z, Xie G, Chen H, Zhan B, Wang L, Mu Y, Mellouki A, Chen J. Characterization of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) under different PM 2.5 concentration in wintertime at a North China rural site. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:221-232. [PMID: 35459488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a secondary pollutant of photochemical pollution, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has attracted a close attention. A four-month campaign was conducted at a rural site in North China Plain (NCP) including the measurement of PAN, O3, NOx, PM2.5, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), photolysis rate constants of NO2 and O3 and meteorological parameters to investigate the wintertime characterization of photochemistry from November 2018 to February 2019. The results showed that the maximum and mean values of PAN were 4.38 and 0.93 ± 0.67 ppbv during the campaign, respectively. The PAN under different PM2.5 concentrations from below 75 μg/m3 up to 250 μg/m3, showed different diurnal variation and formation rate. In the PM2.5 concentration range of above 250 μg/m3, PAN had the largest daily mean value of 0.64 ppbv and the fastest production rate of 0.33 ppbv/hr. From the perspective of PAN's production mechanism, the light intensity and precursors concentrations under different PM2.5 pollution levels indicated that there were sufficient light intensity and high volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx precursors concentration even under severe pollution level to generate a large amount of PAN. Moreover, the bimodal staggering phenomenon of PAN and PM2.5 provided a basis that PAN might aggravate haze through secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan Tyndall Center, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guangzhao Xie
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan Tyndall Center, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan Tyndall Center, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bixin Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan Tyndall Center, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan Tyndall Center, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan Tyndall Center, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Sun M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zheng X, Cui J, Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang R. Seasonal discrepancies in peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and its correlation with ozone and PM 2.5: Effects of regional transport from circumjacent industrial cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147303. [PMID: 33933769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is the most important reservoir of nitrogen oxides, with effects on atmospheric oxidation capacity and regional nitrogen distribution. The first yearlong observational study of PAN was conducted from September 2018 to August 2019 at a suburban site and an urban site in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, central China. Compared with studies over the past two decades, summer PAN pollution at the suburban site and winter PAN pollution at both sites were more significant, with annual average concentrations of 1.96 ± 1.44 and 2.01 ± 1.59 ppbv, respectively. Seasonal PAN discrepancies between the urban and suburban areas were analyzed in detail. Active PAN formation, regional transport, photochemical precursors, and PAN lifetime played key roles during seasons with elevated PAN (winter and spring). According to the results of cluster analysis and potential source contribution function analysis, during the cold months, short-distance air mass transport from the east, south, and southeast of Henan Province and southern Hebei Province increased PAN pollution in urban Zhengzhou. PAN source areas were located in circumjacent industrial cities surrounding Zhengzhou except in the northeastern direction. Based on the relationships between pollutant concentrations, wind speed, and wind direction, a strong positive correlation between PAN and PM2.5 (and O3) existed in winter due to their joint transport. A slow-moving, low-height air mass passed through surrounding industrial cities before reaching the study area, carrying both pollutants and leading to strong consistency between PAN and O3 levels. The long-term PAN characteristics described in this study will help clarify the causes of regional air pollution in inland city agglomerations. Moreover, the PAN correlations and joint transport of PAN and PM2.5 (or O3) support the use of PAN as an indicator of air pollution introduced from surrounding industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaochen Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jia'nan Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Zhang G, Jing S, Xu W, Gao Y, Yan C, Liang L, Huang C, Wang H. Simultaneous observation of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate and ozone in the megacity of Shanghai, China: Regional transport and thermal decomposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116570. [PMID: 33529905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone (O3) are two typical indicators for photochemical pollution that have adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health. Observation networks for these pollutants have been expanding in developed regions of China, such as North China Plain (NCP) and Pearl River Delta (PRD), but are sparse in Yangtze River Delta (YRD), meaning their concentration and influencing factors remain poorly understood. Here, we performed a one-year measurement of atmospheric PAN, O3, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and meteorological parameters from December 2016 to November 2017 in Shanghai. Overall, high hourly maximum PAN and O3 were found to be 7.0 and 