1
|
Zhao J, Xu J, Xu Y, Ji Y. Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in PM 1 and Source-Specific Health Risks in the Tianjin Airport Community, China. TOXICS 2024; 12:601. [PMID: 39195703 PMCID: PMC11359593 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12080601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The airport and its surrounding areas are home to a variety of pollution sources, and air pollution is a recognized health concern for local populated regions. Submicron particulate matter (PM1 with an aerodynamic diameter of <1 mm) is a typical pollutant at airports, and the enrichment of heavy metals (HMs) in PM1 poses a great threat to human health. To comprehensively assess the source-specific health effects of PM1-bound HMs in an airport community, PM1 filter samples were collected around the Tianjin Binhai International Airport for 12 h during the daytime and nighttime, both in the spring and summer, and 10 selected HMs (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed. The indicatory elements of aircraft emissions were certified as Zn and Pb, which accounted for more than 60% of the sum concentration of detected HMs. The health risks assessment showed that the total non-cancer risks (TNCRs) of PM1-bound HMs were 0.28 in the spring and 0.23 in the summer, which are lower than the safety level determined by the USEPA, and the total cancer risk (TCR) was 2.37 × 10-5 in the spring and 2.42 × 10-5 in the summer, implying that there were non-negligible cancer risks in the Tianjin Airport Community. After source apportionment with EF values and PMF model, four factors have been determined in both seasons. Consequently, the source-specific health risks were also evaluated by combining the PMF model with the health risk assessment model. For non-cancer risk, industrial sources containing high concentrations of Mn were the top contributors in both spring (50.4%) and summer (44.2%), while coal combustion with high loads of As and Cd posed the highest cancer risk in both seasons. From the perspective of health risk management, targeted management and control strategies should be adopted for industrial emissions and coal combustion in the Tianjin Airport Community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhao
- College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Yanhong Xu
- College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lepistö T, Barreira LMF, Helin A, Niemi JV, Kuittinen N, Lintusaari H, Silvonen V, Markkula L, Manninen HE, Timonen H, Jalava P, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Snapshots of wintertime urban aerosol characteristics: Local sources emphasized in ultrafine particle number and lung deposited surface area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116068. [PMID: 37149021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban air fine particles are a major health-relating problem. However, it is not well understood how the health-relevant features of fine particles should be monitored. Limitations of PM2.5 (mass concentration of sub 2.5 μm particles), which is commonly used in the health effect estimations, have been recognized and, e.g., World Health Organization (WHO) has released good practice statements for particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) concentrations (2021). In this study, a characterization of urban wintertime aerosol was done in three environments: a detached housing area with residential wood combustion, traffic-influenced streets in a city centre and near an airport. The particle characteristics varied significantly between the locations, resulting different average particle sizes causing lung deposited surface area (LDSA). Near the airport, departing planes had a major contribution on PN, and most particles were smaller than 10 nm, similarly as in the city centre. The high hourly mean PN (>20 000 1/cm3) stated in the WHO's good practices was clearly exceeded near the airport and in the city centre, even though traffic rates were reduced due to a SARS-CoV-2-related partial lockdown. In the residential area, wood combustion increased both BC and PM2.5, but also PN of sub 10 and 23 nm particles. The high concentrations of sub 10 nm particles in all the locations show the importance of the chosen lower size limit of PN measurement, e.g., WHO states that the lower limit should be 10 nm or smaller. Furthermore, due to ultrafine particle emissions, LDSA per unit PM2.5 was 1.4 and 2.4 times higher near the airport than in the city centre and the residential area, respectively, indicating that health effects of PM2.5 depend on urban environment as well as conditions, and emphasizing the importance of PN monitoring in terms of health effects related to local pollution sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland.
