1
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Saarikoski S, Järvinen A, Markkula L, Aurela M, Kuittinen N, Hoivala J, Barreira LMF, Aakko-Saksa P, Lepistö T, Marjanen P, Timonen H, Hakkarainen H, Jalava P, Rönkkö T. Towards zero pollution vehicles by advanced fuels and exhaust aftertreatment technologies. Environ Pollut 2024; 347:123665. [PMID: 38432344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions deteriorate air quality in urban areas notably. The aim of this study was to conduct an in-depth characterization of gaseous and particle emissions, and their potential to form secondary aerosol emissions, of the cars meeting the most recent emission Euro 6d standards, and to investigate the impact of fuel as well as engine and aftertreatment technologies on pollutants at warm and cold ambient temperatures. Studied vehicles were a diesel car with a diesel particulate filter (DPF), two gasoline cars (with and without a gasoline particulate filter (GPF)), and a car using compressed natural gas (CNG). The impact of fuel aromatic content was examined for the diesel car and the gasoline car without the GPF. The results showed that the utilization of exhaust particulate filter was important both in diesel and gasoline cars. The gasoline car without the GPF emitted relatively high concentrations of particles compared to the other technologies but the implementation of the GPF decreased particle emissions, and the potential to form secondary aerosols in atmospheric processes. The diesel car equipped with the DPF emitted low particle number concentrations except during the DPF regeneration events. Aromatic-free gasoline and diesel fuel efficiently reduced exhaust particles. Since the renewal of vehicle fleet is a relatively slow process, changing the fuel composition can be seen as a faster way to affect traffic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Jussi Hoivala
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33100, Finland.
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2
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Garcia-Marlès M, Lara R, Reche C, Pérez N, Tobías A, Savadkoohi M, Beddows D, Salma I, Vörösmarty M, Weidinger T, Hueglin C, Mihalopoulos N, Grivas G, Kalkavouras P, Ondráček J, Zíková N, Niemi JV, Manninen HE, Green DC, Tremper AH, Norman M, Vratolis S, Eleftheriadis K, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Alonso-Blanco E, Wiedensohler A, Weinhold K, Merkel M, Bastian S, Hoffmann B, Altug H, Petit JE, Favez O, Dos Santos SM, Putaud JP, Dinoi A, Contini D, Timonen H, Lampilahti J, Petäjä T, Pandolfi M, Hopke PK, Harrison RM, Alastuey A, Querol X. Inter-annual trends of ultrafine particles in urban Europe. Environ Int 2024; 185:108510. [PMID: 38460241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm), have been reported to potentially penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, translocate through the alveoli, and affect various organs, potentially correlating with increased mortality. The aim of this study is to assess long-term trends (5-11 years) in mostly urban UFP concentrations based on measurements of particle number size distributions (PNSD). Additionally, concentrations of other pollutants and meteorological variables were evaluated to support the interpretations. PNSD datasets from 12 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 3 suburban background (SUB) and 1 regional background (RB) sites in 15 European cities and 1 in the USA were evaluated. The non-parametric Theil-Sen's method was used to detect monotonic trends. Meta-analyses were carried out to assess the overall trends and those for different environments. The results showed significant decreases in NO, NO2, BC, CO, and particle concentrations in the Aitken (25-100 nm) and the Accumulation (100-800 nm) modes, suggesting a positive impact of the implementation of EURO 5/V and 6/VI vehicle standards on European air quality. The growing use of Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs) might also have clearly reduced exhaust emissions of BC, PM, and the Aitken and Accumulation mode particles. However, as reported by prior studies, there remains an issue of poor control of Nucleation mode particles (smaller than 25 nm), which are not fully reduced with current DPFs, without emission controls for semi-volatile organic compounds, and might have different origins than road traffic. Thus, contrasting trends for Nucleation mode particles were obtained across the cities studied. This mode also affected the UFP and total PNC trends because of the high proportion of Nucleation mode particles in both concentration ranges. It was also found that the urban temperature increasing trends might have also influenced those of PNC, Nucleation and Aitken modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| | - Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa 08242, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Vörösmarty
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece; Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nadĕžda Zíková
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Box 8136, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, German
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hicran Altug
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | | | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Fung PL, Savadkoohi M, Zaidan MA, Niemi JV, Timonen H, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Querol X, Hussein T, Petäjä T. Corrigendum to "Constructing transferable and interpretable machine learning models for black carbon concentrations" [Environ. Int. 184 (2024) 108449]. Environ Int 2024; 185:108561. [PMID: 38462436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pak Lun Fung
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa 08242, Spain.
| | - Martha Arbayani Zaidan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki FI-00066, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
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4
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Savadkoohi M, Pandolfi M, Favez O, Putaud JP, Eleftheriadis K, Fiebig M, Hopke PK, Laj P, Wiedensohler A, Alados-Arboledas L, Bastian S, Chazeau B, María ÁC, Colombi C, Costabile F, Green DC, Hueglin C, Liakakou E, Luoma K, Listrani S, Mihalopoulos N, Marchand N, Močnik G, Niemi JV, Ondráček J, Petit JE, Rattigan OV, Reche C, Timonen H, Titos G, Tremper AH, Vratolis S, Vodička P, Funes EY, Zíková N, Harrison RM, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. Recommendations for reporting equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations based on long-term pan-European in-situ observations. Environ Int 2024; 185:108553. [PMID: 38460240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
A reliable determination of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations derived from filter absorption photometers (FAPs) measurements depends on the appropriate quantification of the mass absorption cross-section (MAC) for converting the absorption coefficient (babs) to eBC. This study investigates the spatial-temporal variability of the MAC obtained from simultaneous elemental carbon (EC) and babs measurements performed at 22 sites. We compared different methodologies for retrieving eBC integrating different options for calculating MAC including: locally derived, median value calculated from 22 sites, and site-specific rolling MAC. The eBC concentrations that underwent correction using these methods were identified as LeBC (local MAC), MeBC (median MAC), and ReBC (Rolling MAC) respectively. Pronounced differences (up to more than 50 %) were observed between eBC as directly provided by FAPs (NeBC; Nominal instrumental MAC) and ReBC due to the differences observed between the experimental and nominal MAC values. The median MAC was 7.8 ± 3.4 m2 g-1 from 12 aethalometers at 880 nm, and 10.6 ± 4.7 m2 g-1 from 10 MAAPs at 637 nm. The experimental MAC showed significant site and seasonal dependencies, with heterogeneous patterns between summer and winter in different regions. In addition, long-term trend analysis revealed statistically significant (s.s.) decreasing trends in EC. Interestingly, we showed that the corresponding corrected eBC trends are not independent of the way eBC is calculated due to the variability of MAC. NeBC and EC decreasing trends were consistent at sites with no significant trend in experimental MAC. Conversely, where MAC showed s.s. trend, the NeBC and EC trends were not consistent while ReBC concentration followed the same pattern as EC. These results underscore the importance of accounting for MAC variations when deriving eBC measurements from FAPs and emphasize the necessity of incorporating EC observations to constrain the uncertainty associated with eBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Industrial & TIC Engineering (EMIT-UPC), Manresa, Spain.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity & Aerosol Technology for Atmospheric & Climate Impact Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Markus Fiebig
- Dept. Atmospheric and Climate Research, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Laj
- Univ. Grenoble, CNRS, IRD, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology/Saxon State Department for Agricultural and Environmental Operations, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Álvaro Clemente María
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Arpa Lombardia, Settore Monitoraggi Ambientali, Unità Operativa Qualità dell'Aria, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Krista Luoma
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefano Listrani
- ARPA Lazio, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Rome, Italy
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Griša Močnik
- Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, 5270, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Oliver V Rattigan
- Division of Air Resources, New York State Dept of Environmental Conservation, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- Environmental Radioactivity & Aerosol Technology for Atmospheric & Climate Impact Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Petr Vodička
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo Yubero Funes
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Naděžda Zíková
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Fung PL, Savadkoohi M, Zaidan MA, Niemi JV, Timonen H, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Querol X, Hussein T, Petäjä T. Constructing transferable and interpretable machine learning models for black carbon concentrations. Environ Int 2024; 184:108449. [PMID: 38286044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) has received increasing attention from researchers due to its adverse health effects. However, in-situ BC measurements are often not included as a regulated variable in air quality monitoring networks. Machine learning (ML) models have been studied extensively to serve as virtual sensors to complement the reference instruments. This study evaluates and compares three white-box (WB) and four black-box (BB) ML models to estimate BC concentrations, with the focus to show their transferability and interpretability. We train the models with the long-term air pollutant and weather measurements in Barcelona urban background site, and test them in other European urban and traffic sites. Despite the difference in geographical locations and measurement sites, BC correlates the strongest with particle number concentration of accumulation mode (PNacc, r = 0.73-0.85) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2, r = 0.68-0.85) and the weakest with meteorological parameters. Due to its similarity of correlation behaviour, the ML models trained in Barcelona performs prominently at the traffic site in Helsinki (R2 = 0.80-0.86; mean absolute error MAE = 3.90-4.73 %) and at the urban background site in Dresden (R2 = 0.79-0.84; MAE = 4.23-4.82 %). WB models appear to explain less variability of BC than BB models, long short-term memory (LSTM) model of which outperforms the rest of the models. In terms of interpretability, we adopt several methods for individual model to quantify and normalize the relative importance of each input feature. The overall static relative importance commonly used for WB models demonstrate varying results from the dynamic values utilized to show local contribution used for BB models. PNacc and NO2 on average have the strongest absolute static contribution; however, they simultaneously impact the estimation positively and negatively at different sites. This comprehensive analysis demonstrates that the possibility of these interpretable air pollutant ML models to be transfered across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Lun Fung
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa 08242, Spain.
| | - Martha Arbayani Zaidan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki FI-00066, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (EARL), Department of Physics, School of Science, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland.
