1
|
Arrigo F, De Marchi L, Meucci V, Piccione G, Soares AMVM, Faggio C, Freitas R. Mytilus galloprovincialis: A valuable bioindicator species for understanding the effects of diclofenac under warming conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:173809. [PMID: 38848913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Drugs are chemical compounds used to treat and improve organic dysfunctions caused by diseases. These include analgesics, antibiotics, antidepressants, and antineoplastics. They can enter aquatic environments through wastewater streams, where their physico-chemical properties allow metabolites to distribute and accumulate. Current climate change and associated extreme weather events may significantly impact these substances' toxicity and aquatic organisms' sensitivity. Among the chemicals present in aquatic environments is the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DIC), which the EU monitors due to its concentration levels. This study investigated the influence of temperature (control at 17 °C vs. 21 °C) on the effects of DIC (0 μg/L vs. 1 μg/L) in the mussel species Mytilus galloprovincialis. Significant results were observed between 17 and 21 °C. Organisms exposed to the higher temperature showed a decrease in several parameters, including metabolic capacity and detoxification, particularly with prolonged exposure. However, in some parameters, after 21 days, the M. galloprovincialis showed no differences from the control, indicating adaptation to the stress. The results of this study confirm that DIC concentrations in the environment, particularly when combined with increased temperatures, can produce oxidative stress and adversely affect M. galloprovincialis biochemical and physiological performance. This study also validates this species as a bioindicator for assessing environmental contamination with DIC. Beyond its direct impact on aquatic organisms, the presence of pharmaceuticals like DIC in the environment highlights the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health, underscoring the One Health approach to understanding and mitigating environmental pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Arrigo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 S. Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 S. Agata-Messina, Italy; Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Silva NAL, Marsden ID, Gaw S, Glover CN. Assessment of Amphibola crenata as a bioindicator of estuarine trace element pollution using biochemical and physiological endpoints. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116693. [PMID: 38986396 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
To assess its utility as a bioindicator of estuarine contamination, Amphibola crenata, a pulmonate mud snail, was collected from 17 estuaries in New Zealand. Whole-body soft tissue trace element concentrations were measured via quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (Q-ICP-MS) and were found to be significantly positively correlated with sediment trace element profiles for arsenic, copper and lead. Snails from polluted estuaries generally displayed higher ammonia excretion rates, elevated whole-body soft tissue catalase activity and lipid peroxidation compared to snails from reference sites. Across all sites haemolymph glucose was positively correlated with the tissue burdens of arsenic, copper, nickel and zinc, while haemolymph protein was negatively correlated with arsenic, cadmium and zinc soft tissue concentrations, indicative of altered energy metabolism associated with trace element contamination. Overall, sites were distinguishable by application of the array of measures employed. Our findings suggest that gastropods have significant value as bioindicators of estuarine health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuwan A L De Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Environment Canterbury Regional Council, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Islay D Marsden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
| | - Chris N Glover
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jenzri M, Gharred C, Bouraoui Z, Guerbej H, Jebali J, Gharred T. Assessment of single and combined effects of bisphenol-A and its analogue bisphenol-S on biochemical and histopathological responses of sea cucumber Holothuria poli. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:106032. [PMID: 37267666 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) are among emerging pollutants that have been frequently detected in different compartments of marine ecosystems and elicited great concern due to their potential toxicity to marine organisms. This work aimed to investigate the toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) on oxidative stress markers, neurotoxicity and histopathological alterations in sea cucumbers (Holothuria poli). The results showed that exposure to 200 μg/L of BPA and BPS produced oxidative stress, neurotoxicity in the digestive tract and respiratory tree, and several types of histopathological lesions in tissues of the respiratory tree of the sea cucumber, posing a health hazard to this aquatic organism. In addition, BPA has greater effects than BPS on the generation of oxidative stress marked by the inductions of catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and neurotoxicity shown by the decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE). The respiratory tree of sea cucumbers might be an appropriate tissue for assessing CAT, MDA and AChE activity levels, which are reliable biomarkers that may be useful in marine biomonitoring studies. Evaluation of histopathological lesions of the respiratory tree suggests that BPA and BPS and their mixture cause various tissue alterations that may be associated with oxidative stress damage and neurotoxicity. In conclusion, this study showed that oxidative stress (CAT and MDA) and neurotoxicity (AChE) markers, as well as respiratory tree lesions, are sensitive biomarkers for the assessment of BPA and BPS toxicity in sea cucumbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Jenzri
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, PB. 74, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Chayma Gharred
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, PB. 74, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zied Bouraoui
