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Chen R, Hu M, Cheng N, Shi R, Ma T, Wang W, Huang W. Prediction of the bioaccessibility and accumulation of cadmium in the soil-rice-human system based on optimized DGT and BCR coupled models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116509. [PMID: 38833979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium, as a typical heavy metal, has the potential to induce soil pollution and threaten human health through the soil-plant-human pathway. The conventional evaluation method based on the total content in soil cannot accurately represent the content migrated from the food chain to plants and the human body. Previous studies focused on the process of plant enrichment of heavy metals in soil, and very few studies directly predicted human exposure or risk through the labile state of Cd in soil. Hence, a relatively accurate and convenient prediction model of Cd release and translocation in the soil-rice-human system was developed. This model utilizes available Cd and soil parameters to predict the bioavailability of Cd in soil, as well as the in vitro bioaccessibility of Cd in cooked rice. The bioavailability of Cd was determined by the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films technology and BCR sequential extraction procedure, offering in-situ quantification, which presents a significant advantage over traditional monitoring methods and aligns closely with the actual uptake of heavy metals by plants. The experimental results show that the prediction model based on the concentration of heavy metal forms measured by BCR sequential extraction procedure and diffusive gradients in thin-films technique can accurately predict the Cd uptake in rice grains, gastric and gastrointestinal phase (R2=0.712, 0.600 and 0.629). This model accurately predicts Cd bioavailability and bioaccessibility across the soil-rice-human pathway, informing actual human Cd intake, offering scientific support for developing more effective risk assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Clean and Low-carbon Technology for Intelligent Transportation, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Miaomiao Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Clean and Low-carbon Technology for Intelligent Transportation, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Nuo Cheng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rongguang Shi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Bao Gang Group Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Baotou 014000, China
| | - Wenyang Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Clean and Low-carbon Technology for Intelligent Transportation, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Zeng HX, Man YB, Wong MH, Cheng Z. Hair Heavy Metals and Food Consumption in Residents of Chengdu: Factors, Food Contribution, and Health Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1503-1516. [PMID: 37491614 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is one of the most pressing issues threatening food security and human health. This study assesses heavy metal (chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel, and lead) exposure via hair metal concentrations in Chengdu residents, reflecting metal intake from food consumption. From June 2020 to February 2021, a sampling survey was conducted on residents' hair (n=182) and food (n=301) in six main urban areas of Chengdu. The concentrations of heavy metals in hair and food were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the results showed that the residents of Chengdu City had high hair concentrations of Cd (0.17±0.03 mg kg-1) and Zn (293±21.3 mg kg-1). Gender significantly affected the hair Cr, Zn, and Ni concentrations. Based on the survey results obtained from Chengdu City residents, the habits and diet structure are assessed for the influence of six heavy metals in the hair of the residents. Adolescents' (13-18 years old) hair had significantly higher Pb concentrations than adults (19-59 years old). The concentration of Ni in hair was affected by perming and dyeing habits. For dietary exposure, cereals and meat were the main contributors to the residents' daily intake of heavy metals. The bioaccessibility of Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb in food was 2.45-74.67%, 10.6-78.7%, 13.4-82.5%, 8.89-89.2%, 7.70-85.1%, and 15.4-86.2%, respectively. In health risk evaluation based on the bioaccessible fraction of six heavy metals, the hazard quotient of each heavy metal in food was less than 1, indicating no potential non-carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xin Zeng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
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Ma J, Yin N, Wang P, Cai X, Geng Z, Fan C, Cui Y, Sjödin A. Bioaccessibility assessment of arsenic and cadmium in polished and unpolished rice: Comparison of three in vitro methods. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113853. [PMID: 38225128 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