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6
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Rönkkö T, Pirjola L, Karjalainen P, Simonen P, Teinilä K, Bloss M, Salo L, Datta A, Lal B, Hooda RK, Saarikoski S, Timonen H. Exhaust particle number and composition for diesel and gasoline passenger cars under transient driving conditions: Real-world emissions down to 1.5 nm. Environ Pollut 2023; 338:122645. [PMID: 37777056 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent recommendations given by WHO include systematic measurements of ambient particle number concentration and black carbon (BC) concentrations. In India and several other highly polluted areas, the air quality problems are severe and the need for air quality related information is urgent. This study focuses on particle number emissions and BC emissions of passenger cars that are technologically relevant from an Indian perspective. Particle number and BC were investigated under real-world conditions for driving cycles typical for Indian urban environments. Two mobile laboratories and advanced aerosol and trace gas instrumentation were utilized. Our study shows that passenger cars without exhaust particle filtration can emit in real-world conditions large number of particles, and especially at deceleration a significant fraction of particle number can be even in 1.5-10 nm particle sizes. The mass concentration of exhaust plume particles was dominated by BC that was emitted especially at acceleration conditions. However, exhaust particles contained also organic compounds, indicating the roles of engine oil and fuel in exhaust particle formation. In general, our study was motivated by serious Indian air quality problems, by the recognized lack of emission information related to Indian traffic, and by the recent WHO air quality guidance; our results emphasize the importance of monitoring particle number concentrations and BC also in Indian urban areas and especially in traffic environments where people can be significantly exposed to fresh exhaust emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, 33101, Finland.
| | - Liisa Pirjola
- Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Vantaa, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, 33101, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, 33101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, 33101, Finland
| | - Arindam Datta
- The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India
| | - Banwari Lal
- The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K Hooda
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Liu X, Hadiatullah H, Zhang X, Trechera P, Savadkoohi M, Garcia-Marlès M, Reche C, Pérez N, Beddows DCS, Salma I, Thén W, Kalkavouras P, Mihalopoulos N, Hueglin C, Green DC, Tremper AH, Chazeau B, Gille G, Marchand N, Niemi JV, Manninen HE, Portin H, Zikova N, Ondracek J, Norman M, Gerwig H, Bastian S, Merkel M, Weinhold K, Casans A, Casquero-Vera JA, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Artíñano B, Gini M, Diapouli E, Crumeyrolle S, Riffault V, Petit JE, Favez O, Putaud JP, Santos SMD, Timonen H, Aalto PP, Hussein T, Lampilahti J, Hopke PK, Wiedensohler A, Harrison RM, Petäjä T, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Querol X. Ambient air particulate total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) levels in urban Europe. Sci Total Environ 2023; 898:165466. [PMID: 37451445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to picture the phenomenology of urban ambient total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) (including head/throat (HA), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (ALV) regions) based on multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model during 2017-2019 period collected from urban background (UB, n = 15), traffic (TR, n = 6), suburban background (SUB, n = 4), and regional background (RB, n = 1) monitoring sites in Europe (25) and USA (1). Briefly, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the deposition of LDSA, including diel, weekly, and seasonal patterns, were analyzed. Then, the relationship between LDSA and other air quality metrics at each monitoring site was investigated. The result showed that the peak concentrations of LDSA at UB and TR sites are commonly observed in the morning (06:00-8:00 UTC) and late evening (19:00-22:00 UTC), coinciding with traffic rush hours, biomass burning, and atmospheric stagnation periods. The only LDSA night-time peaks are observed on weekends. Due to the variability of emission sources and meteorology, the seasonal variability of the LDSA concentration revealed significant differences (p = 0.01) between the four seasons at all monitoring sites. Meanwhile, the correlations of LDSA with other pollutant metrics suggested that Aitken and accumulation mode particles play a significant role in the total LDSA concentration. The results also indicated that the main proportion of total LDSA is attributed to the ALV fraction (50 %), followed by the TB (34 %) and HA (16 %). Overall, this study provides valuable information of LDSA as a predictor in epidemiological studies and for the first time presenting total LDSA in a variety of European urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Liu
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; Hotan Normal College. Hotan 848000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Pedro Trechera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08242 Manresa, Spain
| | - Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wanda Thén
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Gille
- AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Portin
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nadezda Zikova
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Gerwig
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Casans
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria Gini
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | | | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi P Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Lepistö T, Lintusaari H, Oudin A, Barreira LMF, Niemi JV, Karjalainen P, Salo L, Silvonen V, Markkula L, Hoivala J, Marjanen P, Martikainen S, Aurela M, Reyes FR, Oyola P, Kuuluvainen H, Manninen HE, Schins RPF, Vojtisek-Lom M, Ondracek J, Topinka J, Timonen H, Jalava P, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSA al) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM 2.5 dose-response. Environ Int 2023; 180:108224. [PMID: 37757619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that monitoring only fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may not be enough to understand and tackle the health risk caused by particulate pollution. Health effects per unit PM2.5 seem to increase in countries with low PM2.5, but also near local pollution sources (e.g., traffic) within cities. The aim of this study is to understand the differences in the characteristics of lung-depositing particles in different geographical regions and urban environments. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) concentrations and size distributions, along with PM2.5, were compared with ambient measurement data from Finland, Germany, Czechia, Chile, and India, covering traffic sites, residential areas, airports, shipping, and industrial sites. In Finland (low PM2.5), LDSAal size distributions depended significantly on the urban environment and were mainly attributable to ultrafine particles (<100 nm). In Central Europe (moderate PM2.5), LDSAal was also dependent on the urban environment, but furthermore heavily influenced by the regional aerosol. In Chile and India (high PM2.5), LDSAal was mostly contributed by the regional aerosol despite that the measurements were done at busy traffic sites. The results indicate that the characteristics of lung-depositing particles vary significantly both within cities and between geographical regions. In addition, ratio between LDSAal and PM2.5 depended notably on the environment and the country, suggesting that LDSAal exposure per unit PM2.5 may be multiple times higher in areas having low PM2.5 compared to areas with continuously high PM2.5. These findings may partly explain why PM2.5 seems more toxic near local pollution sources and in areas with low PM2.5. Furthermore, performance of a typical sensor based LDSAal measurement is discussed and a new LDSAal2.5 notation indicating deposition region and particle size range is introduced. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for country-specific emission mitigation strategies, and the potential of LDSAal concentration as a health-relevant pollution metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland.
| | - Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Anna Oudin
- Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Sweden; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki 00066, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Jussi Hoivala
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | | | | | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki 00066, Finland
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Centre of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 160 00, Czechia
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, ICPF CAS, Prague 165 00, Czechia
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, 142 20 Prague, Czechia
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
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9
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Savadkoohi M, Pandolfi M, Reche C, Niemi JV, Mooibroek D, Titos G, Green DC, Tremper AH, Hueglin C, Liakakou E, Mihalopoulos N, Stavroulas I, Artiñano B, Coz E, Alados-Arboledas L, Beddows D, Riffault V, De Brito JF, Bastian S, Baudic A, Colombi C, Costabile F, Chazeau B, Marchand N, Gómez-Amo JL, Estellés V, Matos V, van der Gaag E, Gille G, Luoma K, Manninen HE, Norman M, Silvergren S, Petit JE, Putaud JP, Rattigan OV, Timonen H, Tuch T, Merkel M, Weinhold K, Vratolis S, Vasilescu J, Favez O, Harrison RM, Laj P, Wiedensohler A, Hopke PK, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. The variability of mass concentrations and source apportionment analysis of equivalent black carbon across urban Europe. Environ Int 2023; 178:108081. [PMID: 37451041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the variability of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations and their sources in urban Europe to provide insights into the use of eBC as an advanced air quality (AQ) parameter for AQ standards. This study compiled eBC mass concentration datasets covering the period between 2006 and 2022 from 50 measurement stations, including 23 urban background (UB), 18 traffic (TR), 7 suburban (SUB), and 2 regional background (RB) sites. The results highlighted the need for the harmonization of eBC measurements to allow for direct comparisons between eBC mass concentrations measured across urban Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB. Furthermore, a clear decreasing trend in eBC concentrations was observed in the UB sites moving from Southern to Northern Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, including marked differences in eBC mass concentration and variable contributions of pollution sources to bulk eBC between different cities. Seasonal patterns in eBC concentrations were also evident, with higher winter concentrations observed in a large proportion of cities, especially at UB and SUB sites. The contribution of eBC from fossil fuel combustion, mostly traffic (eBCT) was higher than that of residential and commercial sources (eBCRC) in all European sites studied. Nevertheless, eBCRC still had a substantial contribution to total eBC mass concentrations at a majority of the sites. eBC trend analysis revealed decreasing trends for eBCT over the last decade, while eBCRC remained relatively constant or even increased slightly in some cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08242, Manresa, Spain.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dennis Mooibroek
- Centre for Environmental Monitoring, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Begoña Artiñano
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Coz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Joel F De Brito
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology/Saxon State Department for Agricultural and Environmental Operations, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexia Baudic
- AIRPARIF (Ile de France Air Quality Monitoring network), Paris, France
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Arpa Lombardia, Settore Monitoraggi Ambientali, Unità Operativa Qualità dell'Aria, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - José Luis Gómez-Amo
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Víctor Estellés
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Violeta Matos
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ed van der Gaag
- DCMR Environmental Protection Agency, Department Air and Energy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grégory Gille
- AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Krista Luoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Oliver V Rattigan
- Division of Air Resources, New York State Dept of Environmental Conservation, NY, USA
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Tuch
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Jeni Vasilescu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, Magurele, Romania
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paolo Laj
- Univ. Grenoble, CNRS, IRD, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Lintusaari H, Kuuluvainen H, Vanhanen J, Salo L, Portin H, Järvinen A, Juuti P, Hietikko R, Teinilä K, Timonen H, Niemi JV, Rönkkö T. Sub-23 nm Particles Dominate Non-Volatile Particle Number Emissions of Road Traffic. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37448254 PMCID: PMC10373488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (<100 nm) in urban air are a serious health hazard not yet fully understood. Therefore, particle number concentration monitoring was recently included in the WHO air quality guidelines. At present, e.g., the EU regulates particle number only regarding the emissions of solid particles larger than 23 nm emitted by vehicles. The aim of this study was to examine the non-volatile fraction of sub-23 nm particles in a traffic-influenced urban environment. We measured the number concentration of particles larger than 1.4, 3, 10, and 23 nm in May 2018. Volatile compounds were thermally removed in the sampling line and the line losses were carefully determined. According to our results, the sub-23 nm particles dominated the non-volatile number concentrations. Additionally, based on the determined particle number emission factors, the traffic emissions of non-volatile sub-10 nm particles can be even 3 times higher than those of particles larger than 10 nm. Yet, only a fraction of urban sub-10 nm particles consisted of non-volatiles. Thus, while the results highlight the role of ultrafine particles in the traffic-influenced urban air, a careful consideration is needed in terms of future particle number standards to cover the varying factors affecting measured concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | | | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Harri Portin
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, Helsinki 00240, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Paxton Juuti
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Riina Hietikko
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, Helsinki 00240, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
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11
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Hakkarainen H, Järvinen A, Lepistö T, Salo L, Kuittinen N, Laakkonen E, Yang M, Martikainen MV, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Barreira L, Teinilä K, Ihalainen M, Timonen H, Rönkkö T, Jalava P. Toxicity of exhaust emissions from high aromatic and non-aromatic diesel fuels using in vitro ALI exposure system. Sci Total Environ 2023; 890:164215. [PMID: 37230343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The differences in the traffic fuels have been shown to affect exhaust emissions and their toxicity. Especially, the aromatic content of diesel fuel is an important factor considering the emissions, notably particulate matter (PM) concentrations. The ultra-fine particles (UFP, particles with a diameter of <100 nm) are important components of engine emissions and connected to various health effects, such as pulmonary and systematic inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders. Studying the toxicity of the UFPs and how different fuel options can be used for mitigating the emissions and toxicity is crucial. In the present study, emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine were used to assess the exhaust emission toxicity with a thermophoresis-based in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system. The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of engine exhaust and the potential effect of 20 % aromatic fossil diesel and 0 % aromatic renewable diesel fuel on emission toxicity. The results of the present study show that the aromatic content of the fuel increases emission toxicity, which was seen as an increase in genotoxicity, distinct inflammatory responses, and alterations in the cell cycle. The increase in genotoxicity was most likely due to the PM phase of the exhaust, as the exposures with high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA)-filtered exhaust resulted in a negligible increase in genotoxicity. However, the solely gaseous exposures still elicited immunological responses. Overall, the present study shows that decreasing the aromatic content of the fuels could be a significant measure in mitigating traffic exhaust toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Elmeri Laakkonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mo Yang
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Luis Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Fine particles and aerosol technology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Lepistö T, Barreira LMF, Helin A, Niemi JV, Kuittinen N, Lintusaari H, Silvonen V, Markkula L, Manninen HE, Timonen H, Jalava P, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Snapshots of wintertime urban aerosol characteristics: Local sources emphasized in ultrafine particle number and lung deposited surface area. Environ Res 2023; 231:116068. [PMID: 37149021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban air fine particles are a major health-relating problem. However, it is not well understood how the health-relevant features of fine particles should be monitored. Limitations of PM2.5 (mass concentration of sub 2.5 μm particles), which is commonly used in the health effect estimations, have been recognized and, e.g., World Health Organization (WHO) has released good practice statements for particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) concentrations (2021). In this study, a characterization of urban wintertime aerosol was done in three environments: a detached housing area with residential wood combustion, traffic-influenced streets in a city centre and near an airport. The particle characteristics varied significantly between the locations, resulting different average particle sizes causing lung deposited surface area (LDSA). Near the airport, departing planes had a major contribution on PN, and most particles were smaller than 10 nm, similarly as in the city centre. The high hourly mean PN (>20 000 1/cm3) stated in the WHO's good practices was clearly exceeded near the airport and in the city centre, even though traffic rates were reduced due to a SARS-CoV-2-related partial lockdown. In the residential area, wood combustion increased both BC and PM2.5, but also PN of sub 10 and 23 nm particles. The high concentrations of sub 10 nm particles in all the locations show the importance of the chosen lower size limit of PN measurement, e.g., WHO states that the lower limit should be 10 nm or smaller. Furthermore, due to ultrafine particle emissions, LDSA per unit PM2.5 was 1.4 and 2.4 times higher near the airport than in the city centre and the residential area, respectively, indicating that health effects of PM2.5 depend on urban environment as well as conditions, and emphasizing the importance of PN monitoring in terms of health effects related to local pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland.