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, BP 59, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamadi Guerbej
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, BP 59, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jamel Jebali
- Research Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, PB. 74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Tahar Gharred
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, PB. 74, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chabchoubi IB, Bouchhima RA, Louhichi N, Baanannou A, Masmoudi S, Hentati O. Short-term effects of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on Danio rerio embryos. MethodsX 2023; 10:102215. [PMID: 37251652 PMCID: PMC10209031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the widespread use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without a medical prescription and their frequent prevalence in aquatic habitats, there are major health and environmental issues. NSAIDs have been found in surface water and wastewater in concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L all over the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between NSAIDs (diclofenac, ketoprofen, paracetamol and ibuprofen) exposure and associated adverse effects in the assessment of indirect human health risks posed by Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of these NSAIDs in aquatic environments. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (i) reveal abnormality endpoints of early developmental stages, after exposure of zebrafish and (ii) perform an ecological risk assessment of aquatic organisms upon exposure to NSAIDs detected in surface waters based on the risk quotients (RQs) method. According to the toxicity data collected, all of the malformations appeared after diclofenac exposure at all concentrations. The most notable malformations were the lack of pigmentation and an increase in yolk sac volume, with EC50 values of 0.6 and 1.03 mg/L, respectively. The results obtained for the ERA revealed RQs higher than 1 for all the four NSAIDs chosen, posing ecotoxicological pressure in aquatic environments. Overall, our findings provide a critical contribution to the formulation of high-priority actions, sustainable strategies and strict regulations that minimize the negative effects of NSAIDs on the aquatic ecosystem.•To determine the LC50, lethal conditions such as coagulation, absence of heartbeat and blood flow, absence of tail separation and development of somites were taken into account.•The EC50 was calculated using sublethal parameters such as blood coagulation, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema or hypertrophy.•The 4 compounds present a high risk individually and in mixture with a RQ >> 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ben Chabchoubi
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Rue Taher Haddad, 5000, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 4, 3038, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rim Attya Bouchhima
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 4, 3038, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nacim Louhichi
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Route Sidi Mansour, Km 6, 3018, Sfax, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), Tunisia
| | - Aissette Baanannou
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Route Sidi Mansour, Km 6, 3018, Sfax, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), Tunisia
| | - Saber Masmoudi
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Route Sidi Mansour, Km 6, 3018, Sfax, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), Tunisia
| | - Olfa Hentati
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 4, 3038, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax (ISBS), Route de Soukra, Km 4, 3038, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mercado SAS, Galvis DGV. Paracetamol ecotoxicological bioassay using the bioindicators Lens culinaris Med. and Pisum sativum L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61965-61976. [PMID: 36934188 PMCID: PMC10024602 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol is one of the most widely used drugs worldwide, yet its environmental presence and hazardous impact on non-target organisms could rapidly increase. In this study, the possible cytotoxic effects of paracetamol were evaluated using two bioindicator plants Lens culinaris and Pisum sativum. Concentrations of 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 25, 5, 1 mg L-1, and a control (distilled water) were used for a total of 10 treatments, which were subsequently applied on seeds of Lens culinaris Med. and Pisum sativum L.; after 72 h of exposure, root growth, mitotic index, percentage of chromosomal abnormalities, and the presence of micronucleus were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect of paracetamol on L. culinaris and P. sativum was demonstrated, reporting the inhibition of root growth, the presence of abnormalities, and a significant micronucleus index at all concentrations used, which shows that this drug has a high degree of toxicity.
Collapse
|
6
|
In situ generation of hydroxyl radicals by B-doped TiO 2 for efficient photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:46997-47011. [PMID: 36735135 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (AP) is a widely used antipyretic analgesic belonging to the class of PPCPs, which is difficult to be effectively degraded by traditional water treatment processes. However, photocatalytic technology may be an effective approach. Herein, B-doped TiO2 photocatalytic materials were synthesized by sol-gel method, calcinated at 600℃ for 2 h, investigated by XRD, TEM, XPS, and other characterization methods. The photocatalytic efficiency and factors affecting the photocatalytic activity were assessed by degradation of AP under 365 nm UV light. Compared with undoped TiO2, 4%B-TiO2 nanopowder has smaller grain size, higher porosity, and lower bandgap energy of 3.11 eV. Scavenging experiments and ESR results show that •OH is the principal active species. Hence, the degradation efficiency of AP is as high as 98.8% in 30 min when adopting 10-mg/L AP initial concentration and 1-g/L 4%B-TiO2 loading, owing to efficient •OH generated by B-TiO2.
