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Lei J, Yin J, Chen S, Fenton O, Liu R, Chen Q, Fan B, Zhang S. Understanding phosphorus mobilization mechanisms in acidic soil amended with calcium-silicon-magnesium-potassium fertilizer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170294. [PMID: 38272080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Calcium-silicon-magnesium-potassium fertilizer (CSMP) is usually used as an amendment to counteract soil acidification caused by historical excessive nitrogen (N) applications. However, the impact of CSMP addition on phosphorus (P) mobilization in acidic soils and the related mechanisms are not fully understood. Specifically, a knowledge gap exists with regards to changes in soil extracellular enzymes that contribute to P release. Such a knowledge gap was investigated by an incubation study with four treatments: i) initial soil (Control), ii) urea (60 mg kg-1) addition (U); iii) CSMP (1%) addition (CSMP) and iv) urea (60 mg kg-1) and CSMP (1%) additions (U + CSMP). Phosphorus mobilization induced by different processes was distinguished by biologically based P extraction. The Langmuir equation, K edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, and ecoenzyme vector analysis according to the extracellular enzyme activity stoichiometry were deployed to investigate soil P sorption intensity, precipitation species, and microbial-driven turnover of organophosphorus. Results showed that CaCl2 extractable P (or citric acid extractable P) content increased by 63.4% (or 39.2%) in the soil with CSMP addition, compared with the study control. The accelerated mobilization of aluminum (Al)/iron (Fe)-bound P after CSMP addition, indicated by the reduction of the sum of FePO4·2H2O and AlPO4 proportion, contributed to this increase. The decrease of P sorption capacity can also be responsible for it. The CSMP addition increased enzyme extractable P in the soil nearly 7-fold and mitigated the limitations of carbon (C) and P for soil microorganisms (indicated by the enzyme stoichiometry and ecoenzyme vector analysis), suggesting that microbial turnover processes also contribute to P mobilization in amended acidic soil. These findings indicate that the P mobilization in CSMP amended acidic soil not only attributed to both decreasing P sorption capacity and dissolving phosphate precipitation, but also to the increase of the microbial turnover of the organophosphorus pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Junhui Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Owen Fenton
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Rui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bingqian Fan
- Key laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PR China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Peng Y, Chen Q, Guan CY, Yang X, Jiang X, Wei M, Tan J, Li X. Metal oxide modified biochars for fertile soil management: Effects on soil phosphorus transformation, enzyme activity, microbe community, and plant growth. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116258. [PMID: 37268201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide modified biochars are increasingly being used for intensive agricultural soil remediation, but there has been limited research on their effects on soil phosphorus transformation, soil enzyme activity, microbe community and plant growth. Two highly-performance metal oxides biochars (FeAl-biochar and MgAl-biochar) were investigated for their effects on soil phosphorus availability, fractions, enzyme activity, microbe community and plant growth in two typical intensive fertile agricultural soils. Adding raw biochar to acidic soil increased NH4Cl-P content, while metal oxide biochar reduced NH4Cl-P content by binding to phosphorus. Original biochar slightly reduced Al-P content in lateritic red soil, while metal oxide biochar increased it. LBC and FBC significantly reduced Ca2-P and Ca8-P properties while improving Al-P and Fe-P, respectively. Inorganic phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria increased in abundance with biochar amendment in both soil types, and biochar addition affected soil pH and phosphorus fractions, leading to changes in bacterial growth and community structure. Biochar's microporous structure allowed it to adsorb phosphorus and aluminum ions, making them more available for plants and reducing leaching. In calcareous soils, biochar additions may dominantly increase the Ca (hydro)oxides bounded P or soluble P instead of Fe-P or Al-P through biotic pathways, favoring plant growth. The recommendations for using metal oxides biochar for fertile soil management include using LBC biochar for optimal performance in both P leaching reduction and plant growth promotion, with the mechanisms differing depending on soil type. This research highlights the potential of metal oxide modified biochars for improving soil fertility and reducing phosphorus leaching, with specific recommendations for their use in different soil types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Peng
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chung-Yu Guan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, 260, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Mi Wei
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Jinfang Tan
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang K, Zhang H, Zhou K, Chang Y, Zhan Y, Pan C, Shi X, Zuo H, Li J, Wei Y. Humic acid and phosphorus fractions transformation regulated by carbon-based materials in composting steered its potential for phosphorus mobilization in soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116553. [PMID: 36283197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different carbon-based additives including biochar, woody peat, and glucose on humic acid, fulvic acid, and phosphorus fractions in chicken manure composting and its potential for phosphorus mobilization in soil. The results showed that the addition of glucose effectively increased the total humic substance content (90.2 mg/g) of composts, and the fulvic acid content was significantly higher than other groups (P < 0.05). The addition of biochar could effectively improve the content of available phosphorus by 59.9% in composting. The addition of carbon-based materials to the composting was beneficial