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Karjalainen P, Teinilä K, Kuittinen N, Aakko-Saksa P, Bloss M, Vesala H, Pettinen R, Saarikoski S, Jalkanen JP, Timonen H. Real-world particle emissions and secondary aerosol formation from a diesel oxidation catalyst and scrubber equipped ship operating with two fuels in a SECA area. Environ Pollut 2022; 292:118278. [PMID: 34634405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SOx Emissions Control Areas (SECAs) have been established to reduce harmful effects of atmospheric sulfur. Typical technological changes for ships to conform with these regulations have included the combustion of low-sulfur fuels or installment of SOx scrubbers. This paper presents experimental findings from high-end real-time measurements of gaseous and particulate pollutants onboard a Roll-on/Roll-off Passenger ship sailing inside a SECA equipped with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a scrubber as the exhaust aftertreatment. The ship operates between two ports and switched off the SOx scrubbing when approaching one of the ports and used low-sulfur fuel instead. Measurement results showed that the scrubber effectively reduced SO2 concentrations with over 99% rate. In terms of fuel, the engine-out PM was higher for heavy fuel oil than for marine gas oil. During open sea cruising (65% load) the major chemical components in PM having emission factor of 1.7 g kgfuel-1 were sulfate (66%) and organics (30%) whereas the contribution of black carbon (BC) in PM was low (∼4%). Decreased engine load on the other hand increased exhaust concentrations of BC by a factor exceeding four. As a novel finding, the secondary aerosol formation potential of the emitted exhaust measured with an oxidation flow reactor and an aerosol mass spectrometer was found negligible. Thus, it seems that either DOC, scrubber, or their combination is efficient in eliminating SOA precursors. Overall, results indicate that in addition to targeting sulfur and NOx emissions from shipping, future work should focus on mitigating harmful particle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu Karjalainen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 692, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland; Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland.
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 692, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matthew Bloss
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| | - Hannu Vesala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rasmus Pettinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
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Alanen J, Isotalo M, Kuittinen N, Simonen P, Martikainen S, Kuuluvainen H, Honkanen M, Lehtoranta K, Nyyssönen S, Vesala H, Timonen H, Aurela M, Keskinen J, Rönkkö T. Physical Characteristics of Particle Emissions from a Medium Speed Ship Engine Fueled with Natural Gas and Low-Sulfur Liquid Fuels. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:5376-5384. [PMID: 32250108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle emissions from marine traffic affect significantly air quality in coastal areas and the climate. The particle emissions were studied from a 1.4 MW marine engine operating on low-sulfur fuels natural gas (NG; dual-fuel with diesel pilot), marine gas oil (MGO) and marine diesel oil (MDO). The emitted particles were characterized with respect to particle number (PN) emission factors, PN size distribution down to nanometer scale (1.2-414 nm), volatility, electric charge, morphology, and elemental composition. The size distribution of fresh exhaust particles was bimodal for all the fuels, the nucleation mode highly dominating the soot mode. Total PN emission factors were 2.7 × 1015-7.1 × 1015 #/kWh, the emission being the lowest with NG and the highest with MDO. Liquid fuel combustion generated 4-12 times higher soot mode particle emissions than the NG combustion, and the harbor-area-typical lower engine load (40%) caused higher total PN emissions than the higher load (85%). Nonvolatile particles consisted of nanosized fuel, and spherical lubricating oil core mode particles contained, e.g., calcium as well as agglomerated soot mode particles. Our results indicate the PN emissions from marine engines may remain relatively high regardless of fuel sulfur limits, mostly due to the nanosized particle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Alanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mia Isotalo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Honkanen
- Tampere Microscopy Center, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Lehtoranta
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Nyyssönen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Hannu Vesala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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Lehtoranta K, Aakko-Saksa P, Murtonen T, Vesala H, Ntziachristos L, Rönkkö T, Karjalainen P, Kuittinen N, Timonen H. Particulate Mass and Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions from Marine Engines Using Low-Sulfur Fuels, Natural Gas, or Scrubbers. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:3315-3322. [PMID: 30776893 PMCID: PMC6727210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet stringent fuel sulfur limits, ships are increasingly utilizing new fuels or, alternatively, scrubbers to reduce sulfur emissions from the combustion of sulfur-rich heavy fuel oil. The effects of these methods on particle emissions are important, because particle emissions from shipping traffic are known to have both climatic and health effects. In this study, the effects of lower sulfur level liquid fuels, natural gas (NG), and exhaust scrubbers on particulate mass (PM) and nonvolatile particle number (PN greater than 23 nm) emissions were studied by measurements in laboratory tests and in use. The fuel change to lower sulfur level fuels or to NG and the use of scrubbers significantly decreased the PM emissions. However, this was not directly linked with nonvolatile PN emission reduction, which should be taken into consideration when discussing the health effects of emitted particles. The lowest PM and PN emissions were measured when utilizing NG as fuel, indicating that the use of NG could be one way to comply with up-coming regulations for inland waterway vessels. Low PN levels were associated with low elemental carbon. However, a simultaneously observed methane slip should be taken into consideration when evaluating the climatic impacts of NG-fueled engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Lehtoranta
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Timo Murtonen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Hannu Vesala
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Topi Rönkkö
- Tampere
University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Tampere
University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Tampere