| | - Luis M F Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Aku Helin
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, 00066, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Henna Lintusaari
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Ville Silvonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Lassi Markkula
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, Helsinki, 00066, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
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13
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Trechera P, Garcia-Marlès M, Liu X, Reche C, Pérez N, Savadkoohi M, Beddows D, Salma I, Vörösmarty M, Casans A, Casquero-Vera JA, Hueglin C, Marchand N, Chazeau B, Gille G, Kalkavouras P, Mihalopoulos N, Ondracek J, Zikova N, Niemi JV, Manninen HE, Green DC, Tremper AH, Norman M, Vratolis S, Eleftheriadis K, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Alonso-Blanco E, Gerwig H, Wiedensohler A, Weinhold K, Merkel M, Bastian S, Petit JE, Favez O, Crumeyrolle S, Ferlay N, Martins Dos Santos S, Putaud JP, Timonen H, Lampilahti J, Asbach C, Wolf C, Kaminski H, Altug H, Hoffmann B, Rich DQ, Pandolfi M, Harrison RM, Hopke PK, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. Phenomenology of ultrafine particle concentrations and size distribution across urban Europe. Environ Int 2023; 172:107744. [PMID: 36696793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The 2017-2019 hourly particle number size distributions (PNSD) from 26 sites in Europe and 1 in the US were evaluated focusing on 16 urban background (UB) and 6 traffic (TR) sites in the framework of Research Infrastructures services reinforcing air quality monitoring capacities in European URBAN & industrial areaS (RI-URBANS) project. The main objective was to describe the phenomenology of urban ultrafine particles (UFP) in Europe with a significant air quality focus. The varying lower size detection limits made it difficult to compare PN concentrations (PNC), particularly PN10-25, from different cities. PNCs follow a TR > UB > Suburban (SUB) order. PNC and Black Carbon (BC) progressively increase from Northern Europe to Southern Europe and from Western to Eastern Europe. At the UB sites, typical traffic rush hour PNC peaks are evident, many also showing midday-morning PNC peaks anti-correlated with BC. These peaks result from increased PN10-25, suggesting significant PNC contributions from nucleation, fumigation and shipping. Site types to be identified by daily and seasonal PNC and BC patterns are: (i) PNC mainly driven by traffic emissions, with marked correlations with BC on different time scales; (ii) marked midday/morning PNC peaks and a seasonal anti-correlation with PNC/BC; (iii) both traffic peaks and midday peaks without marked seasonal patterns. Groups (ii) and (iii) included cities with high insolation. PNC, especially PN25-800, was positively correlated with BC, NO2, CO and PM for several sites. The variable correlation of PNSD with different urban pollutants demonstrates that these do not reflect the variability of UFP in urban environments. Specific monitoring of PNSD is needed if nanoparticles and their associated health impacts are to be assessed. Implementation of the CEN-ACTRIS recommendations for PNSD measurements would provide comparable measurements, and measurements of <10 nm PNC are needed for full evaluation of the health effects of this size fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Trechera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Industrial & TIC Engineering (EMIT-UPC), Manresa, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Vörösmarty
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Casans
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Gille
- AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nadia Zikova
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 1Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 1Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Holger Gerwig
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Ferlay
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | | | | | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christof Asbach
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology to Filtration & Aerosol Research, Institute of Energy and Environmental technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Wolf
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology to Filtration & Aerosol Research, Institute of Energy and Environmental technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Kaminski
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology to Filtration & Aerosol Research, Institute of Energy and Environmental technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Hicran Altug
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Q Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Järvi L, Kurppa M, Kuuluvainen H, Rönkkö T, Karttunen S, Balling A, Timonen H, Niemi JV, Pirjola L. Determinants of spatial variability of air pollutant concentrations in a street canyon network measured using a mobile laboratory and a drone. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:158974. [PMID: 36174693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban air pollutant concentrations are highly variable both in space and time. In order to understand these variabilities high-resolution measurements of air pollutants are needed. Here we present results of a mobile laboratory and a drone measurements made within a street-canyon network in Helsinki, Finland, in summer and winter 2017. The mobile laboratory measured the total number concentration (N) and lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) of aerosol particles, and the concentrations of black carbon, nitric oxide (NOx) and ozone (O3). The drone measured the vertical profile of LDSA. The main aims were to examine the spatial variability of air pollutants in a wide street canyon and its immediate surroundings, and find the controlling environmental variables for the observed variability's. The highest concentrations with the most temporal variability were measured at the main street canyon when the mobile laboratory was moving with the traffic fleet for all air pollutants except O3. The street canyon concentration levels were more affected by traffic rates whereas on surrounding areas, meteorological conditions dominated. Both the mean flow and turbulence were important, the latter particularly for smaller aerosol particles through LDSA and N. The formation of concentration hotspots in the street network were mostly controlled by mechanical processes but in winter thermal processes became also important for aerosol particles. LDSA showed large variability in the profile shape, and surface and background concentrations. The expected exponential decay functions worked better in well-mixed conditions in summer compared to winter. We derived equation for the vertical decay which was mostly controlled by the air temperature. Mean wind dominated the profile shape over both thermal and mechanical turbulence. This study is among the first experimental studies to demonstrate the importance of high-resolution measurements in understanding urban pollutant variability in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Järvi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mona Kurppa
- Kjeller Vindteknikk, Tekniikantie 14, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Sasu Karttunen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Anna Balling
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, Ilmalantori 1, Helsinki 00240, Finland
| | - Liisa Pirjola
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia Applied University, P.O. Box 4071, Vantaa 01600, Finland
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15
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Fung PL, Sillanpää S, Niemi JV, Kousa A, Timonen H, Zaidan MA, Saukko E, Kulmala M, Petäjä T, Hussein T. Improving the current air quality index with new particulate indicators using a robust statistical approach. Sci Total Environ 2022; 844:157099. [PMID: 35779731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To convey the severity of ambient air pollution level to the public, air quality index (AQI) is used as a communication tool to reflect the concentrations of individual pollutants on a common scale. However, due to the enhanced air pollution control in recent years, air quality has improved, and the roles of some air pollutant species included in the existing AQI as urban air pollutants have diminished. In this study, we suggest the current AQI should be revised in a way that new air pollution indicators would be considered so that it would better represent the health effects caused by local combustion processes from traffic and residential burning. Based on the air quality data of 2017-2019 in three different sites in Helsinki metropolitan area, we assumed the statistical distributions of the current indicators (NO2 and PM2.5) and the proposed particulate indicators (BC, LDSA and PNC) were related as they have similar sources in urban regions despite the varying correlations between the current and proposed indicators (NO2: r = 0.5-0.85, PM2.5: r = 0.28-0.72). By fitting the data to an optimal distribution function, together with expert opinions, we improved the current Finnish AQI and determined the AQI breakpoints for the proposed indicators where this robust statistical approach is transferrable to other cities. The addition of the three proposed indicators to the current AQI would decrease the number of good air quality hours in all three environments (largest decrease in urban traffic site, ~22 %). The deterioration of air quality class appeared more severe during peak hours in the urban traffic site due to vehicular emission and evenings in the detached housing site where domestic wood combustion often takes place. The introduction of the AQI breakpoints of the three new indicators serve as a first step of improving the current AQI before further air quality guideline levels are updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Lun Fung
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Salla Sillanpää
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Martha Arbayani Zaidan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
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16
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Hakkarainen H, Salo L, Mikkonen S, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Teinilä K, Ihalainen M, Martikainen S, Marjanen P, Lepistö T, Kuittinen N, Saarnio K, Aakko-Saksa P, Pfeiffer TV, Timonen H, Rönkkö T, Jalava PI. Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156543. [PMID: 35679919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Karri Saarnio
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Tobias V Pfeiffer
- VSParticle B.V., Molengraaffsingel 10, 2629 JD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Chen G, Canonaco F, Tobler A, Aas W, Alastuey A, Allan J, Atabakhsh S, Aurela M, Baltensperger U, Bougiatioti A, De Brito JF, Ceburnis D, Chazeau B, Chebaicheb H, Daellenbach KR, Ehn M, El Haddad I, Eleftheriadis K, Favez O, Flentje H, Font A, Fossum K, Freney E, Gini M, Green DC, Heikkinen L, Herrmann H, Kalogridis AC, Keernik H, Lhotka R, Lin C, Lunder C, Maasikmets M, Manousakas MI, Marchand N, Marin C, Marmureanu L, Mihalopoulos N, Močnik G, Nęcki J, O'Dowd C, Ovadnevaite J, Peter T, Petit JE, Pikridas M, Matthew Platt S, Pokorná P, Poulain L, Priestman M, Riffault V, Rinaldi M, Różański K, Schwarz J, Sciare J, Simon L, Skiba A, Slowik JG, Sosedova Y, Stavroulas I, Styszko K, Teinemaa E, Timonen H, Tremper A, Vasilescu J, Via M, Vodička P, Wiedensohler A, Zografou O, Cruz Minguillón M, Prévôt ASH. European aerosol phenomenology - 8: Harmonised source apportionment of organic aerosol using 22 Year-long ACSM/AMS datasets. Environ Int 2022; 166:107325. [PMID: 35716508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is a key component of total submicron particulate matter (PM1), and comprehensive knowledge of OA sources across Europe is crucial to mitigate PM1 levels. Europe has a well-established air quality research infrastructure from which yearlong datasets using 21 aerosol chemical speciation monitors (ACSMs) and 1 aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were gathered during 2013-2019. It includes 9 non-urban and 13 urban sites. This study developed a state-of-the-art source apportionment protocol to analyse long-term OA mass spectrum data by applying the most advanced source apportionment strategies (i.e., rolling PMF, ME-2, and bootstrap). This harmonised protocol was followed strictly for all 22 datasets, making the source apportionment results more comparable. In addition, it enables quantification of the most common OA components such as hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), cooking-like OA (COA), more oxidised-oxygenated OA (MO-OOA), and less oxidised-oxygenated OA (LO-OOA). Other components such as coal combustion OA (CCOA), solid fuel OA (SFOA: mainly mixture of coal and peat combustion), cigarette smoke OA (CSOA), sea salt (mostly inorganic but part of the OA mass spectrum), coffee OA, and ship industry OA could also be separated at a few specific sites. Oxygenated OA (OOA) components make up most of the submicron OA mass (average = 71.1%, range from 43.7 to 100%). Solid fuel combustion-related OA components (i.e., BBOA, CCOA, and SFOA) are still considerable with in total 16.0% yearly contribution to the OA, yet mainly during winter months (21.4%). Overall, this comprehensive protocol works effectively across all sites governed by different sources and generates robust and consistent source apportionment results. Our work presents a comprehensive overview of OA sources in Europe with a unique combination of high time resolution (30-240 min) and long-term data coverage (9-36 months), providing essential information to improve/validate air quality, health impact, and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - James Allan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samira Atabakhsh
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Joel F De Brito
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Hasna Chebaicheb
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Harald Flentje
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg, 82383 Hohenpeißenberg, Germany
| | - Anna Font
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kirsten Fossum
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Evelyn Freney
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR6016, Université Clermont Auvergne-CNRS, Aubière, France
| | - Maria Gini
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Athina-Cerise Kalogridis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Hannes Keernik
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Radek Lhotka
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chunshui Lin
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Chris Lunder
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Marek Maasikmets
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Manousos I Manousakas
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Cristina Marin
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania; Department of Physics, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania
| | - Luminita Marmureanu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Griša Močnik
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Jaroslaw Nęcki
