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Salim NV, Madhan B, Glattauer V, Ramshaw JAM. Comprehensive review on collagen extraction from food by-products and waste as a value-added material. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134374. [PMID: 39098671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of animal products has witnessed a significant increase over the years, leading to a growing need for industries to adopt strict waste control measures to mitigate environmental impacts. The disposal of animal waste in landfill can result in diverse and potentially hazardous decomposition by-products. Animal by-products, derived from meat, poultry, seafood and fish industries, offer a substantial raw material source for collagen and gelatin production due to their high protein content. Collagen, being a major protein component of animal tissues, represents an abundant resource that finds application in various chemical and material industries. The demand for collagen-based products continues to grow, yet the availability of primary material remains limited and insufficient to meet projected needs. Consequently, repurposing waste materials that contain collagen provides an opportunity to meet this need while at the same time minimizing the amount of waste that is dumped. This review examines the potential to extract value from the collagen content present in animal-derived waste and by-products. It provides a systematic evaluation of different species groups and discusses various approaches for processing and fabricating repurposed collagen. This review specifically focuses on collagen-based research, encompassing an examination of its physical and chemical properties, as well as the potential for chemical modifications. We have detailed how the research and knowledge built on collagen structure and function will drive the new initiatives that will lead to the development of new products and opportunities in the future. Additionally, it highlights emerging approaches for extracting high-quality protein from waste and discusses efforts to fabricate collagen-based materials leading to the development of new and original products within the chemical, biomedical and physical science-based industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa V Salim
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorne, Victoria 3122, Australia.
| | - Balaraman Madhan
- Centre for Academic and Research Excellence, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | | | - John A M Ramshaw
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorne, Victoria 3122, Australia
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2
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Moktadir MA, Ren J, Zhou J. A systematic review on tannery sludge to energy route: Current practices, impacts, strategies, and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166244. [PMID: 37597567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The growing amount of tannery sludge (TS) generated from leather processing often undergoes uncontrolled landfilling, or open dumping, releasing a significant volume of harmful pollutants, including carcinogenic chromium (Cr) into the air, water, and soil. Therefore, the sustainable TS management through advanced valorization technologies becomes vital to align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and mitigate the adverse environmental, health, and social impacts. Moreover, TS, as biomass, can be considered a renewable energy source for bioenergy generation, which could be a viable solution for meeting contemporary environmental standards and expediting transition towards a circular economy. However, TS valorization is sensitive and critical due to the potential risk of transforming Cr(III) to Cr(VI) during the valorization process. Therefore, there is an urgency to consider efficient and holistic TS valorization technologies in the design, implementation, and operations phases to avoid any environmental and health hazards. In pursuit of this goal, this systematic literature review (SLR) comprehensively and critically analyzes the existing TS valorization processes to develop sustainable energy recovery solutions from TS. This SLR contributes uniquely to the existing literature in different ways. Firstly, it provides a critical evaluation of the current TS valorization technologies identifying the available waste-to-energy recovery options. Secondly, the review encompasses extensive research from three reputed databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, without temporal restrictions to offer a comprehensive understanding of current TS management practices and available valorization techniques. Moreover, the review categorized 124 published papers into distinct groups, revealing promising avenues for future research in this field. The findings indicated that most of the work concentrating on Chrome (Cr) recovery, pyrolysis, anaerobic co-digestion, and solidification while gasification and biodiesel or biofuel production from TS remained largely unexplored. Additionally, vital aspects such as process optimization, life cycle assessment of different valorization techniques, environmental, economy, energy, emergy, and exergy (5E) analysis, life cycle energy balance, and techno-economic analysis including exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental are completely absent in the literature. Future studies need to concentrate on process optimization, exergy and energy analysis, and techno-economic assessment including exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis to understand the feasibility and environmental benefits of various TS valorization technologies and to develop industry-scale valorization plants for TS management in an economically and ecologically sustainable manner. Moreover, the review will serve as a comprehensive guide for scholars, authorities, and stakeholders to advance research in this field and formulate policies for the eco-friendly management of TS, paving the way towards clean energy solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Moktadir
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jingzheng Ren