Collapse
|
7
|
Preparation and responsive performance study of AuNPs/RGO-MoO2/GCE composite modified electrodes based on its high sensitivity to acetaminophen and dopamine. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
8
|
Perfetti-Bolaño A, Muñoz K, Kolok AS, Araneda A, Barra RO. Analysis of the contribution of locally derived wastewater to the occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Antarctic coastal waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158116. [PMID: 35988631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) are emerging pollutants detected in many locations of the world including Antarctica. The main objective of this review is to discuss the influence of the human population on the concentration, distribution and biological effects of PPCPs across the Antarctic coastal marine ecosystem. We carried out a review of the scientific articles published for PPCPs in Antarctic, supported by the information of the Antarctic stations reported by Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (CONMAP), Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty (ATS). In addition, spatial data regarding the Antarctic continent was obtained from Quantarctica. Antarctic concentrations of PPCPs were more reflective of the treatment system used by research stations as opposed to the infrastructure built or the annual occupancy by station. The main problem is that most of the research stations lack tertiary treatment, resulting in elevated concentrations of PPCPs in effluents. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of Antarctic field stations in coastal areas allows for the release of PPCPs, directly into the sea, a practice that remains in compliance with the current Protocol. After their release, PPCPs can become incorporated into sea ice, which can then act as a chemical reservoir. In addition, there is no clarity on the effects on the local biota. Finally, we recommend regulating the entry and use of PPCPs in Antarctica given the difficulties of operating, and in some cases the complete absence of appropriate treatment systems. Further studies are needed on the fate, transport and biological effects of PPCPs on the Antarctic biota. It is recommended that research efforts be carried out in areas inhabited by humans to generate mitigation measures relative to potential adverse impacts. Tourism should be also considered in further studies due the temporal release of PPCPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Perfetti-Bolaño
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile.
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau 76829, Germany
| | - Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3002, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Alberto Araneda
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio Ecología-Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pisetta AM, Roveri V, Guimarães LL, de Oliveira TMN, Correia AT. First report on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the coastal waters of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its related ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:63099-63111. [PMID: 35459992 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic ecosystems is reason for public concern. These emerging micropollutants include a large and diverse group of organic compounds, with continuous input, high environmental persistence and potential threat to biota and human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the occurrence of twenty-seven PPCPs of various therapeutic classes (including cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine), in the coastal waters of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Water samples were taken in November 2020, during the low tide periods, at eight sampling points located along the coast of Santa Catarina, covering its entire geographical extension. Sampling was carried out in triplicate and at different depths of the water column. Nine compounds were detected through liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS): caffeine (12.58-119.80 ng/L), diclofenac (1.34-7.92 ng/L), atenolol (1.13-2.50 ng/L), losartan (0.43-3.20 ng/L), acetaminophen (0.21-10.04 ng/L), orphenadrine (0.07-0.09 ng/L), cocaine (0.02-0.17 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.01-1.1 ng/L) and carbamazepine (0.02-0.27 ng/L). The highest occurrence of these compounds was detected in the northern and central coastal region of Santa Catarina, namely in Penha and Palhoça cities. Moreover, the risk assessment showed that almost compounds (atenolol, benzoylecgonine, carbamazepine, cocaine and orphenadrine) presented no ecological risk in the recorded concentrations. However, a few compounds suggest low (caffeine and diclofenac) to moderate (acetaminophen and losartan) risk taking into consideration the acute and chronic effects for the three trophic levels (algae, crustacean and fish) tested. These compounds are usually found in areas with high population density, aggravated by tourism, because of the sanitary sewage and solid waste. Although in low concentrations, the occurrence of these chemical compounds can imply deleterious effects on the environmental health of Santa Catarina coastal zone, and therefore deserve more attention by the public authorities and environmental agencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ane-Mery Pisetta
- Faculdade de Ciência E Tecnologia da, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCT-UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vinicius Roveri
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 536 - Encruzilhada, 11045-002, Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luciana Lopes Guimarães