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Thomas Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | | | - Petra Pokorná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Priestman
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Kazimierz Różański
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Leïla Simon
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alicja Skiba
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yulia Sosedova
- Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Erik Teinemaa
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Jeni Vasilescu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marta Via
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Petr Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred Wiedensohler
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Zografou
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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18
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Karjalainen P, Teinilä K, Kuittinen N, Aakko-Saksa P, Bloss M, Vesala H, Pettinen R, Saarikoski S, Jalkanen JP, Timonen H. Real-world particle emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a diesel oxidation catalyst and scrubber equipped ship operating with two fuels in a SECA area. Environ Pollut 2022; 292:118278. [PMID: 34634405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SOx Emissions Control Areas (SECAs) have been established to reduce harmful effects of atmospheric sulfur. Typical technological changes for ships to conform with these regulations have included the combustion of low-sulfur fuels or installment of SOx scrubbers. This paper presents experimental findings from high-end real-time measurements of gaseous and particulate pollutants onboard a Roll-on/Roll-off Passenger ship sailing inside a SECA equipped with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a scrubber as the exhaust aftertreatment. The ship operates between two ports and switched off the SOx scrubbing when approaching one of the ports and used low-sulfur fuel instead. Measurement results showed that the scrubber effectively reduced SO2 concentrations with over 99% rate. In terms of fuel, the engine-out PM was higher for heavy fuel oil than for marine gas oil. During open sea cruising (65% load) the major chemical components in PM having emission factor of 1.7 g kgfuel-1 were sulfate (66%) and organics (30%) whereas the contribution of black carbon (BC) in PM was low (∼4%). Decreased engine load on the other hand increased exhaust concentrations of BC by a factor exceeding four. As a novel finding, the secondary aerosol formation potential of the emitted exhaust measured with an oxidation flow reactor and an aerosol mass spectrometer was found negligible. Thus, it seems that either DOC, scrubber, or their combination is efficient in eliminating SOA precursors. Overall, results indicate that in addition to targeting sulfur and NOx emissions from shipping, future work should focus on mitigating harmful particle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu Karjalainen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 692, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland; Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland.
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 692, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matthew Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| | - Hannu Vesala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rasmus Pettinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
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19
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Sokhi RS, Singh V, Querol X, Finardi S, Targino AC, Andrade MDF, Pavlovic R, Garland RM, Massagué J, Kong S, Baklanov A, Ren L, Tarasova O, Carmichael G, Peuch VH, Anand V, Arbilla G, Badali K, Beig G, Belalcazar LC, Bolignano A, Brimblecombe P, Camacho P, Casallas A, Charland JP, Choi J, Chourdakis E, Coll I, Collins M, Cyrys J, da Silva CM, Di Giosa AD, Di Leo A, Ferro C, Gavidia-Calderon M, Gayen A, Ginzburg A, Godefroy F, Gonzalez YA, Guevara-Luna M, Haque SM, Havenga H, Herod D, Hõrrak U, Hussein T, Ibarra S, Jaimes M, Kaasik M, Khaiwal R, Kim J, Kousa A, Kukkonen J, Kulmala M, Kuula J, La Violette N, Lanzani G, Liu X, MacDougall S, Manseau PM, Marchegiani G, McDonald B, Mishra SV, Molina LT, Mooibroek D, Mor S, Moussiopoulos N, Murena F, Niemi JV, Noe S, Nogueira T, Norman M, Pérez-Camaño JL, Petäjä T, Piketh S, Rathod A, Reid K, Retama A, Rivera O, Rojas NY, Rojas-Quincho JP, San José R, Sánchez O, Seguel RJ, Sillanpää S, Su Y, Tapper N, Terrazas A, Timonen H, Toscano D, Tsegas G, Velders GJM, Vlachokostas C, von Schneidemesser E, Vpm R, Yadav R, Zalakeviciute R, Zavala M. A global observational analysis to understand changes in air quality during exceptionally low anthropogenic emission conditions. Environ Int 2021; 157:106818. [PMID: 34425482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This global study, which has been coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch (WMO/GAW) programme, aims to understand the behaviour of key air pollutant species during the COVID-19 pandemic period of exceptionally low emissions across the globe. We investigated the effects of the differences in both emissions and regional and local meteorology in 2020 compared with the period 2015-2019. By adopting a globally consistent approach, this comprehensive observational analysis focuses on changes in air quality in and around cities across the globe for the following air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, PMC (coarse fraction of PM), NO2, SO2, NOx, CO, O3 and the total gaseous oxidant (OX = NO2 + O3) during the pre-lockdown, partial lockdown, full lockdown and two relaxation periods spanning from January to September 2020. The analysis is based on in situ ground-based air quality observations at over 540 traffic, background and rural stations, from 63 cities and covering 25 countries over seven geographical regions of the world. Anomalies in the air pollutant concentrations (increases or decreases during 2020 periods compared to equivalent 2015-2019 periods) were calculated and the possible effects of meteorological conditions were analysed by computing anomalies from ERA5 reanalyses and local observations for these periods. We observed a positive correlation between the reductions in NO2 and NOx concentrations and peoples' mobility for most cities. A correlation between PMC and mobility changes was also seen for some Asian and South American cities. A clear signal was not observed for other pollutants, suggesting that sources besides vehicular emissions also substantially contributed to the change in air quality. As a global and regional overview of the changes in ambient concentrations of key air quality species, we observed decreases of up to about 70% in mean NO2 and between 30% and 40% in mean PM2.5 concentrations over 2020 full lockdown compared to the same period in 2015-2019. However, PM2.5 exhibited complex signals, even within the same region, with increases in some Spanish cities, attributed mainly to the long-range transport of African dust and/or biomass burning (corroborated with the analysis of NO2/CO ratio). Some Chinese cities showed similar increases in PM2.5 during the lockdown periods, but in this case, it was likely due to secondary PM formation. Changes in O3 concentrations were highly heterogeneous, with no overall change or small increases (as in the case of Europe), and positive anomalies of 25% and 30% in East Asia and South America, respectively, with Colombia showing the largest positive anomaly of ~70%. The SO2 anomalies were negative for 2020 compared to 2015-2019 (between ~25 to 60%) for all regions. For CO, negative anomalies were observed for all regions with the largest decrease for South America of up to ~40%. The NO2/CO ratio indicated that specific sites (such as those in Spanish cities) were affected by biomass burning plumes, which outweighed the NO2 decrease due to the general reduction in mobility (ratio of ~60%). Analysis of the total oxidant (OX = NO2 + O3) showed that primary NO2 emissions at urban locations were greater than the O3 production, whereas at background sites, OX was mostly driven by the regional contributions rather than local NO2 and O3 concentrations. The present study clearly highlights the importance of meteorology and episodic contributions (e.g., from dust, domestic, agricultural biomass burning and crop fertilizing) when analysing air quality in and around cities even during large emissions reductions. There is still the need to better understand how the chemical responses of secondary pollutants to emission change under complex meteorological conditions, along with climate change and socio-economic drivers may affect future air quality. The implications for regional and global policies are also significant, as our study clearly indicates that PM2.5 concentrations would not likely meet the World Health Organization guidelines in many parts of the world, despite the drastic reductions in mobility. Consequently, revisions of air quality regulation (e.g., the Gothenburg Protocol) with more ambitious targets that are specific to the different regions of the world may well be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet S Sokhi
- Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics (CACP) and Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Vikas Singh
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, AP, India
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environment Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Radenko Pavlovic
- Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Canada
| | - Rebecca M Garland
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Geography, Geo-informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jordi Massagué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexander Baklanov
- Science and Innovation Department, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lu Ren
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Oksana Tarasova
- Science and Innovation Department, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Greg Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Vincent-Henri Peuch
- ECMWF, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK
| | - Vrinda Anand
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, India
| | | | - Kaitlin Badali
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gufran Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, India
| | | | - Andrea Bolignano
- Agenzia Regionale di Protezione dell'Ambiente del Lazio, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Patricia Camacho
- Secretaria del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casallas
- Earth System Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy; Escuela de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenieria, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jean-Pierre Charland
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jason Choi
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Australia
| | - Eleftherios Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Isabelle Coll
- Université Paris-Est Créteil and Université de Paris, CNRS, LISA, Creteil, France
| | - Marty Collins
- Air Monitoring Operations, Resource Stewardship Division, Environment and Parks, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Di Leo
- Agenzia Regionale di Protezione dell'Ambiente della Lombardia, Milano, Italy
| | - Camilo Ferro
- Escuela de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenieria, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Amiya Gayen
- Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Fabrice Godefroy
- Service de l'Environnement, Division du Contrôle des Rejets et Suivi Environnemental, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Marco Guevara-Luna
- Conservación, Bioprospección y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Henno Havenga
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Dennis Herod
- National Smog Analysis, Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Urmas Hõrrak
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergio Ibarra
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Jaimes
- Secretaria del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marko Kaasik
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ravindra Khaiwal
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jhoon Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kukkonen
- Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics (CACP) and Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Kuula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nathalie La Violette
- Direction de la qualité de l'air et du climat, Direction générale du suivi de l'état de l'environnement, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques Québec, Canada
| | - Guido Lanzani
- Agenzia Regionale di Protezione dell'Ambiente della Lombardia, Milano, Italy
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Patrick M Manseau
- Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Canada
| | - Giada Marchegiani
- Agenzia Regionale di Protezione dell'Ambiente del Lazio, Rome, Italy
| | - Brian McDonald
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis Mooibroek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nicolas Moussiopoulos
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fabio Murena
- Department of Chemical, Material and Production Engineering (DICMAPI), Naples, Italy
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Direction de la qualité de l'air et du climat, Direction générale du suivi de l'état de l'environnement, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques Québec, Canada
| | - Steffen Noe
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stuart Piketh
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Aditi Rathod
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, India
| | - Ken Reid
- Air Quality and Climate Change, Metro Vancouver Regional District, Burnaby, Canada
| | | | - Olivia Rivera
- Secretaria del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Roberto San José
- Computer Science School, ESMG, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Odón Sánchez
- Atmospheric Pollution Research Group, Universidad Nacional Tecnológica de Lima Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Rodrigo J Seguel
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Department of Geophysics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Yushan Su
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nigel Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Antonio Terrazas
- Secretaria del Medio Ambiente de la Ciudad de México (SEDEMA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Domenico Toscano
- Department of Chemical, Material and Production Engineering (DICMAPI), Naples, Italy
| | - George Tsegas
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Guus J M Velders
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Christos Vlachokostas
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Rajasree Vpm
- Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics (CACP) and Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, India
| | - Rasa Zalakeviciute
- Grupo de Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Zavala
- Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, CA, USA
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20