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jianzhao Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Gelatin films from wastes: a review of production, characterization, and application trends in food preservation and agriculture. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Olszewski A, Kosmela P, Żukowska W, Wojtasz P, Szczepański M, Barczewski M, Zedler Ł, Formela K, Hejna A. Insights into Stoichiometry Adjustments Governing the Performance of Flexible Foamed Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183838. [PMID: 36145981 PMCID: PMC9503757 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PU) are widely applied in the industry due to their tunable performance adjusted by changes in the isocyanate index—stoichiometric balance between isocyanate and hydroxyl groups. This balance is affected by the incorporation of modifiers of fillers into the PU matrix and is especially crucial for PU foams due to the additional role of isocyanates—foaming of the material. Despite the awareness of the issue underlined in research works, the contribution of additives into formulations is often omitted, adversely impacting foams’ performance. Herein, flexible foamed PU/ground tire rubber (GTR) composites containing 12 different types of modified GTR particles differing by hydroxyl value (LOH) (from 45.05 to 88.49 mg KOH/g) were prepared. The impact of GTR functionalities on the mechanical, thermomechanical, and thermal performance of composites prepared with and without considering the LOH of fillers was assessed. Formulation adjustments induced changes in tensile strength (92–218% of the initial value), elongation at break (78–100%), tensile toughness (100–185%), compressive strength (156–343%), and compressive toughness (166–310%) proportional to the shift of glass transition temperatures (3.4–12.3 °C) caused by the additional isocyanates’ reactions yielding structure stiffening. On the other hand, formulation adjustments reduced composites’ thermal degradation onset due to the inferior thermal stability of hard segments compared to soft segments. Generally, changes in the composites’ performance resulting from formulation adjustments were proportional to the hydroxyl values of GTR, justifying the applied approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Olszewski
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Żukowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Wojtasz
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Szczepański
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zedler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Stefan DS, Bosomoiu M, Dancila AM, Stefan M. Review of Soil Quality Improvement Using Biopolymers from Leather Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091928. [PMID: 35567096 PMCID: PMC9101923 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the use of fertilizers obtained from leather waste, to ameliorate the agricultural soil quality. The use of leather waste (hides and skins) as raw materials to obtain biopolymer-based fertilizers is an excellent example of a circular economy. This allows the recovery of a large quantity of the tanning agent in the case of tanned wastes, as well as the valorization of significant quantities of waste that would be otherwise disposed of by landfilling. The composition of organic biopolymers obtained from leather waste is a rich source of macronutrients (nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium), and micronutrients (boron, chloride, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and zinc), necessary to improve the composition of agricultural soils, and to remediate the degraded soils. This enhances plant growth ensuring better crops. The nutrient release tests have demonstrated that, by using the biofertilizers with collagen or with collagen cross-linked with synthetic polymers, the nutrient release can be controlled and slowed. In this case, the loss of nutrients by leaching into the inferior layers of the soil and ground water is minimized, avoiding groundwater contamination, especially with nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Simina Stefan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Magdalena Bosomoiu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (A.M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Annette Madelene Dancila
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Mircea Stefan
- Pharmacy Faculty, University Titu Maiorescu, 22 Dâmbovnicului Street, 040441 Bucharest, Romania;
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Shahid K, Srivastava V, Sillanpää M. Protein recovery as a resource from waste specifically via membrane technology-from waste to wonder. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10262-10282. [PMID: 33442801 PMCID: PMC7884582 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Economic growth and the rapid increase in the world population has led to a greater need for natural resources, which in turn, has put pressure on said resources along with the environment. Water, food, and energy, among other resources, pose a huge challenge. Numerous essential resources, including organic substances and valuable nutrients, can be found in wastewater, and these could be recovered with efficient technologies. Protein recovery from waste streams can provide an alternative resource that could be utilized as animal feed. Membrane separation, adsorption, and microbe-assisted protein recovery have been proposed as technologies that could be used for the aforementioned protein recovery. This present study focuses on the applicability of different technologies for protein recovery from different wastewaters. Membrane technology has been proven to be efficient for the effective concentration of proteins from waste sources. The main emphasis of the present short communication is to explore the possible strategies that could be utilized to recover or restore proteins from different wastewater sources. The presented study emphasizes the applicability of the recovery of proteins from various waste sources using membranes and the combination of the membrane process. Future research should focus on novel technologies that can help in the efficient extraction of these high-value compounds from wastes. Lastly, this short communication will evaluate the possibility of integrating membrane technology. This study will discuss the important proteins present in different industrial waste streams, such as those of potatoes, poultry, dairy, seafood and alfalfa, and the possible state of the art technologies for the recovery of these valuable proteins from the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Shahid