for the production of more stable inorganic phosphorus in the phosphorus fraction. The highest proportion of soluble inorganic phosphorus components of sodium hydroxide was found in group with woody peat addition (8.7%) and the highest proportion of soluble inorganic phosphorus components of hydrochloric acid was found in group with glucose addition (35.2%). The compost products with the addition of biochar (humic acid decreased by 17.9%) and woody peat (fulvic acid decreased by 72.6%) significantly increased soil humic acid mineralization. The compost products with the addition of biochar was suitable as active phosphate fertilizer, while the compost products with the addition of glucose was suitable as slow-release phosphate fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdi Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, 215100, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, 215100, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kaiyun Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, 215100, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, 215100, China
| | - Yabin Zhan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, 215100, China
| | - Chengjie Pan
- Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, 215100, China
| | - Xiong Shi
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, 100038, China; National Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment Protection for Yangtze River Economic Belt, China Three Gorges Corporation, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Huiduan Zuo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ji Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, 215100, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou, 215100, China.
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Peng Y, Zhang T, Tang B, Li X, Cui S, Guan CY, Zhang B, Chen Q. Interception of fertile soil phosphorus leaching with immobilization materials: Recent progresses, opportunities and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136337. [PMID: 36084834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The non-point source pollution induced by phosphorus (P) leaching from fertile soils is accelerating the eutrophication phenomena in aqueous ecosystems. Herein, to alleviate and intercept the P leaching from the fertile soils, diverse P immobilization materials (PIM) which can transform labile P into stable P via a range of physicochemical and biological interactions have been adopted and received increasing research interest. However, the remediation mechanisms of different PIMs were complex and vary with soil properties and PIM application methods. In this review, the P fraction and mobility characteristics of different fertile soils were first introduced. Then, three kinds of PIM including inorganic materials (e.g., clay minerals and red mud), organic materials (e.g., polyacrylamide), and composites (e.g., modified biochar) applied in soil P leaching interception were concluded. The key factors (i.e., soil pH, soil texture, organic matter content and variable soil moisture) influencing PIM performance and potential PIMs used for reducing soil P leaching were also introduced. Current review can favor for proposing more suitable and insightful strategies to regulate the fertile soil P and achieve the dual goals of improving the crop land quality and yield, and preventing agricultural non-point source pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Peng
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 523758, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bingbing Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 523758, China
| | - Shihao Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chung-Yu Guan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National ILan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan
| | - Baige Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Peng Y, Zhang B, Guan CY, Jiang X, Tan J, Li X. Identifying biotic and abiotic processes of reversing biochar-induced soil phosphorus leaching through biochar modification with MgAl layered (hydr)oxides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157037. [PMID: 35777556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) as a increasing widely adopted soil amendments showed potential threat to soil P leaching, but the relevant mechanisms were not clear enough and relevant strategy should be proposed to address the P leaching induced by BC application. In this study, effects of ordinary corn straw BC, and a fabricated Mg/Al-LDHs modified biochar (LBC) on soil P availability, adsorption, fraction and mobility were compared and investigated by conducting the column and incubation experiments at biochar to soil rate of 1 %, 2 % and 4 % (w/w). Chemical sequential extraction methods and various solid-state method (i.e., three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (EEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)) were utilized to give deep insights into the P mobilization and immobilization mechanisms by respectively applying the BC and LBC. Results of incubation experiments showed that applying the LBC reduced the labile P with significant CaP transformation to Al-retained P, while ordinary BC promoted the Fe/Al-P transformation to labile dibasic calcium phosphate and monobasic calcium phosphate evidenced by the EEM analysis, in-situ XANES investigation and chemical sequential extraction methods. Results of phosphatase and microbial analyses indicated that the decreased labile P after 30 days' incubation and the mitigated P leaching in LBC treatment were dominantly ascribed to abiotic processes of inorganic P transformation and (de)sorption. This research gave deep insights into abiotic and biotic processes of ordinary biochar promoting soil P leaching, and important implications for applying engineered biochar in reducing P leaching and improving soil productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Peng
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Baige Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chung-Yu Guan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Jinfang Tan
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Modern Agricultural Innovation Center, Henan Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, China.