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Aku Helin
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, 00066, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, 00066, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adotey EK, Burkutova L, Tastanova L, Bekeshev A, Balanay MP, Sabanov S, Rule AM, Hopke PK, Amouei Torkmahalleh M. Quantification and the sources identification of total and insoluble hexavalent chromium in ambient PM: A case study of Aktobe, Kazakhstan. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136057. [PMID: 35995192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a known carcinogen, emanates from both anthropogenic and natural sources. A pilot study of the ambient Cr(VI) concentrations was conducted at the center of Aktobe which is a few kilometers away from major industrial chromium plants. Total Cr(VI) concentrations were measured in the fall and winter seasons with mean values (S.D) of 5.30 (2.16) ng/m3 and 2.26 (1.80) ng/m3, respectively. Insoluble Cr(VI) levels were 4.80 (1.96) and 2.19 (1.75) ng/m3 for the fall and winter, respectively. The total and insoluble Cr(VI) concentrations in the fall season were significantly higher than in winter, likely due to the higher rate of Cr(III) oxidation in the presence of ozone and ROS in fall compared to the rate of Cr(VI) reduction in the presence of VOCs at higher temperatures. On average, total Cr(VI) constituted 34.49% of the total Cr concentrations suggesting that the dominant valence state of Cr in the atmosphere is Cr(III). The previous reference values of exposure to Cr(VI) must be revisited by taking into account the insoluble Cr(VI) concentration since it is more prevalent in the atmosphere compared to soluble Cr(VI). The influence of the chromium plants as potential sources was not obvious in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enoch K Adotey
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyailya Burkutova
- K. Zhubanov Aktobe University, A. Moldagulova Ave., 34, 030000, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyazzat Tastanova
- K. Zhubanov Aktobe University, A. Moldagulova Ave., 34, 030000, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Amirbek Bekeshev
- K. Zhubanov Aktobe University, A. Moldagulova Ave., 34, 030000, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Mannix P Balanay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergei Sabanov
- Department of Mining, School of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Anna M Rule
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 20209, USA
| | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan; Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Świsłowski P, Nowak A, Rajfur M. Comparison of Exposure Techniques and Vitality Assessment of Mosses in Active Biomonitoring for Their Suitability in Assessing Heavy Metal Pollution in Atmospheric Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1429-1438. [PMID: 35213067 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most widespread and used technique is the moss-bag method in active biomonitoring of air pollution using mosses. In the literature, we can find various studies on the standardization of this method, including attempts to standardize treatments and preparation procedures for their universal application. Few works comprehensively focus on other methods or compare other techniques used in active biomonitoring with mosses, especially including measurements of their vital parameters. Our experiment aimed to assess air pollution by selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe, and Hg) using three moss species (Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax, and Dicranum polysetum) during a 12-week exposure in an urban area. Mosses were exposed simultaneously using four techniques: moss bag in three variants (exposed to air for total deposition of heavy metals, exposed to air for only dry deposition, and sheltered from the wind) and transplants in boxes. Increases in heavy metal concentrations in mosses were determined using the relative accumulation factor (RAF). The actual quantum yield of photosystem II photochemical was also analyzed as the main vitality parameter. The results indicate that all moss species during the changing environmental conditions survived and retained their vitality, although it decreased by >50% during the exposure. The best biomonitor was the moss P. schreberi, whose RAF increments were the highest throughout the study period for the majority of elements. The moss-bag technique had a statistically significant effect (almost 40%) on the concentration value of a given metal for a certain species, and thus it is the most recommended technique that can be applied in air quality monitoring in urban areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1429-1438. © 2022 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arkadiusz Nowak
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
- Botanical Garden-Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rajfur
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sher F, Raore D, Klemeš JJ, Rafi-ul-Shan PM, Khzouz M, Marintseva K, Razmkhah O. Unprecedented Impacts of Aviation Emissions on Global Environmental and Climate Change Scenario. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2021; 7:549-564. [PMID: 34777950 PMCID: PMC8578007 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-021-00206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There has been a continuously growing trend in international commercial air traffic, with the exception of COVID-19 crises; however, after the recovery, the trend is expected to even sharpen. The consequences of released emissions and by-products in the environment range from human health hazards, low air quality and global warming. This study is aimed to investigate the role of aviation emissions in global warming. For this purpose, data on different variables including global air traffic and growth rate, air traffic in different continents, total global CO2 emissions of different airlines, direct and indirect emissions, air traffic in various UK airports and fuel-efficient aircraft was collected from various sources like EU member states, Statista, Eurostat, IATA, CAA and EUROCONTROL. The results indicated that in 2019, commercial airlines carried over 4.5 × 109 passengers on scheduled flights. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the global number of passengers was reduced to 1.8 × 109, representing around a 60% reduction in air traffic. Germany was the largest contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) from the EU, releasing 927 kt of emissions in 3 years. In the UK, Heathrow airport had the highest number of passengers in 2019 with over 80 million, and the study of monthly aircraft movement revealed that Heathrow Airport also had the highest number of EU and International flights, while Edinburgh had the domestic flights in 2018. These research findings could be beneficial for airlines, policymakers and governments targeting the reduction of aircraft emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - David Raore