185 ppbv in summer, 6.2 and 146 ppbv in autumn, 5.8 and 137 ppbv in spring, and 6.0 and 76.7 ppbv in winter, respectively. Continental air masses probably carried atmospheric pollutants to the sampling site, while frequent maritime winds brought in less polluted air masses. Furthermore, positive correlations (R: 0.72-0.85) between PAN and O3 were found in summer, indicating a predominant role of photochemistry in their formation. Unlike in summer, weak or no correlations between PAN and O3 were featured during the other seasons, especially in winter, due to their different loss pathways. Unexpectedly, positive correlations between PAN and PM2.5 were found in all seasons. During summer, moderate correlation could be attributed to the strong photochemistry acting as a common driver in the formation of secondary aerosols and PAN. During winter, high PM2.5 might promote PAN production through HONO production, hence resulting in a good positive correlation. Additionally, the loss of PAN by thermal decomposition (TPAN) only accounted for a small fraction (ca. 1%) of the total (PAN + TPAN) during a typical winter episode, while it significantly reached 14.4 ppbv (71.1% of the total) in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Xu W, Zhang G, Wang Y, Tong S, Zhang W, Ma Z, Lin W, Kuang Y, Yin L, Xu X. Aerosol Promotes Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation During Winter in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3568-3581. [PMID: 33656863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important indicator for photochemical pollution, formed similar to ozone in the photochemistry of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of nitrogen oxides, and has displayed surprisingly high concentrations during wintertime that were better correlated to particulate rather than ozone concentrations, for which the reasons remained unknown. In this study, wintertime observations of PAN, VOCs, PM2.5, HONO, and various trace gases were investigated to find the relationship between aerosols and wintertime PAN formation. Wintertime photochemical pollution was affirmed by the high PAN concentrations (average: 1.2 ± 1.1 ppb, maximum: 7.1 ppb), despite low ozone concentrations. PAN concentrations were determined by its oxygenated VOC (OVOC) precursor concentrations and the NO/NO2 ratios and can be well parameterized based on the understanding of their chemical relationship. Data analysis and box modeling results suggest that PAN formation was mostly contributed by VOC aging processes involving OH oxidation or photolysis rather than ozonolysis pathways. Heterogeneous reactions on aerosols have supplied key photochemical oxidants such as HONO, which produced OH radicals upon photolysis, promoting OVOC formation and thereby enhancing PAN production, explaining the observed PM2.5-OVOC-PAN intercorrelation. In turn, parts of these OVOCs might participate in the formation of secondary organic aerosol, further aggravating haze pollution as a feedback. Low wintertime temperatures enable the long-range transport of PAN to downwind regions, and how that will impact their oxidation capacity and photochemical pollution requires further assessment in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Zhang G, Xia L, Zang K, Xu W, Zhang F, Liang L, Yao B, Lin W, Mu Y. The abundance and inter-relationship of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN), O 3, and NO y during the wintertime in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137388. [PMID: 32105937 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and O3 have been extensively measured in Beijing during the summertime, the abundances of PAN, peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) and the total odd-reactive nitrogen budget (NOy) and their inter-relationship have been studied comparatively less in the winter. Here we measured atmospheric PAN, PPN, O3, NOx, and NOy in Beijing from Nov. 2012 to Jan. 2013. Compared with our previous results in the summertime, much lower levels were observed in the winter, with the mean and maximum values of 311.8 and 1465 pptv for PAN, 52.8 and 850.6 pptv for PPN, and 11.6 and 36.7 ppbv for O3. In contrast, high levels were found as 94.2 and 374.9 ppbv for NOy, with a major constituent of NOx (75.9%). The source to the west and northwest made the significant contribution to the relatively high O3 concentrations during nighttime. PAN concentrations were highly related with the PAN-rich air mass transported from the southeast during the nighttime, whereas predominated by local photochemical production during the daylight. The distributions of NOx and NOy were dominated by local emission and photochemical production during daylight but also influenced by air masses transported from south direction during nighttime. Significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.9, p < 0.0001) between PAN and PPN with a slope (∆PPN/∆PAN) of 0.17 indicated that anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing, and the independent relationship between the PPN/PAN ratio and PAN (>500 pptv) implied a steady state between PAN and PPN achieving rapidly in the polluted air masses. Negative correlation and slopes between PAN and O3 likely resulted from their weak photochemical productions in the winter, coupled with the large NO sources which acted as a local sink for O3, but much less so for PAN due to its enhanced thermal stability under low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lingjun Xia
- Jiangxi Ecological Meteorology Center, Nanchang 330096, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kunpeng Zang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Meteorological Observation Centre (MOC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weili Lin
- Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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