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Effects of Combined Applications of Biogas Slurry and Biochar on Phosphorus Leaching and Fractionations in Lateritic Soil. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diverse soil phosphorus (P)-leaching phenomena induced by environmental disturbance have gained increasing attention. Two kinds of typical organic materials, biochar and biogas slurry, (BS) are widely utilized to amend agricultural soil, but there is little research that gives insight into their co-effects on soil P-leaching and corresponding mechanisms. Herein, a total of six treatments (viz., control, 2% (w/w) biochar, low ratio BS with or without 2% (w/w) biochar, high ratio BS with or without 2% (w/w) biochar) were conducted to investigate the P-leaching and fraction transformation mechanisms. The column experiment results showed that compared to control, sole BS application or biochar both can slightly enhance the soil-P loss by 134.8% and 39.8%. High ratios of BS induced higher P loss than the low ratios of BS by 125.1%. In comparison with the sole BS treatment, combined BS and biochar application increase P loss but result in less soil leaching of basic cations. The incubation experiment results showed that the enhanced P-leaching in combined BS and biochar treatment is probably attributable to the enhanced soil pH, decreased DPS, soil P adsorption capacity, and transformation of moderately labile Fe–P into labile P. This research helps in understanding the abiotic process of biochar and BS in promoting soil P-leaching and soil-P management using biochar and biogas slurry.
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Zhao D, Qiu SK, Li MM, Luo Y, Zhang LS, Feng MH, Yuan MY, Zhang KQ, Wang F. Modified biochar improves the storage capacity and adsorption affinity of organic phosphorus in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112455. [PMID: 34863688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The loss of soil organic phosphorus can easily cause water eutrophication. In order to effectively reduce the loss of soil organic phosphorus, this manuscript investigated the adsorption of soil organic phosphorus by lanthanum modified biochar (BC), traditional adsorbent gypsum (GY) and zeolite (ZE) by taking phytic acid as the representative. The adsorption isotherm model and kinetic models were used to fit the phosphorus absorption characteristics of the adsorbents. The effects of initial pH and temperature on the adsorption capacity were discussed, and the adsorption mechanism of each adsorbent was explained by means of FTIR and XRD. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of phytate phosphorus followed the trend of BCTS > GYTS > ZETS > TS (soil), and the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm for treatment with BCTS was 2.836 mg g-1, and the treatment had the strongest affinity for phytate phosphorus and also the ability to store phosphorus. The adsorption process fits well with Langmuir isotherm equation and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, and the adsorption behavior of phytate phosphorus was mainly controlled by the chemisorption of monolayer. When the concentration of phytate phosphorus was 100 mg L-1, percentage of modified biochar added to the soil was 3% and the pH was 6, the adsorption capacity reached the maximum, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 2.000 mg g-1. The results of FTIR and XRD characterization showed that complexation was the main adsorption mechanism. In this study, the combination of modified biochar and soil phytate phosphorus can provide a good theoretical basis for reducing the loss of soil organic phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Shang-Kai Qiu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China; College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Meng-Han Feng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Yao Yuan
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China; College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China; National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Dali, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China; National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Dali, Dali, 671004, Yunnan, China.