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Varsha Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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7
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Tian Z, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang K. Regeneration of native collagen from hazardous waste: chrome-tanned leather shavings by acid method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31300-31310. [PMID: 32483716 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The collagens (COL2, COL4, and COL5) were extracted from chrome-tanned leather shavings via three distinctive routes of acid method. The dechroming degree of COL2 extracted with the easiest operation was the highest (95.6% ± 1.2%) and the yield exceeded 90%; however, the total amount of acid was the most and the cost was the highest. In the second route, although the three-step dechroming process brought cumbersome operation, the dechroming degree and yield of COL4 were 90.5% ± 0.8% and 92.2% ± 0.6%, respectively, and the acid amount was less than that in the first route. For COL5, the dechroming degree and yield was the lowest; nevertheless, this route had the advantages of lowest cost and simpler operation. Electrophoretic patterns showed that all the collagens contained α1, α2, and β chains without low molecular weight components and were close to those of type I collagen. Compared with native collagen extracted from fresh calf skin, the regenerated collagens also maintained unique triple helix conformation determined via ultraviolet, infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction, confirmed by the similar values of AIII/A1455 and Δν. Additionally, the collagens existed in the form of fibrils with D-period pattern of ~ 67 nm. Furthermore, the denaturation temperatures of COL2, COL4, and COL5 were 71.2, 79.1, and 85.4 °C, respectively, which were relevant to the tighter arrangement of fibrils with the increased chromium content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 710021, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 710021, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 710021, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 710021, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Additives of Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, 710021, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Rigueto CVT, Rosseto M, Krein DDC, Ostwald BEP, Massuda LA, Zanella BB, Dettmer A. Alternative uses for tannery wastes: a review of environmental, sustainability, and science. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-020-00034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The manufacture of leather covers a wide productive chain and beyond contributes to the economic flow. The various stages of leather processing result in high volumes of solid waste. In Brazil, a daily generation of 375 tons of solid waste is estimated, and landfills are still the most used route to its destination. In this review, emphasis will be given to researches that have sought alternatives for the use of solid waste from the tannery industry. Among the main applications of solid tannery wastes, the following stand out production of adsorbent materials, biodiesel, biogas, biopolymers, applications in agriculture and other applications involving extraction/recovery of compounds of industrial/commercial interest, isolation of microorganisms and production of enzymes and applications in the animal diet. In each alternative of waste application, the technologies used, the opportunities, and the challenges faced are mentioned. We hope that this review can provide valuable information to promote the broad understanding of the possibilities that tannery solid wastes has for the development of biodegradable and agricultural products, wastewater treatment, extraction of compounds of industrial and commercial interest, among others.
Graphical abstract
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9
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Selection of Tanned-Leather Waste in Recovering Novel Raw Material for Manufacturing Rubber Artifacts: Towards a Zero-Waste Condition. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zero-waste is an ambitious goal to encourage sustainable production, consumption optimum recycling and resource recovery. The recycling and resource recovery of chrome-tanned leather waste is a difficult proposition because of the three-dimensional chemical network of collagen, which renders leather waste incompatible to polymer matrices. Many attempts have been undertaken to reuse leather waste, most of them require technological processes and challenging chemical pretreatments, which make the reuse an economically disadvantageous industrial operation. The paper aims to show how a very fine separation of leather solid waste leads to raw materials suitable for mixtures with natural rubber, without any chemical pretreatment. In other words, the paper intends to be a stimulus to manage leather solid waste carefully to start a cleaner and more profitable production. In particular, various industrial compounds containing different concentrations of post-tanning dyeing, or chrome shaving or oil-tanning and natural rubber were vulcanized through a standard preparation. Some compounds were also reinforced with carbon black and the vulcanization kinetics were monitored through rheometer. Experimental results indicate that there exists an optimal concentration of waste such that post-tanning dyeing post-tanning and chrome shaving are suitable for manufacture floor mats, soles and heels while oil-tanning waste can be used for making hose or conveyor belts. The mechanical performances of the articles prepared by direct mixing with leather waste are the same as those of commercially distributed rubber products.
