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Kilikevičienė K, Chlebnikovas A, Matijošius J, Kilikevičius A. Investigation of the acoustic agglomeration on ultrafine particles chamber built into the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine from renewable fuel mixture and diesel. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16737. [PMID: 37484237 PMCID: PMC10360598 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the pollution of internal combustion engines is a very important problem that can be solved in various ways. However, the acoustic agglomeration method is not used in diesel engines. The study used a 1.9 TDI diesel internal combustion engine supplied with a mixture of diesel (D100) and a 90% of rapeseed methyl ester - 10% propanol fuel mixture (ROMEP). The study also changed the position of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve by adjusting the 20% EGR throughput limits and maintaining a constant engine load of 90 Nm. It should be noted that the use of biofuels produces less particulate matter, which reinforces the relevance of this study. Measurements were performed using Measurement System: The Testo 380 fine particle analyzer system was used to determine the mass concentration, and a six-channel Fluke 985 particle counter with an isokinetic sampling probe was used to determine the fractional numerical concentration of the particulates. Six particle size distribution regimes in the size range of 0.3 to 10 μm were observed, controlling the transmittance of the EGR system by 20%. The direction of the sound pressure throughout the flow and the excitation frequency 21400 Hz and 33800 Hz were also investigated and compared with the results without agglomeration. The article examines the possibility of using the developed acoustic chamber in the exhaust systems of various objects that uses diesel or various alternative fuel mixtures as fuel. The acoustic field reduces the number of particles by up to 92.5% for 10 μm and up to 44.5% for 0.3 μm at an excitation frequency of 21400 Hz.
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Hakkarainen H, Järvinen A, Lepistö T, Salo L, Kuittinen N, Laakkonen E, Yang M, Martikainen MV, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Barreira L, Teinilä K, Ihalainen M, Timonen H, Rönkkö T, Jalava P. Toxicity of exhaust emissions from high aromatic and non-aromatic diesel fuels using in vitro ALI exposure system. Sci Total Environ 2023; 890:164215. [PMID: 37230343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The differences in the traffic fuels have been shown to affect exhaust emissions and their toxicity. Especially, the aromatic content of diesel fuel is an important factor considering the emissions, notably particulate matter (PM) concentrations. The ultra-fine particles (UFP, particles with a diameter of <100 nm) are important components of engine emissions and connected to various health effects, such as pulmonary and systematic inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders. Studying the toxicity of the UFPs and how different fuel options can be used for mitigating the emissions and toxicity is crucial. In the present study, emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine were used to assess the exhaust emission toxicity with a thermophoresis-based in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system. The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of engine exhaust and the potential effect of 20 % aromatic fossil diesel and 0 % aromatic renewable diesel fuel on emission toxicity. The results of the present study show that the aromatic content of the fuel increases emission toxicity, which was seen as an increase in genotoxicity, distinct inflammatory responses, and alterations in the cell cycle. The increase in genotoxicity was most likely due to the PM phase of the exhaust, as the exposures with high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA)-filtered exhaust resulted in a negligible increase in genotoxicity. However, the solely gaseous exposures still elicited immunological responses. Overall, the present study shows that decreasing the aromatic content of the fuels could be a significant measure in mitigating traffic exhaust toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Elmeri Laakkonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mo Yang
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Luis Barreira
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Fine particles and aerosol technology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation toxicology laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Godri Pollitt KJ, Chhan D, Rais K, Pan K, Wallace JS. Biodiesel fuels: A greener diesel? A review from a health perspective. Sci Total Environ 2019; 688:1036-1055. [PMID: 31726536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesels have been promoted as a greener alternative to diesel with decreased emissions and health effects. To investigate the scientific basis of the suggested environmental and health benefits offered by biodiesel, this review examines the current state of knowledge and key uncertainties of pollutant profiles of biodiesel engine exhaust and the associated the respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. The ease and low cost of biodiesel production has facilitated greater distribution and commercial use. The pollutant profile of biodiesel engine exhaust is distinct from diesel, characterised by increased NOx and aldehyde emissions but decreased CO and CO2. Lower engine-out particulate matter mass concentrations have also been observed over a range of feedstocks. However, these reduced emissions have been attributable to a shift towards smaller sized particulate emissions. The toxicity of biodiesel engine exhaust has been investigated in vitro using various lung cell, in vivo evaluating responses induced in animals and through several human exposure studies. Discrepancies exist across results reported by in vitro and in vivo studies, which may be attributable to differences in biodiesel feedstocks, engine characteristics, operating conditions or use of aftertreatment systems across test scenarios. The limited human testing further suggests short-term exposure to biodiesel engine exhaust is associated with cardiopulmonary outcomes that are comparable to diesel. Additional information about the health effects of biodiesel engine exhaust exposure is required for effective public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 444, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Dany Chhan
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Khaled Rais
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kang Pan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S Wallace
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Baimatova N, Koziel JA, Kenessov B. Quantification of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene in internal combustion engine exhaust with time-weighted average solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 873:38-50. [PMID: 25911428 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new and simple method for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX) quantification in vehicle exhaust was developed based on diffusion-controlled extraction onto a retracted solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating. The rationale was to develop a method based on existing and proven SPME technology that is feasible for field adaptation in developing countries. Passive sampling with SPME fiber retracted into the needle extracted nearly two orders of magnitude less mass (n) compared with exposed fiber (outside of needle) and sampling was in a time weighted-averaging (TWA) mode. Both the sampling time (t) and fiber retraction depth (Z) were adjusted to quantify a wider range of Cgas. Extraction and quantification is conducted in a non-equilibrium mode. Effects of Cgas, t, Z and T were tested. In addition, contribution of n extracted by metallic surfaces of needle assembly without SPME coating was studied. Effects of sample storage time on n loss was studied. Retracted TWA-SPME extractions followed the theoretical model. Extracted n of BTEX was proportional to Cgas, t, Dg, T and inversely proportional to Z. Method detection limits were 1.8, 2.7, 2.1 and 5.2 mg m(-3) (0.51, 0.83, 0.66 and 1.62 ppm) for BTEX, respectively. The contribution of extraction onto metallic surfaces was reproducible and influenced by Cgas and t and less so by T and by the Z. The new method was applied to measure BTEX in the exhaust gas of a Ford Crown Victoria 1995 and compared with a whole gas and direct injection method.
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