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Alum and Gypsum Amendments Decrease Phosphorus Losses from Soil Monoliths to Overlying Floodwater under Simulated Snowmelt Flooding. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) loss from soils poses a threat of eutrophication to downstream waterbodies. Alum (Al2(SO4)3·18H2O) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) are effective in reducing P loss from soils; however, knowledge on their effectiveness under cold temperatures is limited. This study examined the reduction of P loss from soils with alum and gypsum amendment under simulated snowmelt flooding. Intact soil monoliths (15 cm depth) collected from eight agricultural fields in flood-prone areas of Manitoba, Canada, were surface amended with alum or gypsum, pre-incubated for 2 weeks, then flooded and incubated at 4 °C for 8 weeks. Porewater and floodwater samples collected weekly were analyzed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), dominant cations and anions. An enhanced P release with flooding time was observed in all soils whether amended or unamended; however, alum/gypsum amendment reduced DRP concentrations in porewater and floodwater in general, with alum showing a more consistent effect across soils. The reduction in floodwater DRP concentrations (maximum DRP concentration during flooding) with alum and gypsum ranged from 34–90% and 1–66%, respectively. Based on Visual MINTEQ thermodynamic model predictions, precipitation of P and formation of P-sorbing mineral species with alum and gypsum amendment reduced DRP concentrations at latter stages of flooding.
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Fan B, Ding J, Fenton O, Daly K, Chen S, Zhang S, Chen Q. Investigation of differential levels of phosphorus fixation in dolomite and calcium carbonate amended red soil. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:740-749. [PMID: 34173233 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pH adjustment of acidic red soils with lime materials is beneficial for the reduction of phosphorus (P) fixation. However, the reasons for varying levels of P activation after adding different lime materials have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study examined changes in soil labile P and P forms after phosphate application to calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) and dolomite amended red soil during a 120-day incubation period. Also change of P sorption properties in the amended soil samples from day 120 were examined through a sorption-desorption experiment. RESULTS The increase of soil H2 O-P and NaHCO3 -P in the CaCO3 and dolomite amended soil treatments was mainly ascribed to the decline of the NaOH-P. However, when compared with the control treatment after 120 days, soil Olsen-P significantly increased by 34% and 66% in the CaCO3 and dolomite treatments. The Hedley P fractionation results demonstrated that the CaCO3 application caused a notable increase of HCl-P (stable Ca-P), which was 88.4% higher than that in the dolomite treatment. However, the formation of stable P was strongly suppressed in the dolomite treatment due to the presence of magnesium (Mg), which was identified by the negative relationship between M3-Mg and HCl-P. In line with these findings, P sorption-desorption work showed weaker P binding energy in the dolomite treatment relative to the CaCO3 treatment. CONCLUSION In terms of increasing P availability in red soil, this study suggests that dolomite should be used to substitute CaCO3 in order to reduce the soil P fixation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Owen Fenton
- Teagasc, Department of Crops, Environment and Land Use, Environmental Resources Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Karen Daly
- Teagasc, Department of Crops, Environment and Land Use, Environmental Resources Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Shuo Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Dunne KS, Holden NM, Daly K. A management framework for phosphorus use on agricultural soils using sorption criteria and soil test P. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113665. [PMID: 34479156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The variation in sorption and desorption of phosphorus (P) among soil types is not captured in current agronomic advice for agri-environmentally sustainable use of P. Phosphorus use is typically based on soil test P (STP) and soils are assumed to have the same rate of response to added P, regardless of sorption properties. The development of P sorption categories, coupled with STP information could improve fertiliser decision making, by making it more site specific and soil type specific. A framework for P sorption specific advice is proposed here integrating soil P sorption dynamics with STP for agronomic and environmental management, at farm and catchment scale. Using a national population of agricultural soils, laboratory measurement of Langmuir sorption maximum (Smax50, mg kg-1) and binding energy (k50, l mg-1), were coupled with STP (Morgan P) to derive novel categories for P management advice, specifically addressing the build-up and draw-down phases of P in soils. In addition to measured values, Smax50 and k50 were predicted from MIR spectroscopy and pedotransfer functions and used to allocate soils into these new sorption categories. The allocation of soils into a P management category using predicted values indicated that pedotransfer functions offered greater reliability (90% allocation accuracy using an independent test set), however MIR spectroscopy is faster and less resource intensive (67% allocation accuracy using an independent test set). Phosphorus sorption dynamics should be interpreted alongside soil test P and P Index information so that water quality policy can consider the difference between high and very high STP soils based on sorption information. In the absence of laboratory data on P sorption, soils can be classified into P management classes using predicted values from spectroscopy (rapid and cheap) or pedotransfer functions (greater reliability). Further development of the MIR methodology is recommended along with field validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Dunne