- Universidade de Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Rua Cesário Mota 8, F83A, 11045-040, Santos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha E Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS-UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Environmental protection by the adsorptive elimination of acetaminophen from water: A comprehensive review. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
11
|
Nogueira AF, Nunes B. Effects of paracetamol on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor: occurrence of oxidative stress, cyclooxygenase inhibition and behavioural alterations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26772-26783. [PMID: 33496946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are significant environmental stressors, since they are utilized around the world; they are usually released in to the aquatic system without adequate treatment and several non-target species can be harmed because of their intrinsic properties. Paracetamol is one of the most widely prescribed analgesics in human medical care. Consequently, this compound is systematically reported to occur in the wild, where it may exert toxic effects on non-target species, which are mostly uncharacterized so far. The objective of the present work was to assess the acute (control, 5, 25, 125, 625 and 3125 μg/L) and chronic (control, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/L) effects of paracetamol on behavioural endpoints, as well as on selected oxidative stress biomarkers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRed)] and the anti-inflammatory activity biomarker cyclooxygenase (COX), in the polychaete Hediste diversicolor (Annelida: Polychaeta). Exposure to paracetamol caused effects on behavioural traits, with increased burrowing time (96 h) and hypoactivity (28 days). In addition, exposure to paracetamol resulted also in significant increases of SOD activity, but only for intermediate levels of exposure, but for both acute and chronic exposures. Both forms of GPx had their activities significantly increased, especially after chronic exposure. Acutely exposed organisms had their GRed significantly decreased, while chronically exposed worms had their GRed activity augmented only for the lowest tested concentrations. Effects were also observed in terms of COX activity, showing that paracetamol absorption occurred and caused an inhibition of COX activity in both exposure regimes. It is possible to conclude that the exposure to concentrations of paracetamol close to the ones in the environment may be deleterious to marine ecosystems, endangering marine life by changing their overall redox balance, and the biochemical control of inflammatory intermediaries. Behaviour was also modified and the burrowing capacity was adversely affected. This set of effects clearly demonstrate that paracetamol exposure, under realistic conditions, it not exempt of adverse effects on marine invertebrates, such as polychaetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Nogueira
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gutiérrez-Noya VM, Gómez-Oliván LM, Ramírez-Montero MDC, Islas-Flores H, Galar-Martínez M, García-Medina S. Survival and malformations rates, oxidative status in early life stages of Cyprinus carpio due to exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of paracetamol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144585. [PMID: 33454465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol (PCM) is among the most consumed analgesic and antipyretic drugs worldwide. Due to its high consumption, this drug has been reported ubiquitously on different water bodies, posing a real threat to aquatic organisms. Until now, several studies have pointed out that PCM may induce oxidative stress, histological damage and developmental disorders on different aquatic species. Nonetheless, there is still a huge knowledge gap about the toxic effects that PCM may induce in species of commercial interest such as the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The aim of this study was to evaluate survival and malformation rates induced by PCM (0.5 μg/L - 3.5 μg/L) in early life stages of common carp. Furthermore, oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated at 72 and 96 h post fecundation. PCM reduced the survival rate of the embryos of up to 90%, as concentration increased. LC50 and EC50m were 1.29 μg/L and 2.84 μg/L, respectively. Biomarkers of cellular oxidation and antioxidant enzymes were modified in a concentration-dependent way with respect to the control group (p < 0.05). The main developmental alterations observed were lordosis, scoliosis, craniofacial malformations, hypopigmentation, growth retardation, pericardial edema and rachyschisis. These data indicate that environmentally realistic concentrations of PCM could be hazardous and affects the development in early stages of C. carpio. Moreover, our findings also indicate that C. carpio embryos may be a useful in vivo model to evaluate embryonic and teratogenic effects of drugs such as PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Margarita Gutiérrez-Noya
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - María Del Carmen Ramírez-Montero