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Timonen H, Mylläri F, Simonen P, Aurela M, Maasikmets M, Bloss M, Kupri HL, Vainumäe K, Lepistö T, Salo L, Niemelä V, Seppälä S, Jalava PI, Teinemaa E, Saarikoski S, Rönkkö T. Household solid waste combustion with wood increases particulate trace metal and lung deposited surface area emissions. J Environ Manage 2021; 293:112793. [PMID: 34058452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In households, municipal solid waste (MSW) is often burned along with wood to get rid of waste, to help in ignition or simply to reduce fuel costs. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of household waste combustion, along with wood, on the physical and chemical properties of particulate emissions in a flue gas of a masonry heater. The MSW burning alongside wood increased average particulate matter (PM) mass (65%), lung deposited surface areas (LDSA, 15%), black carbon (BC, 65%) concentrations and the average particle size in the flue gas. The influence of MSW was smaller during ignition and burning phases, but especially during fuel additions, the mass, number, and LDSA concentrations increased significantly and their size distributions moved towards larger particles. For wood burning the trace metal emissions were relatively low, but significant increase (3.3-179 -fold increase over cycle) was seen when MSW was burned along the wood. High ratios were observed especially during fuel addition phases but, depending on compounds, also during ignition and burning end phases. The highest ratios were observed for chloride compounds (HCl, KCl, NaCl). The observed increase in light-absorbing particle, trace metal and BC concentrations in flue gas when adding wood with MSW are likely to have negative impacts on air quality, visibility, human health and climate. Furthermore, metals may also affect the condition and lifetime of the burning device due to corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland.
| | - F Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Maasikmets
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - M Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - H-L Kupri
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
| | - K Vainumäe
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - T Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - V Niemelä
- Dekati Ltd, Tykkitie 1, Kangasala, Tampere, 36240, Finland
| | - S Seppälä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - P I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Teinemaa
- Air and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia
| | - S Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
| | - T Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014, Tampere, Finland
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21
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Kuittinen N, Jalkanen JP, Alanen J, Ntziachristos L, Hannuniemi H, Johansson L, Karjalainen P, Saukko E, Isotalo M, Aakko-Saksa P, Lehtoranta K, Keskinen J, Simonen P, Saarikoski S, Asmi E, Laurila T, Hillamo R, Mylläri F, Lihavainen H, Timonen H, Rönkkö T. Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:129-138. [PMID: 33290058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Alanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leonidas Ntziachristos
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Hannuniemi
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Johansson
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Erkka Saukko
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mia Isotalo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Kati Lehtoranta
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Asmi
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Laurila
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Hillamo
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fanni Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Lihavainen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
- Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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22
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Abstract
Atmospheric nanoparticles can be formed either via nucleation in atmosphere or be directly emitted to the atmosphere. In urban areas, several combustion sources (engines, biomass burning, power generation plants) are directly emitting nanoparticles to the atmosphere and, in addition, the gaseous emissions from the same sources can participate to atmospheric nanoparticle formation. This article focuses on the sources and formation of nanoparticles in traffic-influenced environments and reviews current knowledge on composition and characteristics of these nanoparticles. In general, elevated number concentrations of nanoparticles are very typically observed in traffic-influenced environments. Traffic related nanoparticles can originate from combustion process or from non-exhaust related sources such as brake wear. Particles originating from combustion process can be divided to three different sources; 1) primary nanoparticles formed in high temperature, 2) delayed primary particles formed as gaseous compounds nucleate during the cooling and dilution process and 3) secondary nanoparticles formed from gaseous precursors via the atmospheric photochemistry. The nanoparticles observed in roadside environment are a complex mixture of particles from several sources affected by atmospheric processing, local co-pollutants and meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Lorelei de Jesus A, Thompson H, Knibbs LD, Kowalski M, Cyrys J, Niemi JV, Kousa A, Timonen H, Luoma K, Petäjä T, Beddows D, Harrison RM, Hopke P, Morawska L. Long-term trends in PM 2.5 mass and particle number concentrations in urban air: The impacts of mitigation measures and extreme events due to changing climates. Environ Pollut 2020; 263:114500. [PMID: 32268234 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urbanisation and industrialisation led to the increase of ambient particulate matter (PM) concentration. While subsequent regulations may have resulted in the decrease of some PM matrices, the simultaneous changes in climate affecting local meteorological conditions could also have played a role. To gain an insight into this complex matter, this study investigated the long-term trends of two important matrices, the particle mass (PM2.5) and particle number concentrations (PNC), and the factors that influenced the trends. Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator, the generalised additive model, seasonal decomposition of time series by LOESS (locally estimated scatterplot smoothing) and the Buishand range test were applied. Both PM2.5 and PNC showed significant negative monotonic trends (0.03-0.6 μg m-3. yr-1 and 0.40-3.8 × 103 particles. cm-3. yr-1, respectively) except Brisbane (+0.1 μg m-3. yr-1 and +53 particles. cm-3. yr-1, respectively). For the period covered in this study, temperature increased (0.03-0.07 °C.yr-1) in all cities except London; precipitation decreased (0.02-1.4 mm. yr-1) except in Helsinki; and wind speed was reduced in Brisbane and Rochester but increased in Helsinki, London and Augsburg. At the change-points, temperature increase in cold cities influenced PNC while shifts in precipitation and wind speed affected PM2.5. Based on the LOESS trend, extreme events such as dust storms and wildfires resulting from changing climates caused a positive step-change in concentrations, particularly for PM2.5. In contrast, among the mitigation measures, controlling sulphur in fuels caused a negative step-change, especially for PNC. Policies regarding traffic and fleet management (e.g. low emission zones) that were implemented only in certain areas or in a progressive uptake (e.g. Euro emission standards), resulted to gradual reductions in concentrations. Therefore, as this study has clearly shown that PM2.5 and PNC were influenced differently by the impacts of the changing climate and by the mitigation measures, both metrics must be considered in urban air quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Lorelei de Jesus
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Thompson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Michal Kowalski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Krista Luoma
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - David Beddows
- National Centre of Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Philip Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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24
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Alanen J, Isotalo M, Kuittinen N, Simonen P, Martikainen S, Kuuluvainen H, Honkanen M, Lehtoranta K, Nyyssönen S, Vesala H, Timonen H, Aurela M, Keskinen J, Rönkkö T. Physical Characteristics of Particle Emissions from a Medium Speed Ship Engine Fueled with Natural Gas and Low-Sulfur Liquid Fuels. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:5376-5384. [PMID: 32250108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle emissions from marine traffic affect significantly air quality in coastal areas and the climate. The particle emissions were studied from a 1.4 MW marine engine operating on low-sulfur fuels natural gas (NG; dual-fuel with diesel pilot), marine gas oil (MGO) and marine diesel oil (MDO). The emitted particles were characterized with respect to particle number (PN) emission factors, PN size distribution down to nanometer scale (1.2-414 nm), volatility, electric charge, morphology, and elemental composition. The size distribution of fresh exhaust particles was bimodal for all the fuels, the nucleation mode highly dominating the soot mode. Total PN emission factors were 2.7 × 1015-7.1 × 1015 #/kWh, the emission being the lowest with NG and the highest with MDO. Liquid fuel combustion generated 4-12 times higher soot mode particle emissions than the NG combustion, and the harbor-area-typical lower engine load (40%) caused higher total PN emissions than the higher load (85%). Nonvolatile particles consisted of nanosized fuel, and spherical lubricating oil core mode particles contained, e.g., calcium as well as agglomerated soot mode particles. Our results indicate the PN emissions from marine engines may remain relatively high regardless of fuel sulfur limits, mostly due to the nanosized particle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Alanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mia Isotalo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Honkanen
- Tampere Microscopy Center, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Lehtoranta
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Nyyssönen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Hannu Vesala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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25
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Rivas I, Beddows DCS, Amato F, Green DC, Järvi L, Hueglin C, Reche C, Timonen H, Fuller GW, Niemi JV, Pérez N, Aurela M, Hopke PK, Alastuey A, Kulmala M, Harrison RM, Querol X, Kelly FJ. Source apportionment of particle number size distribution in urban background and traffic stations in four European cities. Environ Int 2020; 135:105345. [PMID: 31810011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are suspected of having significant impacts on health. However, there have only been a limited number of studies on sources of UFP compared to larger particles. In this work, we identified and quantified the sources and processes contributing to particle number size distributions (PNSD) using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) at six monitoring stations (four urban background and two street canyon) from four European cities: Barcelona, Helsinki, London, and Zurich. These cities are characterised by different meteorological conditions and emissions. The common sources across all stations were Photonucleation, traffic emissions (3 sources, from fresh to aged emissions: Traffic nucleation, Fresh traffic - mode diameter between 13 and 37 nm, and Urban - mode diameter between 44 and 81 nm, mainly traffic but influenced by other sources in some cities), and Secondary particles. The Photonucleation factor was only directly identified by PMF for Barcelona, while an additional split of the Nucleation factor (into Photonucleation and Traffic nucleation) by using NOx concentrations as a proxy for traffic emissions was performed for all other stations. The sum of all traffic sources resulted in a maximum relative contributions ranging from 71 to 94% (annual average) thereby being the main contributor at all stations. In London and Zurich, the relative contribution of the sources did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, the high levels of solar radiation in Barcelona led to an important contribution of Photonucleation particles (ranging from 14% during the winter period to 35% during summer). Biogenic emissions were a source identified only in Helsinki (both in the urban background and street canyon stations), that contributed importantly during summer (23% in urban background). Airport emissions contributed to Nucleation particles at urban background sites, as the highest concentrations of this source took place when the wind was blowing from the airport direction in all cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioar Rivas
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - David C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Leena Järvi
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Air Protection Unit, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Fung PL, Zaidan MA, Sillanpää S, Kousa A, Niemi JV, Timonen H, Kuula J, Saukko E, Luoma K, Petäjä T, Tarkoma S, Kulmala M, Hussein T. Input-Adaptive Proxy for Black Carbon as a Virtual Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 20:s20010182. [PMID: 31905686 PMCID: PMC6982708 DOI: 10.3390/s20010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Missing data has been a challenge in air quality measurement. In this study, we develop an input-adaptive proxy, which selects input variables of other air quality variables based on their correlation coefficients with the output variable. The proxy uses ordinary least squares regression model with robust optimization and limits the input variables to a maximum of three to avoid overfitting. The adaptive proxy learns from the data set and generates the best model evaluated by adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2). In case of missing data in the input variables, the proposed adaptive proxy then uses the second-best model until all the missing data gaps are filled up. We estimated black carbon (BC) concentration by using the input-adaptive proxy in two sites in Helsinki, which respectively represent street canyon and urban background scenario, as a case study. Accumulation mode, traffic counts, nitrogen dioxide and lung deposited surface area are found as input variables in models with the top rank. In contrast to traditional proxy, which gives 20-80% of data, the input-adaptive proxy manages to give full continuous BC estimation. The newly developed adaptive proxy also gives generally accurate BC (street canyon: adjR2 = 0.86-0.94; urban background: adjR2 = 0.74-0.91) depending on different seasons and day of the week. Due to its flexibility and reliability, the adaptive proxy can be further extend to estimate other air quality parameters. It can also act as an air quality virtual sensor in support with on-site measurements in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Lun Fung
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (M.A.Z.); (S.S.); (K.L.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.L.F.); (T.H.); Tel.: +358-465678849 (P.L.F.); +358-503273837 (T.H.)
