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Hakkarainen H, Järvinen A, Lepistö T, Salo L, Kuittinen N, Laakkonen E, Yang M, Martikainen MV, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Barreira L, Teinilä K, Ihalainen M, Timonen H, Rönkkö T, Jalava P. Toxicity of exhaust emissions from high aromatic and non-aromatic diesel fuels using in vitro ALI exposure system. Sci Total Environ 2023; 890:164215. [PMID: 37230343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The differences in the traffic fuels have been shown to affect exhaust emissions and their toxicity. Especially, the aromatic content of diesel fuel is an important factor considering the emissions, notably particulate matter (PM) concentrations. The ultra-fine particles (UFP, particles with a diameter of <100 nm) are important components of engine emissions and connected to various health effects, such as pulmonary and systematic inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders. Studying the toxicity of the UFPs and how different fuel options can be used for mitigating the emissions and toxicity is crucial. In the present study, emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine were used to assess the exhaust emission toxicity with a thermophoresis-based in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system. The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of engine exhaust and the potential effect of 20 % aromatic fossil diesel and 0 % aromatic renewable diesel fuel on emission toxicity. The results of the present study show that the aromatic content of the fuel increases emission toxicity, which was seen as an increase in genotoxicity, distinct inflammatory responses, and alterations in the cell cycle. The increase in genotoxicity was most likely due to the PM phase of the exhaust, as the exposures with high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA)-filtered exhaust resulted in a negligible increase in genotoxicity. However, the solely gaseous exposures still elicited immunological responses. Overall, the present study shows that decreasing the aromatic content of the fuels could be a significant measure in mitigating traffic exhaust toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Elmeri Laakkonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mo Yang
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Luis Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Fine particles and aerosol technology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Martens P, Czech H, Orasche J, Abbaszade G, Sklorz M, Michalke B, Tissari J, Bizjak T, Ihalainen M, Suhonen H, Yli-Pirilä P, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Zimmermann R. Brown Coal and Logwood Combustion in a Modern Heating Appliance: The Impact of Combustion Quality and Fuel on Organic Aerosol Composition. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5532-5543. [PMID: 36976662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Residential heating with solid fuels is one of the major drivers for poor air quality in Central and Eastern Europe, and coal is still one of the major fuels in countries, such as Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. In this work, emissions from a single-room heater fueled with brown coal briquettes (BCBs) and spruce logs (SLs) were analyzed for signatures of inorganic as well as semivolatile aromatic and low-volatile organic constituents. High variations in organic carbon (OC) emissions of BCB emissions, ranging from 5 to 22 mg MJ-1, were associated to variations in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, ranging from 900 to 1900 mg MJ-1. Residential BCB combustion turned out to be an equally important source of levoglucosan, an established biomass burning marker, as spruce logwood combustion, but showed distinct higher ratios to manosan and galactosan. Signatures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted by BCB combustion exhibited defunctionalization and desubstitution with increasing combustion quality. Lastly, the concept of island and archipelago structural motifs adapted from petroleomics is used to describe the fraction low-volatile organic compounds in particulate emissions, where a transition from archipelago to island motifs in relation with decreasing CO emissions was observed in BCB emissions, while emissions from SL combustion exhibited the island motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Martens
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Tine Bizjak
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18059, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Department Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
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Leskinen J, Hartikainen A, Väätäinen S, Ihalainen M, Virkkula A, Mesceriakovas A, Tiitta P, Miettinen M, Lamberg H, Czech H, Yli-Pirilä P, Tissari J, Jakobi G, Zimmermann R, Sippula O. Photochemical Aging Induces Changes in the Effective Densities, Morphologies, and Optical Properties of Combustion Aerosol Particles. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5137-5148. [PMID: 36944040 PMCID: PMC10077587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective density (ρeff) is an important property describing particle transportation in the atmosphere and in the human respiratory tract. In this study, the particle size dependency of ρeff was determined for fresh and photochemically aged particles from residential combustion of wood logs and brown coal, as well as from an aerosol standard (CAST) burner. ρeff increased considerably due to photochemical aging, especially for soot agglomerates larger than 100 nm in mobility diameter. The increase depends on the presence of condensable vapors and agglomerate size and can be explained by collapsing of chain-like agglomerates and filling of their voids and formation of secondary coating. The measured and modeled particle optical properties suggest that while light absorption, scattering, and the single-scattering albedo of soot particle increase during photochemical processing, their radiative forcing remains positive until the amount of nonabsorbing coating exceeds approximately 90% of the particle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Leskinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Sampsa Väätäinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Aki Virkkula
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Petri Tiitta
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Research