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Daniel D, Nunes B. Evaluation of single and combined effects of two pharmaceuticals on the marine gastropod Phorcus lineatus enzymatic activity under two different exposure periods. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:756-765. [PMID: 33829385 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drugs are among the most used chemicals for human and veterinary medicines, aquaculture and agriculture. Pharmaceuticals are environmentally persistent, biologically active molecules, thereby having the potential to exert biological effects on non-target species. Among the most used pharmaceuticals, one may find salicylic acid (SA), a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that acts by inhibiting the enzymes cyclooxigenases; it is also possible to identify acetazolamide (ACZ), a diuretic that acts by inhibiting the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA). In this work, the effects of both single and combined effects of these drugs were assessed on the marine gastropod Phorcus lineatus, by measuring key enzymatic activities, namely carbonic anhydrase (CA) and cyclooxygenase (COX), under two different exposure periods (14 and 28 days). We observed no straightforward pattern of enzymatic response in all treatments of both pharmaceuticals, on both analyzed tissues (gut and gills), and for both exposure regimes. We assume that this species is not responsive to the hereby tested pharmaceuticals, a finding that may be due to general mechanisms of response to adverse conditions, such as reduction of metabolism, of heart rate, of filtration rates, and to the increase production of mucus. All these functional adaptations can mitigate the deleterious effects caused by adverse conditions, without triggering biochemical responses. In conclusion, the species P. lineatus seems not to be sensitive in terms of these specific enzymatic pathways to these contaminants, under the adopted conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Daniel
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alkimin GD, Soares AMVM, Barata C, Nunes B. Evaluation of ketoprofen toxicity in two freshwater species: Effects on biochemical, physiological and population endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114993. [PMID: 32806449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ketoprofen (KTF) assumes an important position. Nevertheless, its ecotoxicological effects in non-target organisms are poorly characterized, despite its use and frequency of occurrence in aquatic matrices. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxicological effects of KTF contamination, in two freshwater species, Lemna minor and Daphnia magna, by measuring biochemical, physiological and population parameters. To attain this objective, both species were exposed to KTF at the same concentrations (0, 0.24, 1.2, 6 and 30 μg/L). L. minor plants were exposed during 4 d to these levels of KTF, and the enzymatic activity (catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and carbonic anhydrase (CA)), and pigments content (chlorophylls a, b and total and carotenoids) were analyzed to evaluate the toxicity of this drug. D. magna was acutely and chronically exposed to KTF, and enzymatic activities (CAT, GSTs and cyclooxygenase (COX)), the feeding rates, and reproduction traits were assessed. In L.minor, KTF provoked alterations in all enzyme activities, however, it was not capable of causing any alteration in any pigment levels. On the other hand, KTF also provoked alterations in all enzymatic activities in D. magna, but did not affect feeding rates and life-history parameters. In conclusion, exposure to KTF, provoked biochemical alterations in both species. However, these alterations were not reflected into deleterious effects on physiological and populational traits of L. minor and D. magna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D Alkimin
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - A M V M Soares
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Nunes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Koagouw W, Ciocan C. Effects of short-term exposure of paracetamol in the gonads of blue mussels Mytilus edulis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30933-30944. [PMID: 31749003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06861-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests that pharmaceutical contamination poses an increasing risk to marine ecosystems. Paracetamol or acetaminophen is the most widely used medicine in the world and has recently been detected in seawater. Here, we present the results of 7 days' exposure of blue mussel adults to 40 ng/L, 250 ng/L and 100 μg/L of paracetamol. Histopathology shows that haemocytic infiltration is the most observed condition in the exposed mussels. The mRNA expression of VTG, V9, ER2, HSP70, CASP8, BCL2 and FAS in mussel gonads present different patterns of downregulation. VTG and CASP8 mRNA expression show downregulation in all exposed mussels, irrespective of sex. The V9, HSP70, BCL2 and FAS transcripts follow a concentration-dependent variation in gene expression and may therefore be considered good biomarker candidates. ER2 mRNA expression shows a downregulated trend, with a clearer dose-response relationship in males. In conclusion, this study suggests that paracetamol has the potential to alter the expression of several genes related to processes occurring in the reproductive system and may therefore impair reproduction in blue mussels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wulan Koagouw
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4AT, UK
- Bitung Marine Life Conservation Unit, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Tandurusa, Aertembaga, Bitung, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Corina Ciocan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Almeida Â, Solé M, Soares AMVM, Freitas R. Anti-inflammatory drugs in the marine environment: Bioconcentration, metabolism and sub-lethal effects in marine bivalves. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114442. [PMID: 32259738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been found in the marine environment. Although there is a large body of evidence that pharmaceutical drugs exert negative impacts on aquatic organisms, especially in the freshwater compartment, only limited studies are available on bioconcentration and the effects of NSAIDs on marine organisms. Bivalves have a high ecological and socio-economic value and are considered good bioindicator species in ecotoxicology and risk assessment programs. Therefore, this review summarizes current knowledge on the bioconcentration and the effects of three widely used NSAIDs, diclofenac, ibuprofen and paracetamol, in marine bivalves exposed under laboratory conditions. These pharmaceutical drugs were chosen based on their environmental occurrence both in frequency and concentration that may warrant their inclusion in the European Union Watch List. It has been highlighted that ambient concentrations may result in negative effects on wild bivalves after long-term exposures. Also, higher trophic level organisms may be more impacted due to food-chain transfer (e.g., humans are shellfish consumers). Overall, the three selected NSAIDs were reported to bioconcentrate in marine bivalves, with recognized effects at different life-stages. Immune responses were the main target of a long-term exposure to the drugs. The studies selected support the inclusion of diclofenac on the European Union Watch List and highlight the importance of extending research for ibuprofen and paracetamol due to their demonstrated negative effects on marine bivalves exposed to environmental realistic concentrations, under laboratory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Almeida
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar ICM-CSIC, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dionísio R, Daniel D, Arenas F, Campos JC, Costa PC, Nunes B, Correia AT. Effects of pH on salicylic acid toxicity in terms of biomarkers determined in the marine gastropod Gibbula umbilicalis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 158:104995. [PMID: 32501266 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of the physical-chemical properties of the oceans due to anthropogenic activities are, at present, one of the most concerning environmental issues studied by researchers. One of these issues is ocean acidification, mainly caused by overproduction and release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from anthropogenic sources. Another component of environmental degradation is related to the production and release of potential toxic compounds, namely active pharmaceutical ingredients, into the aquatic environment that, combined with oceanic acidification, can cause unpredictable and never before considered deleterious effects on non-target marine organisms. Regarding this issue, the hereby study used predictions of future ocean acidification to simulate realistic scenarios of environmental exposure to a common therapeutic drug, salicylic acid (SA), in the marine gastropod Gibbula umbilicalis under different pH values. This species was exposed to a range of pH values (8.2, 7.9 and 7.6), and to already reported environmentally realistic concentrations (5, 25 and 125 μg/L) of SA. To evaluate the effects of these environmental stressors, key physiological biomarkers (GSTs, CAT, TBARS, AChE and COX) and shell hardness (SH) were quantified. Results from the present study showed that CAT and GSTs activities were enhanced by SA under water acidification; increased lipid peroxidation was also observed in organisms exposed to SA in more acidic media. In addition, the hereby study demonstrated the neurotoxic effects of SA through the inhibition of AChE. Effects were also observed in terms of COX activity, showing that SA absorption may be affected by water acidification. In terms of SH, the obtained data suggest that SA may alter the physical integrity of shells of exposed organisms. It is possible to conclude that the combination of seawater acidification and exposure to toxic xenobiotics (namely to the drug SA) may be strenuous to marine communities, making aquatic biota more susceptible to xenobiotics, and consequently endangering marine life in an unpredictable extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dionísio
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro (DBIO-UA), Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - David Daniel
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro (DBIO-UA), Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Francisco Arenas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - João C Campos
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO-REQUIMTE), MedTech - Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo C Costa
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO-REQUIMTE), MedTech - Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro (DBIO-UA), Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS/UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nunes B, Daniel D, Canelas GG, Barros J, Correia AT. Toxic effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of diclofenac in organisms from two distinct trophic levels, Hediste diversicolor and Solea senegalensis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 231:108722. [PMID: 32032725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro/Departament of Biology of the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar/Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - David Daniel
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro/Departament of Biology of the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gisela Gonçalves Canelas
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa/Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, (FCS/UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joseane Barros
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto/Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar of the University of Porto, (ICBAS), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Teodorico Correia
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa/Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, (FCS/UFP), Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental/Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nunes B. Ecotoxicological Effects of the Drug Paracetamol: A Critical Review of Past Ecotoxicity Assessments and Future Perspectives. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|