| | - Martha A. Zaidan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (M.A.Z.); (S.S.); (K.L.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Salla Sillanpää
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (M.A.Z.); (S.S.); (K.L.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (J.V.N.)
| | - Jarkko V. Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland; (A.K.); (J.V.N.)
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (H.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Joel Kuula
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (H.T.); (J.K.)
| | | | - Krista Luoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (M.A.Z.); (S.S.); (K.L.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (M.A.Z.); (S.S.); (K.L.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Sasu Tarkoma
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (M.A.Z.); (S.S.); (K.L.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland; (M.A.Z.); (S.S.); (K.L.); (T.P.); (M.K.)
- Department of Physics, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (P.L.F.); (T.H.); Tel.: +358-465678849 (P.L.F.); +358-503273837 (T.H.)
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27
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Simonen P, Kalliokoski J, Karjalainen P, Rönkkö T, Timonen H, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Bloss M, Triantafyllopoulos G, Kontses A, Amanatidis S, Dimaratos A, Samaras Z, Keskinen J, Dal Maso M, Ntziachristos L. Characterization of laboratory and real driving emissions of individual Euro 6 light-duty vehicles - Fresh particles and secondary aerosol formation. Environ Pollut 2019; 255:113175. [PMID: 31542669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from passenger cars are one of major sources that deteriorate urban air quality. This study presents characterization of real-drive emissions from three Euro 6 emission level passenger cars (two gasoline and one diesel) in terms of fresh particles and secondary aerosol formation. The gasoline vehicles were also characterized by chassis dynamometer studies. In the real-drive study, the particle number emissions during regular driving were 1.1-12.7 times greater than observed in the laboratory tests (4.8 times greater on average), which may be caused by more effective nucleation process when diluted by real polluted and humid ambient air. However, the emission factors measured in laboratory were still much higher than the regulatory value of 6 × 1011 particles km-1. The higher emission factors measured here result probably from the fact that the regulatory limit considers only non-volatile particles larger than 23 nm, whereas here, all particles (also volatile) larger than 3 nm were measured. Secondary aerosol formation potential was the highest after a vehicle cold start when most of the secondary mass was organics. After the cold start, the relative contributions of ammonium, sulfate and nitrate increased. Using a novel approach to study secondary aerosol formation under real-drive conditions with the chase method resulted mostly in emission factors below detection limit, which was not in disagreement with the laboratory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Joni Kalliokoski
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matthew Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Anastasios Kontses
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stavros Amanatidis
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Dimaratos
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Zissis Samaras
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Leonidas Ntziachristos
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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28
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Timonen H, Karjalainen P, Aalto P, Saarikoski S, Mylläri F, Karvosenoja N, Jalava P, Asmi E, Aakko-Saksa P, Saukkonen N, Laine T, Saarnio K, Niemelä N, Enroth J, Väkevä M, Oyola P, Pagels J, Ntziachristos L, Cordero R, Kuittinen N, Niemi JV, Rönkkö T. Adaptation of Black Carbon Footprint Concept Would Accelerate Mitigation of Global Warming. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:12153-12155. [PMID: 31618008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Pami Aalto
- Politics Unit, Faculty of Management and Business , Tampere University , Tampere 33014 , Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Fanni Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Niko Karvosenoja
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) , P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Eija Asmi
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland , P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo , Finland
| | - Natalia Saukkonen
- Cost Management Center, Industrial Engineering and Management , Tampere University , Tampere 33720 , Finland
| | - Teemu Laine
- Cost Management Center, Industrial Engineering and Management , Tampere University , Tampere 33720 , Finland
| | - Karri Saarnio
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Niko Niemelä
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere , Finland
| | | | | | - Pedro Oyola
- Centro Mario Molina Chile , 7510121 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology , Lund University , Box 118, 22100 , Lund , Sweden
| | - Leonidas Ntziachristos
- Mechanical Engineering Department , Aristotle University Thessaloniki , P.O. Box 458, GR 541 24 Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Raul Cordero
- Departamento de Física , Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY) , P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere , Finland
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29
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Karjalainen P, Rönkkö T, Simonen P, Ntziachristos L, Juuti P, Timonen H, Teinilä K, Saarikoski S, Saveljeff H, Lauren M, Happonen M, Matilainen P, Maunula T, Nuottimäki J, Keskinen J. Strategies To Diminish the Emissions of Particles and Secondary Aerosol Formation from Diesel Engines. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10408-10416. [PMID: 31408602 PMCID: PMC6748663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Particle emissions and secondary aerosol formation from internal combustion engines deteriorate air quality and significantly affect human wellbeing and health. Both the direct particle emissions and the emissions of compounds contributing to secondary aerosol formation depend on choices made in selecting fuels, engine technologies, and exhaust aftertreatment (EAT). Here we study how catalytic EATs, particle filtration, and fuel choices affect these emissions concerning heavy-duty diesel engine. We observed that the most advanced EAT decreased the emissions of fresh exhaust particle mass as much as 98% (from 44.7 to 0.73 mg/kWh) and the formation of aged exhaust particle mass ∼100% (from 106.2 to ∼0 mg/kWh). The composition of emitted particles depended significantly on the EAT and oxidative aging. While black carbon typically dominated the composition of fresh exhaust particles, aged particles contained more sulfates and organics. The fuel choices had minor effects on the secondary aerosol formation, implicating that, in diesel engines, either the lubricant is a significant source of secondary aerosol precursors or the precursors are formed in the combustion process. Results indicate that the utilization of EAT in diesel engines would produce benefits with respect to exhaust burden on air quality, and thus their utilization should be promoted especially in geographical areas suffering from poor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Paxton Juuti
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Saveljeff
- Turku
University of Applied Sciences, FI-20700 Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Lauren
- Turku
University of Applied Sciences, FI-20700 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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30
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de Jesus AL, Rahman MM, Mazaheri M, Thompson H, Knibbs LD, Jeong C, Evans G, Nei W, Ding A, Qiao L, Li L, Portin H, Niemi JV, Timonen H, Luoma K, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Kowalski M, Peters A, Cyrys J, Ferrero L, Manigrasso M, Avino P, Buonano G, Reche C, Querol X, Beddows D, Harrison RM, Sowlat MH, Sioutas C, Morawska L. Ultrafine particles and PM 2.5 in the air of cities around the world: Are they representative of each other? Environ Int 2019; 129:118-135. [PMID: 31125731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Can mitigating only particle mass, as the existing air quality measures do, ultimately lead to reduction in ultrafine particles (UFP)? The aim of this study was to provide a broader urban perspective on the relationship between UFP, measured in terms of particle number concentration (PNC) and PM2.5 (mass concentration of particles with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) and factors that influence their concentrations. Hourly average PNC and PM2.5 were acquired from 10 cities located in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia over a 12-month period. A pairwise comparison of the mean difference and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with the application of bootstrapping were performed for each city. Diurnal and seasonal trends were obtained using a generalized additive model (GAM). The particle number to mass concentration ratios and the Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated to elucidate the nature of the relationship between these two metrics. Results show that the annual mean concentrations ranged from 8.0 × 103 to 19.5 × 103 particles·cm-3 and from 7.0 to 65.8 μg·m-3 for PNC and PM2.5, respectively, with the data distributions generally skewed to the right, and with a wider spread for PNC. PNC showed a more distinct diurnal trend compared with PM2.5, attributed to the high contributions of UFP from vehicular emissions to PNC. The variation in both PNC and PM2.5 due to seasonality is linked to the cities' geographical location and features. Clustering the cities based on annual median concentrations of both PNC and PM2.5 demonstrated that a high PNC level does not lead to a high PM2.5, and vice versa. The particle number-to-mass ratio (in units of 109 particles·μg-1) ranged from 0.14 to 2.2, >1 for roadside sites and <1 for urban background sites with lower values for more polluted cities. The Pearson's r ranged from 0.09 to 0.64 for the log-transformed data, indicating generally poor linear correlation between PNC and PM2.5. Therefore, PNC and PM2.5 measurements are not representative of each other; and regulating PM2.5 does little to reduce PNC. This highlights the need to establish regulatory approaches and control measures to address the impacts of elevated UFP concentrations, especially in urban areas, considering their potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Lorelei de Jesus
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Md Mahmudur Rahman
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Helen Thompson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Cheol Jeong
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3ES, Canada
| | - Greg Evans
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3ES, Canada
| | - Wei Nei
- Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Harri Portin
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krista Luoma
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michal Kowalski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Luca Ferrero
- GEMMA and POLARIS Research Centres, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Research Area, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giorgio Buonano
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 38, 80233 Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- National Centre of Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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Järvinen A, Timonen H, Karjalainen P, Bloss M, Simonen P, Saarikoski S, Kuuluvainen H, Kalliokoski J, Dal Maso M, Niemi JV, Keskinen J, Rönkkö T. Particle emissions of Euro VI, EEV and retrofitted EEV city buses in real traffic. Environ Pollut 2019; 250:708-716. [PMID: 31035153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions from traffic significantly affect urban air quality. In this study, in-traffic emissions of diesel-fueled city buses meeting enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle (EEV) and Euro VI emission limits and the effects of retrofitting of EEV buses were studied on-road by chasing the buses with a mobile laboratory in the Helsinki region, Finland. The average emission factors of particle number (PN), particle mass (PM1) and black carbon mass (BC) were 0.86·1015 1/kgfuel, 0.20 g/kgfuel and 0.10 g/kgfuel, respectively, for EEV buses. For Euro VI buses, the emissions were below 0.5·1015 1/kgfuel (PN), 0.07 g/kgfuel (PM1) and 0.02 g/kgfuel (BC), and the exhaust plume concentrations of these pollutants were close to the background concentrations. The emission factors of PM1 and BC of retrofitted EEV buses were at the level of Euro VI buses, but their particle number emissions varied significantly. On average, the EEV buses were observed to emit the largest amounts of nanocluster aerosol (NCA) (i.e., the particles with size between 1.3 and 3 nm). High NCA emissions were linked with high PN emissions. In general, results demonstrate that advanced exhaust aftertreatment systems reduce emissions of larger soot particles but not small nucleation mode particles in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Järvinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI00101, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Matthew Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI00101, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI00101, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Joni Kalliokoski
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, FI00066, HSY, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI33720, Finland.