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Environmental Research Centre, Co. Wexford, Ireland; UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - N M Holden
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - K Daly
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Environmental Research Centre, Co. Wexford, Ireland
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Zhao D, Luo Y, Feng YY, He QP, Zhang LS, Zhang KQ, Wang F. Enhanced adsorption of phosphorus in soil by lanthanum-modified biochar: improving phosphorus retention and storage capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68982-68995. [PMID: 34286424 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Use of soil adsorbent is an effective method for the promotion of phosphorus adsorption capacity of soil, though most of the soil adsorbents have weak phosphorus retention ability. Herein, we compared the traditional gypsum (GP) and zeolite (ZP) adsorbents to explore the phosphorus retention ability of lanthanum modified walnut shell biochar (La-BC) in soil. The results showed that with the increase of exogenous phosphorus concentration, the adsorption amount of phosphorus by adsorbents in soil increased at first and then tended to be stable. The maximum adsorption capacity of soil to phosphorus is gypsum, lanthanum-modified biochar > zeolite, and the addition of lanthanum-modified biochar can improve the adsorption capacity of soil to phosphorus, enhance the binding strength of soil and phosphorus, improve the ability of soil to store phosphorus, reducing phosphorus adsorption saturation, and is beneficial to control the leaching of soil phosphorus. FTIR and XRD analysis showed that the adsorption of phosphorus by each adsorbent in soil was mainly chemical precipitation. The response surface analysis showed that the adsorption performance of La-BC+S was the best when the concentration of exogenous phosphorus was 50.0 mg/L, pH was 6.47, and the reaction time was 436.98 min. This study provides a reference for soil adsorbents to hold phosphorus and reduce the risk of phosphorus leaching to avoid groundwater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, China
| | - Yi-Yang Feng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu-Ping He
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China.
- Dali Experimental Station (Dali Original Breeding Farm) of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dali, 671004, China.
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12
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Wei Y, Wang J, Chang R, Zhan Y, Wei D, Zhang L, Chen Q. Composting with biochar or woody peat addition reduces phosphorus bioavailability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142841. [PMID: 33077217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar and woody peat have been recognized as an additive to reduce carbon and nitrogen loss during composting. Yet little is known about their influences on the transformation of phosphorus (P) fractions in composting. This study investigated the quantitative and qualitative changes in different P forms during composting with adding biochar or woody peat using sequential extraction and P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). The results showed that compost products from the treatment with adding woody peat had a higher HA/FA (the ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid) compared to biochar treatment and the control, suggesting that the addition of woody peat might benefit the humification process of composting. Sequential extraction and XANES illustrated that adding biochar or woody peat limited the P availability. Biochar increased the proportion of Pi and woody peat decreased the conversion from Po to Pi compared to the control. Structural equation modeling and redundancy analysis suggested that biochar improved the refractory P based on the indirect effects of NH4+-N by regulating microbial community, while woody peat was beneficial for Po accumulation by affecting humic acid. Taken together, this research provides basis for regulating the nutrient level of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in composts and reducing environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Organic Recycling Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Wuzhong District, Suzhou 215128, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruixue Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yabin Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Organic Recycling Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Wuzhong District, Suzhou 215128, China
| | - Dan Wei