University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
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Lehtoranta K, Vesala H, Koponen P, Korhonen S. Selective catalytic reduction operation with heavy fuel oil: NOx, NH3, and particle emissions. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:4735-4741. [PMID: 25780953 DOI: 10.1021/es506185x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To meet stringent NOx emission limits, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is increasingly utilized in ships, likely also in combination with low-priced higher sulfur level fuels. In this study, the performance of SCR was studied by utilizing NOx, NH3, and particle measurements. Urea decomposition was studied with ammonia and isocyanic acid measurements and was found to be more effective with heavy fuel oil (HFO) than with light fuel oil. This is suggested to be explained by the metals found in HFO contributing to metal oxide particles catalyzing the hydrolysis reaction prior to SCR. At the exhaust temperature of 340 °C NOx reduction was 85-90%, while at lower temperatures the efficiency decreased. By increasing the catalyst loading, the low temperature behavior of the SCR was enhanced. The drawback of this, however, was the tendency of particle emissions (sulfate) to increase at higher temperatures with higher loaded catalysts. The particle size distribution results showed high amounts of nanoparticles (in 25-30 nm size), the formation of which SCR either increased or decreased. The findings of this work provide a better understanding of the usage of SCR in combination with a higher sulfur level fuel and also of ship particle emissions, which are a growing concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Satu Korhonen
- ‡Wärtsilä Finland Oy, Post Office Box 196, FI-00531 Helsinki, Finland
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Vaaraslahti K, Keskinen J, Giechaskiel B, Solla A, Murtonen T, Vesala H. Effect of lubricant on the formation of heavy-duty diesel exhaust nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39:8497-504. [PMID: 16294893 DOI: 10.1021/es0505503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of lubricants on nanoparticle formation in heavy-duty diesel exhaust with and without a continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) is studied. A partial flow sampling system with a particle size distribution measurement starting from 3 nm, approximately, is used. Tests are conducted using four different lubricant formulations, a very low sulfur content fuel, and four steady-state driving modes. A well-documented test procedure was followed for each test. Two different kinds of nanoparticle formation were observed, and both were found to be affected bythe lubricant but in differentway. Without CRDPF, nanoparticles were observed at low loads. No correlation between lubricant sulfur and these nanoparticles was found. These nanoparticles are suggested to form mainly from hydrocarbons. With CRDPF, installed nanoparticles were formed only at high load. The formation correlated positively with the lubricant (and fuel) sulfur level, suggesting that sulfuric compounds are the main nucleating species in this situation. Storage effects of CRDPF had an effect on nanoparticle concentration as the emissions of nanoparticles decreased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Vaaraslahti
- Tampere University of Technology, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 692 FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
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Patja K, Iivanainen M, Vesala H, Oksanen H, Ruoppila I. Life expectancy of people with intellectual disability: a 35-year follow-up study. J Intellect Disabil Res 2000; 44 ( Pt 5):591-9. [PMID: 11079356 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2000.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A 35-year follow-up study based on a nation-wide population study of the life expectancy of people with intellectual disability (ID) was undertaken. The study population consisted of a total of 60,969 person-years. A prospective cohort study with mortality follow-up for 35 years was used and the life expectancy of people with ID was calculated for different levels of intelligence. Proportional hazard models were used to assess the influence of level of intelligence and associated disorders on survival. People with mild ID did not have poorer life expectancy than the general population and subjects with mild ID did not have lower life expectancy in the first 3 decades of life. In cases with profound ID, the proportion of expected life lost was > 20% for almost all age groups. The female preponderance was manifested from the age of 60 years onwards, 25 years later than in the general population. Respectively, survival between sexes differed less. Epilepsy and/or hearing impairment increased the relative risk of death for all levels of ID. The prevalence of people with ID over 40 years was 0.4%. People with ID now live longer than previously expected, and the ageing of people with mild ID appears to be equal to that of the general population, posing new challenges to health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Patja
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Turunen S, Nyyssönen V, Vesala H. Perspectives on poor dental health and its determinants. Community Dent Health 1993; 10:49-55. [PMID: 8495393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper is based on a cross-sectional study of 35-64-year-old Finnish adults. In the study poor dental health was defined in three ways: (1) high prevalence of dental diseases; (2) edentulousness; and (3) subjects' dissatisfaction with their dental appearance or function. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship of these conditions to certain sociodemographic background factors which are known to be associated with health. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of logistic regression analysis. The background factors associated with poor dental health varied according to the condition under consideration. Education was a factor that was associated with each of them and other associated background factors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Turunen
- University of Kuopio, Department of Community Dentistry, Finland
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Ryyaänen L, Turunen S, Vesala H. Dental public health: new opportunities--new responsibilities. J Public Health Dent 1992; 52:197. [PMID: 1512742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1992.tb02272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Turunen S, Vesala H, Nyyssönen V. [Development of dental specialists for dental health care at University of Kuopio]. Suom Hammaslaakarilehti 1991; 38:1244-6. [PMID: 1817321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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