Centre of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mirella Miettinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
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Hakkarainen H, Salo L, Mikkonen S, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Teinilä K, Ihalainen M, Martikainen S, Marjanen P, Lepistö T, Kuittinen N, Saarnio K, Aakko-Saksa P, Pfeiffer TV, Timonen H, Rönkkö T, Jalava PI. Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156543. [PMID: 35679919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Karri Saarnio
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Tobias V Pfeiffer
- VSParticle B.V., Molengraaffsingel 10, 2629 JD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Ihantola T, Hirvonen MR, Ihalainen M, Hakkarainen H, Sippula O, Tissari J, Bauer S, Di Bucchianico S, Rastak N, Hartikainen A, Leskinen J, Yli-Pirilä P, Martikainen MV, Miettinen M, Suhonen H, Rönkkö TJ, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Czech H, Martens P, Orasche J, Michalke B, Yildirim AÖ, Jokiniemi J, Zimmermann R, Jalava PI. Genotoxic and inflammatory effects of spruce and brown coal briquettes combustion aerosols on lung cells at the air-liquid interface. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150489. [PMID: 34844316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid fuel usage in residential heating and cooking is one of the largest sources of ambient and indoor air particulate matter, which causes adverse effects on the health of millions of peoples worldwide. Emissions from solid fuel combustion, such as biomass or coal, are detrimental to health, but toxicological responses are largely unknown. In the present study, we compared the toxicological responses regarding cytotoxicity, inflammation and genotoxicity of spruce (SPR) and brown coal briquette (BCB) combustion aerosols on human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) as well as a coculture of A549 and differentiated human monocytic cells (THP-1) into macrophages exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI). We included both the high emissions from the first hour and moderate emissions from the third hour of the batch combustion experiment in one ALI system, whereas, in the second ALI system, we exposed the cells during the whole 4-hour combustion experiment, including all combustion phases. Physico-chemical properties of the combustion aerosol were analysed both online and offline. Both SPR and BCB combustion aerosols caused mild cytotoxic but notable genotoxic effects in co-cultured A549 cells after one-hour exposure. Inflammatory response analysis revealed BCB combustion aerosols to cause a mild increase in CXCL1 and CXCL8 levels, but in the case of SPR combustion aerosol, a decrease compared to control was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mika Ihalainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jani Leskinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mirella Miettinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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6
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Ihantola T, Di Bucchianico S, Happo M, Ihalainen M, Uski O, Bauer S, Kuuspalo K, Sippula O, Tissari J, Oeder S, Hartikainen A, Rönkkö TJ, Martikainen MV, Huttunen K, Vartiainen P, Suhonen H, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Leskinen A, Sklorz M, Michalke B, Dilger M, Weiss C, Dittmar G, Beckers J, Irmler M, Buters J, Candeias J, Czech H, Yli-Pirilä P, Abbaszade G, Jakobi G, Orasche J, Schnelle-Kreis J, Kanashova T, Karg E, Streibel T, Passig J, Hakkarainen H, Jokiniemi J, Zimmermann R, Hirvonen MR, Jalava PI. Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:27. [PMID: 32539833 PMCID: PMC7296712 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wood combustion emissions have been studied previously either by in vitro or in vivo models using collected particles, yet most studies have neglected gaseous compounds. Furthermore, a more accurate and holistic view of the toxicity of aerosols can be gained with parallel in vitro and in vivo studies using direct exposure methods. Moreover, modern exposure techniques such as air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures enable better assessment of the toxicity of the applied aerosols than, for example, the previous state-of-the-art submerged cell exposure techniques. Methods We used three different ALI exposure systems in parallel to study the toxicological effects of spruce and pine combustion emissions in human alveolar epithelial (A549) and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines. A whole-body mouse inhalation system was also used to expose C57BL/6 J mice to aerosol emissions. Moreover, gaseous and particulate fractions were studied separately in one of the cell exposure systems. After exposure, the cells and animals were measured for various parameters of cytotoxicity, inflammation, genotoxicity, transcriptome and proteome. Results We found that diluted (1:15) exposure pine combustion emissions (PM1 mass 7.7 ± 6.5 mg m− 3, 41 mg MJ− 1) contained, on average, more PM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than spruce (PM1 mass 4.3 ± 5.1 mg m− 3, 26 mg MJ− 1) emissions, which instead showed a higher concentration of inorganic metals in the emission aerosol. Both A549 cells and mice exposed to these emissions showed low levels of inflammation but significantly increased genotoxicity. Gaseous emission compounds produced similar genotoxicity and a higher inflammatory response than the corresponding complete combustion emission in A549 cells. Systems biology approaches supported the findings, but we detected differing responses between in vivo and in vitro experiments. Conclusions Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo exposure studies with emission characterization and systems biology approaches revealed further information on the effects of combustion aerosol toxicity than could be achieved with either method alone. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo exposures showed the opposite order of the highest DNA damage. In vitro measurements also indicated that the gaseous fraction of emission aerosols may be more important in causing adverse toxicological effects. Combustion aerosols of different wood species result in mild but aerosol specific in vitro and in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka Ihantola