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory – SPIL, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, NETME Centre, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Khzouz
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
- Department of Systems Engineering, Military Technological College, Al Matar Street, Muscat, 111 Oman
| | - Kristina Marintseva
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Omid Razmkhah
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sorrentino MC, Capozzi F, Wuyts K, Joosen S, Mubiana VK, Giordano S, Samson R, Spagnuolo V. Mobile Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Pollution: A New Perspective for the Moss-Bag Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112384. [PMID: 34834748 PMCID: PMC8621684 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work the potential of moving moss-bags, fixed to bicycles, to intercept particulate matter (PM) and linked metal(loid)s was tested for the first time. Seven volunteers carried three moss-bags for fifty days while commuting by bicycle in the urban area of Antwerp, Belgium. Moreover, one bike, equipped with mobile PM samplers, travelled along four routes: urban, industrial, green route and the total path, carrying three moss-bags at each route. The saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) signal and chemical composition (assessed by HR-ICP-MS) of the moss samples indicated that the industrial route was the most polluted. Element fluxes (i.e., the ratio between element daily uptake and the specific leaf area) could discriminate among land uses; particularly, they were significantly higher in the industrial route for Ag, As, Cd and Pb; significantly lowest in the green route for As and Pb; and comparable for all accumulated elements along most urban routes. A comparison with a previous experiment carried out in the same study area using similar moss-bags at static exposure points, showed that the element fluxes were significantly higher in the mobile system. Finally, PM2.5 and PM10 masses measured along the four routes were consistent with element fluxes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Sorrentino
- Department of Biology, Campus Monte S. Angelo, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.C.S.); (F.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Fiore Capozzi
- Department of Biology, Campus Monte S. Angelo, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.C.S.); (F.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Steven Joosen
- Department of Biology, Campus Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.J.); (V.K.M.)
| | - Valentine K. Mubiana
- Department of Biology, Campus Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.J.); (V.K.M.)
| | - Simonetta Giordano
- Department of Biology, Campus Monte S. Angelo, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.C.S.); (F.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Roeland Samson
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Campus Groenenborgerlaan 171, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Valeria Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology, Campus Monte S. Angelo, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.C.S.); (F.C.); (S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gioda A, Beringui K, Justo EPS, Ventura LMB, Massone CG, Costa SSL, Oliveira SS, Araujo RGO, Nascimento NDM, Severino HGS, Duyck CB, de Souza JR, Saint Pierre TD. A Review on Atmospheric Analysis Focusing on Public Health, Environmental Legislation and Chemical Characterization. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1772-1794. [PMID: 34092145 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1919985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has been considered one of the most important topics in environmental science once it can be related to the incidence of respiratory diseases, climate change, and others. Knowing the composition of this complex and variable mixture of gases and particulate matter is crucial to understand the damages it causes, help establish limit levels, reduce emissions, and mitigate risks. In this work, the current scenario of the legislation and guideline values for indoor and outdoor atmospheric parameters will be reviewed, focusing on the inorganic and organic compositions of particulate matter and on biomonitoring. Considering the concentration level of the contaminants in air and the physical aspects (meteorological conditions) involved in the dispersion of these contaminants, different approaches for air sampling and analysis have been developed in recent years. Finally, this review presents the importance of data analysis, whose main objective is to transform analytical results into reliable information about the significance of anthropic activities in air pollution and its possible sources. This information is a useful tool to help the government implement actions against atmospheric air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gioda
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karmel Beringui
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elizanne P S Justo
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M B Ventura
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Massone
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvânio Silvério Lopes Costa
- Núcleo de Petróleo e Gás, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.,Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sidimar Santos Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rennan Geovanny Oliveira Araujo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Nivia de M Nascimento
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hemmely Guilhermond S Severino
- Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christiane B Duyck
- Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana D Saint Pierre