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Tzoumani I, Lainioti GC, Aletras AJ, Zainescu G, Stefan S, Meghea A, Kallitsis JK. Modification of Collagen Derivatives with Water-Soluble Polymers for the Development of Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Controlled Release. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E4067. [PMID: 31817565 PMCID: PMC6947037 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel cross-linked hydrogels were synthesized as potential materials for the development of smart biofertilizers. For this purpose, hydrogels were prepared using collagen hydrolysate recovered from tannery waste. The water-soluble polymer poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (P(SSNa-co-GMAx)) was among others used for the cross-linking reaction that combined hydrophilic nature with epoxide groups. The synthetic procedure was thoroughly investigated in order to ensure high percentage of epoxide groups in combination with water-soluble behavior. The copolymer did not show cytotoxicity against normal lung, skin fibroblasts, or nasal polyps fibroblasts. Through the present work, we also present the ability to control the properties of cross-linked hydrogels by altering copolymer's composition and cross-linking parameters (curing temperature and time). Hydrogels were then studied in terms of water-uptake capacity for a period up to six days. The techniques Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were applied for the characterization of the synthesized copolymers and the cross-linked hydrogels. Three samples of biofertilizers based on collagen hydrolysate functionalized with P(SSNa-co-GMAx) and starch and having nutrients encapsulated (N, P, K) were prepared and characterized by physical-chemical analysis and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis-Scanning Electron Microscope (EDAX-SEM) in terms of microstructure. Preliminary tests for application as fertilizers were performed including the release degree of oxidable organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tzoumani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece; (I.T.); (G.C.L.); (A.J.A.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., Platani, P.O. Box 1414, GR-265 04 Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia Ch. Lainioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece; (I.T.); (G.C.L.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Alexios J. Aletras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece; (I.T.); (G.C.L.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Gabriel Zainescu
- National R & D Institute for Textile and Leather-Division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Str., 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Simina Stefan
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aurelia Meghea
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Joannis K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece; (I.T.); (G.C.L.); (A.J.A.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., Platani, P.O. Box 1414, GR-265 04 Rio-Patras, Greece
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11
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Guan Y, Liu C, Peng Q, Zaman F, Zhang H, Jin Z, Wang A, Wang W, Huang Y. Pyrolysis kinetics behavior of solid leather wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 100:122-127. [PMID: 31536922 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the leather industry, considerable amounts of non-recyclable solid leather wastes (SLWs) are produced and accumulated in factories. In this work, the non-isothermal thermochemical analysis (TGA) test was used to analyse the thermal degradation behaviour of chromium-tanned leather shaving, which is one of the main SLWs. The pyrolysis experiments were carried out under nitrogen atmosphere from 30 to 800 °C at different heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C/min. Three different kinetic models, including the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Kissinger methods, were used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The activation energy values calculated by FWO and KAS methods were 391.79 and 348.77 kJ/mol, respectively. In consideration of the high HHV (14.15 MJ/kg) and carbon productivity (10.15%), SLWs could represent a potential candidate material for bioenergy production and carbon preparation. These results could be used for the design of thermochemical conversion processes utilizing SLWs as feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Guan
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chengqiang Liu
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qifan Peng
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fakhar Zaman
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaoqing Jin
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Anbang Wang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weikun Wang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yaqin Huang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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12
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Efficient Chemo-Enzymatic Transformation of Animal Biomass Waste for Eco-Friendly Leather Production. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162979. [PMID: 31426399 PMCID: PMC6719968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically processed animal biomass derived from treated bovine hides (wet blue scraps) is herein used as building block for the synthesis of a novel biopolymer. An enzymatic hydrolysis process allows to produce water-soluble lower molecular weight proteins (Bio-A), which are then reacted with glycerol and maleic anhydride (MA) in order to obtain a new intermediate (Bio-IA). With Bio-IA in hand, co-polymerization in the presence of acrylic acid is then carried out. Hydrolysed biomass, intermediates and the final biopolymer (Bio-Ac) have been characterized by means of NMR, FTIR and GPC analysis. Bio-Ac shows good performance when used as retanning agent to produce leather. Physical and mechanical properties of the leather treated with Bio-Ac have been compared with acrylic resin retanned leather, showing similar performance. The reported protocol represents an environmental-friendly interesting alternative to traditional petrochemical based retanning agents, commonly used by the leather industry.
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