INFOGEST is a standardized in vitro digestion method suitable for foods, but rarely used to study the bioaccessibility of heavy metals in food. This study aimed to explore the differences between INFOGEST and the extensively used Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET) and Unified Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe Method (UBM) methods for determining the bioaccessibility of As and Cd in rice. Intestinal As (79.3 ± 8.5 %, 75.8 ± 12.7 %, and 72.3 ± 12.2 % for INFOGEST, PBET, and UBM, respectively) and Cd (47.0 ± 6.4 %, 40.7 ± 13.8 %, and 38.1 ± 15.7 % for INFOGEST, PBET, and UBM, respectively) bioaccessibilities in the rice samples determined by the three methods were generally similar (p > 0.1, except for As bioaccessibility between INFOGEST and UBM). Furthermore, PBET was significantly correlated with INFOGEST for As bioaccessibility (R2 = 0.416) and with UBM for Cd bioaccessibility (R2 = 0.879). Additionally, PBET indicated that the bioaccessibilities of As and Cd in the polished rice were 17.0 % and 19.8 % higher, respectively, than that in the unpolished rice. This study highlights the influence of in vitro methods and rice matrices on heavy metal bioaccessibility values, necessitating a more accurate assessment of health risks associated with rice consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Ma
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - Naiyi Yin
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xiaolin Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Ziqi Geng
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - Chuanfang Fan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yanshan Cui
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Anders Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Fu Y, Du H, Wang P, Yin N, Cai X, Geng Z, Li Y, Cui Y. Effects of foods and food components on the in vitro bioaccessibility of total arsenic and arsenic species from Hizikia fusiforme seaweed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165775. [PMID: 37499825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed is an important food source, especially in many Asian countries, because of its high nutritional value; however, increasing arsenic (As) accumulation may pose serious hazards to human health. The influence of food components on As bioaccessibility and transformation in the high As-containing seaweed Hizikia fusiforme was determined using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion method. The results showed that co-digestion with several daily foods (such as celery, broccoli, onion, green chili, tomato) produced a higher As bioaccessibility (approximately 6-11 % increase) compared with that of seaweed alone. Vegetables such as fennel (Foeniculum valgare Mill.), celery (Apium grareolens L.), blanched garlic leaves (Allium sativum L.), scallions (Allium fistulosum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), and green pepper (Capsicum frutescens L. vat. grussum Bailey) decreased bioaccessible inorganic As (18-35 %) in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. Meanwhile, the process of reducing As(V) to As(III) also occurred during co-digestion with some food matrices. Egg white and other animal proteins were the most effective reducing agents, transforming >70 % As(V) into As(III) in the solution system. These results may have important implications for health risk assessment via co-consumption. The present study provides the first evidence showing that the co-consumption of some vegetables and proteins leads to a higher toxicity of inorganic arsenic-containing food. In addition, the positive and negative effects of co-digestion on the bioaccessibility of essential metals (iron, manganese) compared to single digestion were evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Fu
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Du
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Naiyi Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Geng
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshan Cui
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China.
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Mao P, Wu J, Li F, Sun S, Huang R, Zhang L, Mo J, Li Z, Zhuang P. Joint approaches to reduce cadmium exposure risk from rice consumption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128263. [PMID: 35074746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In-situ soil cadmium (Cd) immobilization helps to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grain, while its effects on bioaccessibility of Cd in rice during digestion and the associated health risk from rice consumption remain unclear. Here, we combined in-situ soil Cd immobilization and bioaccessibility-corrected health risk assessment (HRA) to minimize both the risk and uncertainty of Cd exposure from rice consumption. Wollastonite with or without four different phosphates (P) were applied to immobilize soil Cd at paddy fields, and their influences on Cd, essential elements, and amino acids in rice grain were analyzed. Moreover, a bioaccessibility-corrected HRA was conducted to accurately reflect the Cd exposure risk from ingesting these rices. The results showed the co-application of wollastonite and four different P reduced Cd concentrations in rice grain equally, while their impacts on bioaccessibility of Cd in rice during simulated human digestion were inconsistent (53-71%). The HRA based on bioaccessibility of Cd in rice revealed that Cd exposure risk from rice consumption was lowest with the application of wollastonite, followed by the co-application of wollastonite and sodium hexametaphosphate. This work highlights the value of bioaccessibility-corrected HRA for screening the optimal Cd immobilization strategy to achieve safer rice consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingtao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Xiangnan Rare-Precious Metals Compounds Research and Application, and School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jiangming Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zhian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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Tokalıoğlu