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bendtsen KM, Bengtsen E, Saber AT, Vogel U. A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports. Environ Health 2021; 20:10. [PMID: 33549096 PMCID: PMC7866671 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airport personnel are at risk of occupational exposure to jet engine emissions, which similarly to diesel exhaust emissions include volatile organic compounds and particulate matter consisting of an inorganic carbon core with associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Diesel exhaust is classified as carcinogenic and the particulate fraction has in itself been linked to several adverse health effects including cancer. METHOD In this review, we summarize the available scientific literature covering human health effects of exposure to airport emissions, both in occupational settings and for residents living close to airports. We also report the findings from the limited scientific mechanistic studies of jet engine emissions in animal and cell models. RESULTS Jet engine emissions contain large amounts of nano-sized particles, which are particularly prone to reach the lower airways upon inhalation. Size of particles and emission levels depend on type of aircraft, engine conditions, and fuel type, as well as on operation modes. Exposure to jet engine emissions is reported to be associated with biomarkers of exposure as well as biomarkers of effect among airport personnel, especially in ground-support functions. Proximity to running jet engines or to the airport as such for residential areas is associated with increased exposure and with increased risk of disease, increased hospital admissions and self-reported lung symptoms. CONCLUSION We conclude that though the literature is scarce and with low consistency in methods and measured biomarkers, there is evidence that jet engine emissions have physicochemical properties similar to diesel exhaust particles, and that exposure to jet engine emissions is associated with similar adverse health effects as exposure to diesel exhaust particles and other traffic emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja M. Bendtsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Bengtsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne T. Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Environmental Impact Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils Near the Runway at the International Airport in Central Europe. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12177224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of air transport and air transportation systems have become increasingly important and are heavily debated. The aim of the study was to determine the degree of soil contamination by the potentially toxic elements (Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the vicinity of the airport runway and to evaluate whether airport traffic has had factual toxic effects on airport vegetation. The overall assessment of soil contamination by means of the Nemerow integrated pollution index indicated slight pollution; evaluation by the geoaccumulation index evinced moderate contamination by Zn and nonexistent to moderate contamination by Cu, Ni, and Pb. A significant difference between the take-off and landing sections of the runway was not statistically confirmed. The vegetation risk assessment by means of the potential ecological risk index (RI) showed the low ecological risk, while the phytotoxicity test revealed an inhibition of up to 33.7%, with a slight inhibition of 16.7% on average, and thus low toxic effects of airport traffic on airport vegetation. The results of the linear regression model between phytotoxicity and RI manifested no relation between the two. The outcomes from other studies suggest that the range of elements and the extent of contamination can be highly variable at different airports and frequently affected by car traffic. Therefore, further research on this issue is needed for the more precise determination of the elements emitted by air traffic at airports.
Collapse
|
10
|
Turgut ET, Açıkel G, Gaga EO, Çalişir D, Odabasi M, Ari A, Artun G, İlhan SÖ, Savaci U, Can E, Turan S. A Comprehensive Characterization of Particulate Matter, Trace Elements, and Gaseous Emissions of Piston-Engine Aircraft. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7818-7835. [PMID: 32428403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous and PM10 emissions of a piston-engine aircraft during ground operations at different engine states (six engine speed points and three air/fuel mixtures) representing certain flight phases were concurrently measured from the exhaust duct. PM10 emissions were sampled on a 47 mm-diameter polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter in order to be analyzed with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) to identify the presence and level of forty-eight elements. The most abundant element is found to be Pb (med = 4.6 × 106 ng m-3), which is 40 times the second most abundant element, Na (med = 1.1 × 105 ng m-3). The filters used for sampling exhaust gases tend to lighten with an increase in engine speed and leaning of the fuel mixture. The average of measured PM mass concentrations at all engine speeds were calculated to be 27.7 mg m-3 (full-rich) > 26.7 mg m-3 (best-power) > 24.7 mg m-3 (best-economy). The total mass of the trace elements constitutes an average of 24.1 ± 12.8% of the mass of PM. Electron microscope analyses suggest that the particles enriched by Al tend to agglomerate in a needle-shaped structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enis T Turgut
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aircraft Airframe and Powerplant Department, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Açıkel
- Eskisehir Technical University, Aircraft Maintenance Centre, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Duran Çalişir
- Eskisehir Technical University, Aircraft Maintenance Centre, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Akif Ari
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering, Gölköy Campus, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Gülzade Artun
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Soner Özenc İlhan
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Umut Savaci
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Emre Can
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Servet Turan
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|