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mikko Happo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Ramboll Finland, P.O.Box 25 Itsehallintokuja 3, FI-02601, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oskari Uski
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kari Kuuspalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Present address: Savonia University of applied sciences, Microkatu 1, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Huttunen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1 F, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marco Dilger
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Luxembourg institute of health, 1A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics (IEG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Chair of Experimental Genetics, D-85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics (IEG), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Buters
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Center Munich, Biedersteiner Str. 29, D-80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Joana Candeias
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Center Munich, Biedersteiner Str. 29, D-80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
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7
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Miersch T, Czech H, Hartikainen A, Ihalainen M, Orasche J, Abbaszade G, Tissari J, Streibel T, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Zimmermann R. Impact of photochemical ageing on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (Oxy-PAH/OH-PAH) in logwood stove emissions. Sci Total Environ 2019; 686:382-392. [PMID: 31181524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of spruce logwood in a modern residential stove was found to emit polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAH) with emission factors of 404 μg MJ-1 of 35 analysed PAH, 317 μg MJ-1 of 11 analysed Oxy-PAH and 12.5 μg MJ-1 of 5 analysed OH-PAH, most of which are known as potential mutagens and carcinogens. Photochemical ageing in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) degraded particle-bound PAH, which was also reflected in declining PAH toxicity equivalent (PAH-TEQ) values by 45 to 80% per equivalent day of photochemical ageing in the atmosphere. OPAH concentrations decreased less than PAH concentrations during photochemical ageing, supposedly due to their secondary formation, while 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene and 1,8-naphthalaldehydic acid were significantly increased after ageing. Furthermore, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and aromatic compounds not included in targeted analysis were investigated by thermal-optical carbon analysis (TOCA) hyphenate to resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS). The commonly used PAH-source indicators phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, retene/chrysene, and indeno[cd]pyrene/benzo[ghi]perylene remained stable during photochemical ageing, enabling identification of wood combustion emissions in ambient air. On the other hand, benz[a]pyrene/benz[e]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene/chrysene were found to decrease with increasing photochemical age. Retene/chrysene was not a proper classifier for the wood combustion emissions of this study, possibly due to more efficient combustion than in open wood burning, from which this diagnostic ratio was initially derived. This study motivates in-depth investigation of degradation kinetics of particle-bound species on different combustion aerosol as well as the consequences of photochemical ageing on toxicity and identification of wood combustion emissions in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Miersch
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 1, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
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8
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Ihalainen M, Lind T, Ruusunen J, Tiitta P, Lähde A, Torvela T, Jokiniemi J. Experimental study on bounce of submicron agglomerates upon inertial impaction. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Leskinen J, Ihalainen M, Torvela T, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Tiitta P, Jakobi G, Grigonyte J, Joutsensaari J, Sippula O, Tissari J, Virtanen A, Zimmermann R, Jokiniemi J. Effective density and morphology of particles emitted from small-scale combustion of various wood fuels. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:13298-13306. [PMID: 25365741 DOI: 10.1021/es502214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effective density of fine particles emitted from small-scale wood combustion of various fuels were determined with a system consisting of an aerosol particle mass analyzer and a scanning mobility particle sizer (APM-SMPS). A novel sampling chamber was combined to the system to enable measurements of highly fluctuating combustion processes. In addition, mass-mobility exponents (relates mass and mobility size) were determined from the density data to describe the shape of the particles. Particle size, type of fuel, combustion phase, and combustion conditions were found to have an effect on the effective density and the particle shape. For example, steady combustion phase produced agglomerates with effective density of roughly 1 g cm(-3) for small particles, decreasing to 0.25 g cm(-3) for 400 nm particles. The effective density was higher for particles emitted from glowing embers phase (ca. 1-2 g cm(-3)), and a clear size dependency was not observed as the particles were nearly spherical in shape. This study shows that a single value cannot be used for the effective density of particles emitted from wood combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Leskinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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10
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Jalava PI, Tapanainen M, Kuuspalo K, Markkanen A, Hakulinen P, Happo MS, Pennanen AS, Ihalainen M, Yli-Pirilä P, Makkonen U, Teinilä K, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Salonen RO, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR. Toxicological effects of emission particles from fossil- and biodiesel-fueled diesel engine with and without DOC/POC catalytic converter. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22 Suppl 2:48-58. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.519009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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