Ş, Clough R, Foulkes M, Worsfold P. Stability of Arsenic Species During Bioaccessibility Assessment Using the In Vitro UBM and HPLC-ICP-MS Detection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:332-338. [PMID: 32076953 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The stability of four major arsenic (As) species during application of the BARGE (Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe) unified bioaccessibility method (UBM) has been assessed. The concentrations of As species in the UBM gastric and gastro-intestinal (gastric + intestinal) phases were determined using HPLC-ICP-MS whilst the total As content in the samples was determined using ICP-MS alone. The arsenic species studied were arsenite As(III), arsenate As(V), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA). These species were separated in 10 min using an anion exchange column (Hamilton PRP-X100) with a mobile phase containing 20 mmol L-1 NH4H2PO4/1% methanol (pH 6.0). The recoveries of arsenic species spiked into the gastric and gastro-intestinal fluids were in the range 90-108%. No interconversion between As species was observed as a result of applying the BARGE UBM, which is a particularly important finding for the reliability of As(III) measurements. The accuracy of the BARGE UBM for in vitro extractable As(V) was verified using British Geological Survey (BGS) guidance material 102 (an ironstone soil). For a commercial rice sample, the bioaccessibility sequence of As was DMA > As(III) > As(V) for the gastric phase and As(III) > DMA > As(V) for the gastro-intestinal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şerife Tokalıoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Erciyes University, TR 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Robert Clough
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Mike Foulkes
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Paul Worsfold
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
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Sun S, Zhou X, Li Y, Li Y, Xia H, Li Z, Zhuang P. Use of Dietary Components to Reduce the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Cadmium in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4166-4175. [PMID: 32189501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reducing Cd bioavailability in the systemic circulation is an alternative strategy to reduce Cd exposure. The influence of 39 dietary components on Cd bioaccessibility in water or rice was determined using an in vitro gastrointestinal model, following which an in vivo bioassay was used to determine the most effective components on Cd bioavailability in rice. The results showed that several components significantly reduced the solubility of Cd (10-98%) in the intestinal phase. Tannic acid, TiO2, zinc gluconate, CaCl2, and proanthocyanidins were the most effective in decreasing Cd bioaccessibility in rice, with reductions of 93-97, 54-61, 32-49, 24-32, and 11-14%, respectively. Upon adding the dietary components, the reduction rates of the Cd-relative bioavailability (Cd-RBA) were 20-58 and 10-31% in the kidneys and the liver, respectively. The results may have important implications for reducing health risks associated with Cd exposure via consumption of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhou
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yingwen Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Yongxing Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Hanping Xia
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Zhian Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhuang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, P. R. China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
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Sun S, Zhou X, Li Z, Zhuang P. In Vitro and In Vivo Testing to Determine Cd Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability in Contaminated Rice in Relation to Mouse Chow. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050871. [PMID: 30857339 PMCID: PMC6427773 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A combination of an in vitro physiologically based extraction test (PBET) and an in vivo mouse model was used to determine Cd oral bioaccessibility and estimate bioavailability in Cd-contaminated rice. The PBET found lower Cd bioaccessibility in the intestinal stage (40–50%) than in the gastric stage (93–98%) for both rice and mouse chow. No significant difference was found in Cd bioaccessibility between contaminated rice and Cd-amended mouse chow in the gastric or gastrointestinal phase (except for rice 1). The result of the in vivo bioassay revealed that Cd absorption in the kidney or liver of mice fed with contaminated rice were significantly higher than in the mouse chow group containing an equal Cd concentration. Correlation analysis between concentrations of different elements in mouse chow or rice and Cd concentrations in mice kidney or liver showed that Fe, Ca, Cu, and Zn had significant negative correlation (r2 > 0.7, p < 0.01). These results suggest that nutritional elements in the diet could affect Cd absorption and distribution in organs and that different food matrices may result in unequal Cd health risks at an equal Cd concentration due to the specific mineral content of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaofang Zhou
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhian Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Ping Zhuang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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