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Fan B, Fenton O, Daly K, Ding J, Chen S, Chen Q. Alum split applications strengthened phosphorus fixation and phosphate sorption in high legacy phosphorus calcareous soil. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:87-97. [PMID: 33334540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High phosphorus (P) saturation arising from historic P inputs to protected vegetable fields (PVFs) drives high P mobilisation to waterbodies. Amendment of soils with alum has shown potential in terms of fixing labile P and protecting water quality. The present 15 month pot experiment investigated P stabilisation across single alum application (Alum-1 treatment, 20 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before the maize was sown), alum split applications (Alum-4 treatment, 5 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before each crop was sown i.e. 4 × 5 g/kg) and soil only treatment (Control). Results showed that the Alum-1 treatment caused the strongest stabilisation of soil labile P after maize plant removal, whereas the P stabilisation effect was gradually weakened due to the transformation of soil non-labile P to labile P and the reduced active Al3+ in soil solution. For the Alum-4 treatment, soil labile P decreased gradually with each crop planting and was lower than the Alum-1 treatment at the end of the final crop removal, without any impairment on plant growth. The better P stabilisation at the end of Alum-4 treatment was closely correlated with a progressive supply of Al3+ and a gradual decrease of pH, which resulted in higher contents of poorly-crystalline Al, Fe and exchangeable Ca. These aspects were conducive to increasing the soil P stabilisation and phosphate sorption. In terms of management, growers in continuous cropping systems could utilise split alum applications as a strategy to alleviate P losses in high-P enriched calcareous soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Owen Fenton
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Karen Daly
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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14
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Gao X, Peng Y, Guo L, Wang Q, Guan CY, Yang F, Chen Q. Arsenic adsorption on layered double hydroxides biochars and their amended red and calcareous soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 271:111045. [PMID: 32778322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient amendments for controlling arsenic (As) pollution in soils are imperative to improve soil quality and enhance food production. In the present study, corn stalk biochar was functionalized with three kinds of layered double hydroxides (i.e., Mg-Al-LDH, Zn-Al-LDH, and Cu-Al-LDH) using a simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized LDH biochar composites (LDH@BCs) exhibited better adsorption capacity and affinity for As due to their enhanced anion exchange capacity and reactive surface hydroxyl groups identified by XRD, FTIR and XPS. Arsenic (As) bioavailability and leaching characteristics of spiked red and calcareous soils (150 mg As/kg) amended with or without LDH@BCs were investigated using soil column. The Zn-Al-LDH@BC decreased the As (V) migration and increased pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) growth in both red and calcareous soil. These results indicated that LDH modified biochar is an effective way to overcome the shortfalls of unmodified biochar in mitigating the As contamination and provide a basis for further exploring the potential of biochar-based soil amendments for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yutao Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chung-Yu Guan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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15
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Fan B, Ding J, Fenton O, Daly K, Chen Q. Understanding phosphate sorption characteristics of mineral amendments in relation to stabilising high legacy P calcareous soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114175. [PMID: 32088435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In China, excessive phosphorus (P) application in protected vegetable fields has led to high legacy P stores. Soil amendment with alum or dolomite is one of many best management practices (BMPs) used to reduce P losses in calcareous soils. However, both the kinetics and mechanisms of P sorption and soil available P in amended soils are understudied. Herein, both aspects were looked at under controlled conditions. Firstly, a sorption study which coupled P concentrations with poorly-crystalline Al hydroxides and dolomite was conducted. Results from this batch experiment showed that P sorption on poorly-crystalline Al hydroxides was homogenous and occurred mainly via displacement of inner-sphere hydroxyl (Al-OH) instead of the formation of AlPO4. However, the amount of sorbed P reached maximum sorption of 73.1 mg g-1 and did not change with further increase in P concentration. It was observed that P adsorbed onto the dolomite surface at low P concentrations, whereas hydroxyl replacement and uneven cluster precipitation of Ca3(PO4)2 occurred at high P concentrations. A second 90 day incubation experiment investigated changes to soil available P and sorption-desorption across variable rates of amendments (0-50 g kg-1). Results showed that alum amendment at a rate of 50 g kg-1 decreased soil CaCl2-P and Olsen-P concentrations by 91.9% and 57.8%, respectively. However, Olsen-P increased when the dolomite rates were <20 g kg-1. Phosphorus sorption-desorption of the amended soil showed alum had higher P sorption efficiency than dolomite at low addition rates (<10 g kg-1). However, soil amended with high dolomite rates (>10 g kg-1) could sorb more P in comparison with alum when P concentrations were increased. The P status of the amended soil was closely connected to the P sorption mechanisms on mineral amendments, soil P concentrations and soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Owen Fenton
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Karen Daly
- Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmyard Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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