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Lehtoranta K, Aakko-Saksa P, Murtonen T, Vesala H, Ntziachristos L, Rönkkö T, Karjalainen P, Kuittinen N, Timonen H. Particulate Mass and Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions from Marine Engines Using Low-Sulfur Fuels, Natural Gas, or Scrubbers. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:3315-3322. [PMID: 30776893 PMCID: PMC6727210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet stringent fuel sulfur limits, ships are increasingly utilizing new fuels or, alternatively, scrubbers to reduce sulfur emissions from the combustion of sulfur-rich heavy fuel oil. The effects of these methods on particle emissions are important, because particle emissions from shipping traffic are known to have both climatic and health effects. In this study, the effects of lower sulfur level liquid fuels, natural gas (NG), and exhaust scrubbers on particulate mass (PM) and nonvolatile particle number (PN greater than 23 nm) emissions were studied by measurements in laboratory tests and in use. The fuel change to lower sulfur level fuels or to NG and the use of scrubbers significantly decreased the PM emissions. However, this was not directly linked with nonvolatile PN emission reduction, which should be taken into consideration when discussing the health effects of emitted particles. The lowest PM and PN emissions were measured when utilizing NG as fuel, indicating that the use of NG could be one way to comply with up-coming regulations for inland waterway vessels. Low PN levels were associated with low elemental carbon. However, a simultaneously observed methane slip should be taken into consideration when evaluating the climatic impacts of NG-fueled engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Lehtoranta
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Timo Murtonen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Hannu Vesala
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Topi Rönkkö
- Tampere
University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Tampere
University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Tampere
University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
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Kuuluvainen H, Poikkimäki M, Järvinen A, Kuula J, Irjala M, Dal Maso M, Keskinen J, Timonen H, Niemi JV, Rönkkö T. Vertical profiles of lung deposited surface area concentration of particulate matter measured with a drone in a street canyon. Environ Pollut 2018; 241:96-105. [PMID: 29803029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The vertical profiles of lung deposited surface area (LDSA) concentration were measured in an urban street canyon in Helsinki, Finland, by using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) as a moving measurement platform. The street canyon can be classified as an avenue canyon with an aspect ratio of 0.45 and the UAS was a multirotor drone especially modified for emission measurements. In the experiments of this study, the drone was equipped with a small diffusion charge sensor capable of measuring the alveolar LDSA concentration of particles. The drone measurements were conducted during two days on the same spatial location at the kerbside of the street canyon by flying vertically from the ground level up to an altitude of 50 m clearly above the rooftop level (19 m) of the nearest buildings. The drone data were supported by simultaneous measurements and by a two-week period of measurements at nearby locations with various instruments. The results showed that the averaged LDSA concentrations decreased approximately from 60 μm2/cm3 measured close to the ground level to 36-40 μm2/cm3 measured close to the rooftop level of the street canyon, and further to 16-26 μm2/cm3 measured at 50 m. The high-resolution measurement data enabled an accurate analysis of the functional form of vertical profiles both in the street canyon and above the rooftop level. In both of these regions, exponential fits were used and the parameters obtained from the fits were thoroughly compared to the values found in literature. The results of this study indicated that the role of turbulent mixing caused by traffic was emphasized compared to the street canyon vortex as a driving force of the dispersion. In addition, the vertical profiles above the rooftop level showed a similar exponential decay compared to the profiles measured inside the street canyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mikko Poikkimäki
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joel Kuula
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
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Kuula J, Mäkelä T, Hillamo R, Timonen H. Response Characterization of an Inexpensive Aerosol Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E2915. [PMID: 29244715 PMCID: PMC5751569 DOI: 10.3390/s17122915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Inexpensive aerosol sensors have been considered as a complementary option to address the issue of expensive but low spatial coverage air quality monitoring networks. However, the accuracy and response characteristics of these sensors is poorly documented. In this study, inexpensive Shinyei PPD42NS and PPD60PV sensors were evaluated using a novel laboratory evaluation method. A continuously changing monodisperse size distribution of particles was generated using a Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator. Furthermore, the laboratory results were validated in a field experiment. The laboratory tests showed that both of the sensors responded to particulate mass (PM) concentration stimulus, rather than number concentration. The highest detection efficiency for the PPD42NS was within particle size range of 2.5-4 µm, and the respective optimal size range for the PPD60PV was 0.7-1 µm. The field test yielded high PM correlations (R² = 0.962 and R² = 0.986) for viable detection ranges of 1.6-5 and 0.3-1.6 µm, when compared to a medium cost optical dust monitor. As the size distribution of atmospheric particles tends to be bimodal, it is likely that indicatively valid results could be obtained for the PM10-2.5 size fraction (particulate mass in size range 2.5-10 µm) with the PPD42NS sensor. Respectively, the PPD60PV could possibly be used to measure the PM2.5 size fraction (particulate mass in size below 2.5 µm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Kuula
- Finnish Meteorological Institue, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, FIN-00560 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Timo Mäkelä
- Finnish Meteorological Institue, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, FIN-00560 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Risto Hillamo
- Finnish Meteorological Institue, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, FIN-00560 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institue, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, FIN-00560 Helsinki, Finland.
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Pirjola L, Dittrich A, Niemi JV, Saarikoski S, Timonen H, Kuuluvainen H, Järvinen A, Kousa A, Rönkkö T, Hillamo R. Physical and Chemical Characterization of Real-World Particle Number and Mass Emissions from City Buses in Finland. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:294-304. [PMID: 26682775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust emissions of 23 individual city buses at Euro III, Euro IV and EEV (Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle) emission levels were measured by the chasing method under real-world conditions at a depot area and on the normal route of bus line 24 in Helsinki. The buses represented different technologies from the viewpoint of engines, exhaust after-treatment systems (ATS) and fuels. Some of the EEV buses were fueled by diesel, diesel-electric, ethanol (RED95) and compressed natural gas (CNG). At the depot area the emission factors were in the range of 0.3-21 × 10(14) # (kg fuel)(-1), 6-40 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.004-0.88 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.004-0.56 g (kg fuel)(-1), 0.01-1.2 g (kg fuel)(-1), for particle number (EFN), nitrogen oxides (EFNOx), black carbon (EFBC), organics (EFOrg), and particle mass (EFPM1), respectively. The highest particulate emissions were observed from the Euro III and Euro IV buses and the lowest from the ethanol and CNG-fueled buses, which emitted BC only during acceleration. The organics emitted from the CNG-fueled buses were clearly less oxidized compared to the other bus types. The bus line experiments showed that lowest emissions were obtained from the ethanol-fueled buses whereas large variation existed between individual buses of the same type indicating that the operating conditions by drivers had large effect on the emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Pirjola
- Department of Technology, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences , P.O. Box 4021, 00180 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleš Dittrich
- KVM - Katedra vozidel a motorů, Fakulta strojní Technická univerzita v Liberci , 461 17 Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, P.O. Box 100, 00066 HSY Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anu Kousa
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSY, P.O. Box 100, 00066 HSY Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology , P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Hillamo
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
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Timonen H, Wigder N, Jaffe D. Influence of background particulate matter (PM) on urban air quality in the Pacific Northwest. J Environ Manage 2013; 129:333-340. [PMID: 23978621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Elevated particulate matter concentrations due to Asian long-range transport (LRT) are frequently observed in the free troposphere (FT) above the Pacific Northwest, U.S. Transport of this aerosol from the FT to the boundary layer (BL) and its effect to local air quality remain poorly constrained. We used data collected at the Mount Bachelor observatory (MBO, 2.8 km a.s.l) and from ground stations in the Pacific Northwest to study transport of fine particulate matter (PM) from the FT to the BL. During Asian LRT episodes PM concentrations were clearly elevated above the corresponding monthly averages at MBO as well as at low elevation sites across Washington and Oregon. Also, a clear correlation between MBO and low elevation sites was observed, indicating that LRT episodes are seen in both the FT and BL. In addition, drum impactor measurements show that the chemical composition of PM at MBO was similar to that measured at the BL sites. Using a simple regression model, we estimate that during springtime, when the transport from Asia is most effective, the contribution of Asian sources to PM2.5 in clean background areas of the Pacific Northwest was on average 1.7 μg m(-3) (representing approximately 50-80% of PM). The influence of LRT PM was also seen in measurement stations situated in the urban and urban background areas. However, the fraction of LRT PM was less pronounced (36-50% of PM) due to larger local emissions in the urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Science and Technology Program, University of Washington-Bothell, Bothell, WA, USA; Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Saarnio K, Teinilä K, Aurela M, Timonen H, Hillamo R. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2253-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saarnio K, Aurela M, Timonen H, Saarikoski S, Teinilä K, Mäkelä T, Sofiev M, Koskinen J, Aalto PP, Kulmala M, Kukkonen J, Hillamo R. Chemical composition of fine particles in fresh smoke plumes from boreal wild-land fires in Europe. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:2527-42. [PMID: 20359735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of smoke plumes was detected in Helsinki, Finland, during a one-month-lasting period in August 2006. The smoke plumes originated from wildfires close to Finland, and they were short-term and had a high particulate matter (PM) concentration. Physical and chemical properties of fine particles in those smokes were characterised by a wide range of real-time measurements that enabled the examination of individual plume events. Concurrently PM(1) filter samples were collected and analysed off-line. Satellite observations employing MODIS sensor on board of NASA EOS Terra satellite with the dispersion model SILAM and the Fire Assimilation System were used for evaluation of the emission fluxes from wildfires. The model predicted well the timing of the plumes but the predicted PM concentrations differed from the observed. The measurements showed that the major growth in PM concentration was caused by submicrometer particles consisting mainly of particulate organic matter (POM). POM had not totally oxidised during the transport based on the low WSOC-to-OC ratio. The fresh plumes were compared to another major smoke episode that was observed in Helsinki during April-May 2006. The duration and the source areas of the two episode periods differed. The episode in April-May was a period of nearly constantly upraised level of long-range transported PM and it was composed of aged particles when arriving in Helsinki. The two episodes had differences also in the chemical composition of PM. The mass concentrations of biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, potassium, and oxalate) increased during both the episodes but different concentration levels of elemental carbon and potassium indicated that the episodes differed in the form of burning as well as in the burning material. In spring dry crop residue and hay from the previous season were burnt whereas in August smokes from smouldering and incomplete burning of fresh vegetation were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karri Saarnio
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
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Gummerus M, Timonen H, Kauko M, Kivijärvi A, Saarikoski S, Tuimala R, Venesmaa P, Wilén-Rosenqvist G. Miconazole in the Treatment of Vaginal Candidosis A Multicenter Study/Miconazol in der Behandlung der Candida-Kolpitis Eine multizentrische Studie. Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1988.tb03720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Raudaskoski T, Tapanainen J, Tomás E, Luotola H, Pekonen F, Ronni-Sivula H, Timonen H, Riphagen F, Laatikainen T. Intrauterine 10 microg and 20 microg levonorgestrel systems in postmenopausal women receiving oral oestrogen replacement therapy: clinical, endometrial and metabolic response. BJOG 2002; 109:136-44. [PMID: 11888095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical and endometrial efficacy and lipid response of two different doses of intrauterine levonorgestrel were assessed in comparison with sequential oral medroxyprogesterone acetate in postmenopausal women receiving continuous oral E2-valerate. DESIGN One-year prospective multicentre randomised control trial. SETTING Four outpatient clinics in Oulu, Helsinki and Jyväskylä, Finland. POPULATION A total of 163 healthy volunteer postmenopausal women with climacteric complaints or already using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). INTERVENTIONS Subjects were randomly allocated to receive a new intrauterine system releasing 10 microg of levonorgestrel daily or an established intrauterine system (Mirena) releasing 20 microg of levonorgestrel daily or sequential oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (5mg/day, 14/30 days). All three regimens were combined with an oral daily dose of 2mg of E2-valerate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Bleeding patterns were assessed by diaries kept by the subjects. Endometrial effects were evaluated by histologic biopsies taken at the baseline and after six and 12 months of therapy. Serum concentrations of total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) were determined at the baseline and after six and 12 months of therapy. RESULTS Insertion of the smaller 10 microg levonorgestrel system was easy in 70% and difficult in 4% and that of Mirena was easy in 46% and difficult in 21% of the subjects. After six months of therapy, 43 (95.6%) of the 47 subjects receiving 10 microg levonorgestrel and 54 (98.2%) of the 55 subjects receiving 20 microg levonorgestrel had no bleeding, while the sequential medroxyprogesterone acetate regimen produced typical cyclic withdrawal bleedings. Endometrial hyperplasia was not observed in any of the treatment groups during the 12-month study. After 12 months of therapy, strong endometrial suppression was found in 46/47 and 55/55 of the subjects receiving 10 microg and 20 microg of levonorgestrel, respectively, while the endometrium was proliferative in 18/47 of the subjects in the medroxyprogesterone acetate group. Serum total cholesterol decreased in all treatment groups. HDL cholesterol increased in women receiving medroxyprogesterone acetate or the smaller intrauterine dose of levonorgestrel. CONCLUSIONS Both intrauterine doses of levonorgestrel provided good endometrial protection in postmenopausal women on oestrogen replacement therapy. The advantage of the 10 microg system with a smaller size is the easier insertion of the system and a minimal attenuation of the favourable effects of oral oestrogen on the serum lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raudaskoski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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Abstract
Fluconazole is an effective, simple and safe, although slightly expensive, agent for the treatment of vaginal candidosis. Single-dose fluconazole (150 mg) administered orally in capsule form was compared with three-day local treatment with miconazole pessaries in the treatment of vaginal candidosis in a randomized study in Finland. Cure rates were good (> 80%) in randomized patient groups assessed both clinically and by the results of yeast cultures. Oral administration was preferred to local therapy by patients in both the miconazole and fluconazole groups. For the time being, fluconazole is not recommended for use during pregnancy or lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Timonen
- Deaconess Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Gummerus M, Timonen H, Kauko M, Kivijärvi A, Saarikoski S, Tuimala R, Venesmaa P, Wilén-Rosenqvist G. Miconazole in the treatment of vaginal candidosis. A multicenter study. Mycoses 1988; 31:159-62. [PMID: 3393169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Tikkanen J, Kurppa K, Timonen H, Holmberg PC, Kuosma E, Rantala K. Cardiovascular malformations, work attendance, and occupational exposures during pregnancy in Finland. Am J Ind Med 1988; 14:197-204. [PMID: 3207105 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700140210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To explore for associations between occupational factors and cardiovascular malformations, information on the parents of 160 infants with cardiovascular malformations and 160 control parents was studied. The case infants had been reported consecutively to the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations. All mothers were interviewed identically after delivery, using both open and pro forma questions about detailed work tasks, exposures, and leisure activities during pregnancy. The interview information was evaluated blindly. Neither parental occupational titles nor maternal working per se gave new clues to the teratogenic risk; nor did shift working, wearing of personal protective equipment, or the mother's own opinion on exposures during pregnancy. Identified occupational exposures, as categorized by an industrial hygienist, showed no remarkable associations to cardiovascular malformations. Few mothers were exposed substantially to specific occupational hazards. Comparing mothers who used medications in the first trimester with those who did not showed an odds ratio of 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.3-3.9) when adjusted for potential confounding by multivariate logistic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tikkanen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Hirvonen E, Lipasti A, Mälkönen M, Kärkkäinen J, Nuntila J, Timonen H, Manninen V. Clinical and lipid metabolic effects of unopposed oestrogen and two oestrogen-progestogen regimens in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 1987; 9:69-79. [PMID: 2955205 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5122(87)90054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
No differences in the clinical effects on climacteric complaints of an unopposed oestrogen and two oestrogen-progestogen regimens were observed in a double-blind cross-over study. Only 4 out of 18 women with an intact uterus had withdrawal bleeding during oestradiol valerate (2 mg/day) treatment alone, but 14 out of 18 had regular bleeding during the two oestrogen-progestogen regimens (oestradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate and oestradiol/levonorgestrel (LNG], each of which prevented the development of endometrial hyperplasia. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CH) concentration remained 6% above the initial level and the atherogenic index (low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to HDL-CH ratio) improved significantly during the oestradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate regimen, while the HDL-CH concentration fell by 20% in relation to the initial level and there was a deterioration in the atherogenic index during the oestradiol/LNG regimen. The data suggest that both of these oestradiol/progestogen combinations are clinically as effective and well-tolerated as oestradiol alone, but that combined oestradiol/medroxyprogesterone acetate causes fewer adverse lipid metabolic effects than the oestradiol/LNG combination.
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Timonen H, Kurppa K. IUD perforation leading to obstructive nephropathy necessitating nephrectomy: a rare complication. Adv Contracept 1987; 3:71-5. [PMID: 3307332 DOI: 10.1007/bf01849255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A rare case of uterine perforation leading to ureter obstruction and ultimately to nephrectomy is presented to emphasize the importance of a careful IUD insertion technique and follow-up of IUD patients. Complications of this kind can be avoided by prompt localization of 'missing' IUDs by ultrasonography of X-ray.
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Kivijärvi A, Timonen H, Rajamäki A, Grönroos M. Iron deficiency in women using modern copper intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 67:95-8. [PMID: 3940345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the risk of iron deficiency and anemia connected with the use of modern copper intrauterine devices, serum ferritin, transferrin, iron, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, red cell counts, and morphology, as well as red cell indexes were determined in 40 women and in 19 controls. Follow-up was for one year. Mean hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, and serum ferritin levels decreased and serum transferrin levels increased significantly in the study population. About 20% of intrauterine device users but none of the controls showed signs of iron deficiency, and 10% had clinical anemia at 12 months of use. No differences were found between the three different copper intrauterine devices tested (Nova T, Multiload and Fincoid). Because the risk of anemia did not correlate with subjective evaluation of the amount of bleeding, it is recommended that hemoglobin levels should be determined for all intrauterine device users before its insertion and at six and 12 months of use. In those with decreased hemoglobin levels, serum ferritin should be measured and iron replacement instituted or the device removed.
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Abstract
Tolfenamic acid (TA), a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis and action, was tested prophylactically against hangover symptoms in 30 healthy volunteers in a double-blind cross-over study. One capsule of TA (200 mg) or placebo was taken before starting to drink alcohol and another before going to bed. The hangover symptoms were evaluated in the morning. TA was found significantly better than placebo in the subjective evaluation of drug efficacy (p less than 0.001) and in reducing the reported hangover symptoms in general (p less than 0.01). In the TA group, significantly lower symptom scores were obtained for headache (p less than 0.01), and for nausea, vomiting, irritation, tremor, thirst and dryness of mouth (all p less than 0.05). In a separate study with eight participants, plasma levels of PGs were followed during ingestion of alcohol with or without TA. The plasma concentrations of PGE2 and TXB2 (a metabolite of thromboxane A2) were lower in the TA group during alcohol ingestion, while PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (a metabolite of prostacyclin) were unaffected. TXB2 correlated with blood alcohol levels in a U-shaped manner.
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Hirvonen E, Kaivola S, Timonen H. Fincoid--a new copper IUD: a preliminary report. Contracept Deliv Syst 1982; 3:83-9. [PMID: 12338174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Fincoid, a new copper IUD, was tested on a single clinic basis in a preliminary series of 956 1st insertions and 10,015 woman-months of use with an individual follow-up of 12 months. 458 (48%) of the women were nulliparous and 498 (52%) were parous. About 1/3 of the women had previously discontinued the use of other types of IUDs (mostly copper) because of side effects. The 1st segment of net cumulative rates for the whole series were: pregnancy 1.1, expulsion 4.7, removal for bleeding and/or pain 7.6 and removal for infection 0.8. The continuation rate was 78.9 and the percentage lost to follow-up was 2.8%. The parous group had a higher continuation rate (81) than the nulliparous group (76). Rates for pregnancy, expulsion, and infection in the nulliparous group were about 2-fold the corresponding rates of the parous group. There was no difference in the removal rate for bleeding and/or pain between the 2 parity groups. The results of the study show that the Fincoid is a valid method of intrauterine contraception.
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Salmi T, Järvinen H, Rauramo L, Timonen H. Cervical bacterial flora in women fitted with a copper-releasing intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUD). Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1976; 55:317-20. [PMID: 788452 DOI: 10.3109/00016347609158505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial culture was taken from the cervix in 85 sexually active women before, and 3 and 6 months after, insertion of either a copper-releasing or an inert intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUD). Sixty had a Copper-T (TCu-200) and 25 a Lippes loop D. Although in more than a quarter of the patients the bacterial flora increased slightly in diversity and abundance after IUD insertion, there was no difference in effect between the TCu-200 and Lippes loop D.
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